TABLES OF COEFFICIENT OF RELIABILITY (COR) AND EXPECTED PERCENTAGE OF COMPLIANCE FOR LOG-NORMAL AND NORMAL DISTRIBUTI

To be used in conjunction with the book:

Assessment of treatment plant performance and water quality data. A guide for students, researchers and practitioners
Marcos von Sperling, Matt Verbyla and Silvia Oliveira
IWA Publishing (2019)
Note: this spreadsheet is for didactic purposes only. The authors and IWA Publishing have no responsability in case there are problems with it

Fill-in cells in yellow. The other cells are for calculations and results.

GENERAL TABLE OF THE COEFFICIENT OF RELIABILITY (COR) FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF CV AND RELIABILITY LEVEL

LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
Coefficient of reliability 𝐶𝑂𝑅 = √(𝐶𝑉^2+1)×

Reliability level Probab. Z CV

(probab C <) conc > 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
(%) (%)
50% 50% 0.000 1.00 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.08 1.12 1.17 1.22
80% 20% 0.842 1.00 0.92 0.86 0.82 0.78 0.75 0.73 0.72
90% 10% 1.282 1.00 0.88 0.79 0.72 0.66 0.61 0.57 0.54
95% 5% 1.645 1.00 0.85 0.74 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.47 0.43
99% 1% 2.326 1.00 0.80 0.64 0.53 0.44 0.37 0.32 0.28
99.9% 0% 3.090 1.00 0.74 0.55 0.42 0.33 0.26 0.21 0.17

CV values ranging from 0 to 5 (without 50% reliability)

Coefficient of reliability (COR) as a function of CV and Coe

reliability level (LOG-NORMAL distribution)

1.2 2.5

Coefficient of reliability COR

Coefficient of reliability COR

1.0
2.0
0.8
1.5
0.6

0.4 1.0

0.2
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
0.0
CV 0.0 0

80% 90% 95%

99% ~100%
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

For normal distribution:

Coefficient of reliability

Reliability level Probab. Z CV

(probab C <) conc > 0.001 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
(%) (%)
50% 50% 0.000 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
80% 20% 0.842 1.00 0.92 0.86 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.66 0.63
90% 10% 1.282 1.00 0.89 0.80 0.72 0.66 0.61 0.57 0.53
95% 5% 1.645 1.00 0.86 0.75 0.67 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.46
99% 1% 2.326 1.00 0.81 0.68 0.59 0.52 0.46 0.42 0.38
99.9% 0% 3.090 1.00 0.76 0.62 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.35 0.32

CV values ranging from 0 to 5 (without 50% reliability)

Coefficient of reliability (COR) as a function of CV and Coe

reliability level (NORMAL distribution)

1.2 1.2

Coefficient of reliability COR

Coefficient of reliability COR

1.0 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
0.0
CV 0.0 0

50% 80% 90%

95% 99% ~100%

EXPECTED PERCENTAGE OF COMPLIANCE FOR DIFFERENT VALUES OF MEAN/STANDARD (mx/Xs) AND CV

LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION m  % of compliance = 100*NORM.S.DIST[Z(1- α);TRUE]

1
ln  x . 
 Xs CV  1 
2
Z 1 
ln(CV 2  1)

Mean/Standard (mx/Xs) CV values

 0.001 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
0.01 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
0.25 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.9% 99.7% 99.4%
0.50 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.4% 97.7% 95.6% 93.7% 92.1%
0.75 100.0% 99.8% 94.0% 87.0% 82.6% 80.1% 78.7% 78.0%
1.00 50.0% 52.0% 53.9% 55.8% 57.6% 59.3% 60.9% 62.4%

% of compliance as a function of mean/standard a

LOG-NORMAL distribution

% of compliance with standard (%)

100%
95%
90%
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
0 1 2 3 4
CV

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
% of compliance = 100*NORM.S.DIST[Z(1- α);TRUE]

Mean/Standard (mx/Xs) CV values

0.001 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
0.01 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
0.25 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
0.50 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 99.4% 97.7% 95.2% 92.3%
0.75 100.0% 100.0% 95.2% 86.7% 79.8% 74.8% 71.1% 68.3%
1.00 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%

% of compliance as a function of mean/standard and CV

NORMAL distribution
% of compliance with standard (%)

100%
95%
90% Mean / S
(mx'
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
 90% Mean / S

% of compliance with sta

(mx'
85%
80%
75%
70%
65%
60%
55%
50%
0 1 2 3 4 5
CV
L AND NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS

e there are problems with it, but would appreciate being communicated about them.

𝐶𝑂𝑅 = √(𝐶𝑉^2+1)×exp⁡ {−𝑍_(1−𝛼) √(ln⁡( 𝐶𝑉^2+1))}

0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00

1.28 1.35 1.41 1.49 1.56 1.64 1.72 1.80 1.89 1.97 2.06 2.15 2.24
0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.73 0.74 0.75 0.76 0.77
0.52 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
0.40 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.29 0.28 0.28
0.25 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12
0.15 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04

CV values ranging from 0 to 2, to facilitate visualization (with 50% reliability)

Coefficient of reliability (COR) as a function of CV and

reliability level (LOG-NORMAL distribution)
2.5
50%
Coefficient of reliability COR

2.0

1.5

1.0
80%
0.5 90%
95%
99%
99.9%
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

CV (standard deviation / mean)

 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.60 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.43 0.41 0.40 0.38 0.37
0.49 0.46 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28
0.43 0.40 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.24 0.23
0.35 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18
0.29 0.26 0.24 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14

