PHYSICS CLASS VIII

CHAPTER # 07
FORCE AND PRESSURE
1) Pressure describes how a force is spread over an area. It is a measure of force acting on a
certain area.
2) Pressure depends on two factors
a) Force acting
b) Area of surface
3) Larger the force, the greater the pressure hence pressure directly proportional to force
4) Similarly the smaller the surface area, the greater will be pressure hence, pressure
inversely proportional to the surface of area
5) A hammer is used to drive a nail into a wooden floor. The hammer is brought down with
a force of 200N. The area of the top of nail is 0.5cm2. What pressure is put upon the top
of the nail by the hammer blow?
6) A truck has tyres of area 5cm2. It puts a pressure of 1500N/m2 on the road. What is the
weight of the truck?
7) Blunt knife have more area while sharp knife have less area
8) Pressure is expressed In N/m2, which is S.I unit of pressure. This unit is also called Pascal
(Pa)
9) The correct air pressure inside bike tyre is about 200 KPa (30 psi).
10) Blaise Pascal was afrench scientist whose discoveries about pressure in fluid led to Pascal
law
11) The height of object can also affect the water pressure
12) The object at the top of hill may receive lower pressure than the object which are at the
bottom of the hill
13) The pressure of water that is not flowing depends on the depth
14) Water pressure determines the flow of water from the tap
15) Pascal’s law states that when a liquid is placed in a container, the pressure applied to the
fluid by the container is equal throughout the container. This phenomena is used for
hydraulic devices
16) Hydraulic is a branch of science that deals with the practical application of liquid in
motion. The pressure in a liquid is transmitted equally in all direction, so a force exerted
at one point on a liquid will be transmitted to other points in the liquids. This technology
is called hydraulics
17) Pressure can be transmitted through liquids
18) Hydraulic systems can also found in
a) Lifting equipments such as hydraulic jacks and swing chairs lifts
b) Lifting and excavating machinery such as diggers
c) Hydraulic presses which are used during the forging of metal parts
d) Wing flaps and some rudders on aircrafts and boats
19) Hydraulic jacks are used to lift the heavy loads
20) The concept of kinetic molecular theory of gases represents that “the more molecules
striking inside wall of the container, the greater the pressure”
21) Changing the temperature affects the pressure in a closed container. Raise the
temperature, and pressure increases. This occurs due to the increased movement of the
gas molecules. Double the temperature and you double the pressure

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 22) The volume of gas and its pressure are inversely related to each other. Decrease the
volume and the pressure increases. As the volume gas occupies decreases, the molecules
of the gas are forced closer to gather, but their movement continues, they have less
distance to travel to impact the container walls, so they strike more often, thus creating
more pressure
23) Increase the number of the particle in a container, and the pressure of the system within
the container increases. More molecules mean more hits against the container walls.
Increasing the number of particles mean you have increased the density of gas.
24) The word pneumatics comes from the Greek word pneuma, which means breath or wind
25) Pneumatic is an aspect of science and engineering that is concerned with using the energy
in compressed gas to make something move or work.
26) The origins of pneumatic trace back to the first century when the Greek mathematician
Hero of Alexandria created mechanical systems powered by wind and steam and
document his processes.
27) Pneumatic system are similar to hydraulics in function, but hydraulic systems use liquids
instead of gas
28) A few common example of things we use in our daily life that contain pneumatic systems
are:
a) Spray Gun
b) Bicycle Pump
c) Vacuum Cleaner
d) Dental Drill
29) Aerosol is a system of particles uniformly distributed in a finely divided state through a
gas
30) Aerosols particle such as dust, play an important role in the precipitation process,
providing the nuclei upon which condensation and freezing takes place
31) Aerosol can be natural or artificial
32) Fog, Geyser steam are an example of natural aerosols
33) Haze, dust, particulate air pollutants and smoke are an examples of artificial aerosols
34) There are following uses of aerosols in our daily life
Hair spray
Air freshener
Inhaler
Spray paints
35) A gas under enough pressure will turn into liquid, and when that pressure is relieved, will
expand and turn back into a gas. This process is called vaporization
36) To get a spray fog- increase the distance to the surface
37) Atmosphere is a thick layer of air surrounds the earth
38) The air has mass and weight
39) Atmospheric pressure is defined as the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the
weight of air above the surface
40) Characteristics of atmospheric pressure:
Atmospheric pressure varies with the height of the object above the sea level. At higher
altitude, the temperature and density of the air are lower. As a result, the frequency of the
collision of molecules is lower. Thus, the atmospheric pressure is lower
Atmospheric pressure acts in all directions

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 41) At 5600m above the sea level, the atmospheric pressure is about 50000Pa (5Х10 4 Pa)
42) The pressure in the space around satellite is almost zero
43) An air craft travelling at an altitude of 11000 m with experience an atmospheric pressure
of 25000 Pa (2.5Х104 Pa)
44) At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is about 100000 Pa (1Х10 5 Pa)
45) 1 atmosphere (1atm) = 105 Pa/ 105 Nm-2
46) Why do your pop in airplanes? As you go up in an airplane, the atmospheric pressure
becomes lower than the pressure of the air inside your ears. Your ears pop because they
are trying to equalized or match the pressure. The same thing happens when the plane is
on the way down and your ears have to adjust to a higher atmospheric pressure
47) The most common device used to measure Air pressure is called barometer
48) In a barometer, a column of mercury in a glass tube rises or falls as the weight of the
atmosphere changes
49) Meteorologists describes the atmospheric pressure by how high the mercury rises
50) An atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measurement equal to the average air pressure at sea
level at a temperature of 15℃. One atmosphere is 760mm of mercury
51) The two most common type of barometers are the mercury and the android barometer
52) Vapour of mercury acts above the liquid column and its value almost 0 (zero)
53) Mercury barometer is the simplest device used to measure atmospheric pressure at a
location
54) Mercury barometer consists of a glass tube closed at one end immersed in a container
filled with mercury. Because of the atmospheric pressure mercury rises in the tube
55) An Android Barometer has a sealed, air tight metal box inside. As the air pressure rises
or falls, the box either squashes inward or bends outward
56) The android barometer can be used as an altimeter by mountaineers or in an airplane to
determine its altitude

CHAPTER # 08
MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
1) The process of comparing an unknown physical quantity with a known standard quantity
of the same kind is called measurement
2) A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured or a physical quantity is a physical
property that can be quantified
3) Mass