CV values ranging from 0 to 2, to facilitate visualization (with 50% reliability)

Coefficient of reliability (COR) as a function of CV and

reliability level (NORMAL distribution)
1.2
Coefficient of reliability COR

1.0 50%

0.8

0.6

0.4 80%
90%
95%
0.2 99%
99.9%

0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2

CV (standard deviation / mean)

M.S.DIST[Z(1- α);TRUE]
 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
99.0% 98.6% 98.1% 97.7% 97.4% 97.1% 96.8% 96.6% 96.4% 96.2% 96.0% 95.9% 95.8%
90.9% 90.1% 89.4% 88.9% 88.6% 88.4% 88.2% 88.1% 88.1% 88.0% 88.1% 88.1% 88.1%
77.7% 77.6% 77.7% 77.9% 78.1% 78.4% 78.7% 79.0% 79.4% 79.7% 80.0% 80.3% 80.5%
63.7% 65.0% 66.1% 67.2% 68.2% 69.1% 69.9% 70.6% 71.3% 72.0% 72.6% 73.2% 73.7%

ction of mean/standard and CV

MAL distribution
0.01
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00

Mean / Standard
(mx'/Xs)

3 4 5 6
CV

M.S.DIST[Z(1- α);TRUE]

0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
100.0% 100.0% 99.9% 99.7% 99.4% 98.9% 98.4% 97.7% 97.0% 96.1% 95.2% 94.3% 93.3%
89.4% 86.7% 84.1% 81.8% 79.8% 77.9% 76.2% 74.8% 73.4% 72.2% 71.1% 70.1% 69.1%
66.2% 64.4% 63.1% 61.9% 60.9% 60.1% 59.4% 58.8% 58.3% 57.8% 57.3% 57.0% 56.6%
50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%

of mean/standard and CV
ribution
0.01

Mean / Standard
(mx'/Xs)

0.25

0.50
0.75
 Mean / Standard
(mx'/Xs)

0.25

0.50
0.75
1.00
3 4 5 6
CV
2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30

2.33 2.42 2.51 2.60 2.69 2.79 2.88 2.97 3.07 3.16 3.26 3.35 3.45
0.78 0.79 0.80 0.81 0.82 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.91 0.92
0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.46 0.46
0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.31 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.28 0.27 0.26
0.27 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19
0.22 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16
0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12
0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09
 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
95.7% 95.6% 95.5% 95.5% 95.4% 95.4% 95.4% 95.3% 95.3% 95.3% 95.3% 95.2% 95.2%
88.2% 88.2% 88.3% 88.3% 88.4% 88.5% 88.6% 88.6% 88.7% 88.8% 88.9% 88.9% 89.0%
80.8% 81.1% 81.3% 81.6% 81.8% 82.0% 82.3% 82.5% 82.7% 82.9% 83.0% 83.2% 83.4%
74.2% 74.7% 75.1% 75.5% 75.9% 76.3% 76.6% 77.0% 77.3% 77.6% 77.9% 78.2% 78.4%

2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
92.3% 91.4% 90.4% 89.4% 88.5% 87.6% 86.7% 85.8% 85.0% 84.1% 83.3% 82.6% 81.8%
68.3% 67.5% 66.8% 66.2% 65.5% 65.0% 64.4% 64.0% 63.5% 63.1% 62.6% 62.3% 61.9%
56.3% 56.0% 55.8% 55.5% 55.3% 55.1% 54.9% 54.7% 54.6% 54.4% 54.3% 54.1% 54.0%
50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%
3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60

3.54 3.64 3.74 3.83 3.93 4.03 4.12 4.22 4.32 4.41 4.51 4.61 4.71
0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07
0.46 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.47 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49
0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.26 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.21
0.19 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.15 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
0.11 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
0.09 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2% 95.2%
89.1% 89.2% 89.2% 89.3% 89.4% 89.4% 89.5% 89.6% 89.6% 89.7% 89.7% 89.8% 89.9%
83.6% 83.7% 83.9% 84.0% 84.2% 84.3% 84.4% 84.6% 84.7% 84.8% 84.9% 85.1% 85.2%
78.7% 78.9% 79.2% 79.4% 79.6% 79.8% 80.0% 80.2% 80.4% 80.6% 80.7% 80.9% 81.1%

3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 4.10 4.20 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
81.1% 80.4% 79.8% 79.1% 78.5% 77.9% 77.3% 76.8% 76.2% 75.7% 75.2% 74.8% 74.3%
61.6% 61.2% 60.9% 60.7% 60.4% 60.1% 59.9% 59.6% 59.4% 59.2% 59.0% 58.8% 58.6%
53.9% 53.8% 53.7% 53.6% 53.5% 53.4% 53.3% 53.2% 53.2% 53.1% 53.0% 53.0% 52.9%
50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%
4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00

4.81 4.90 5.00 5.10

1.08 1.09 1.10 1.12
0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.20 0.20 0.20 0.19
0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13
0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
 4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00
100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
95.2% 95.2% 95.3% 95.3%
89.9% 90.0% 90.0% 90.1%
85.3% 85.4% 85.5% 85.6%
81.2% 81.4% 81.5% 81.7%

4.70 4.80 4.90 5.00

100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
73.8% 73.4% 73.0% 72.6%
58.4% 58.3% 58.1% 57.9%
52.8% 52.8% 52.7% 52.7%
50.0% 50.0% 50.0% 50.0%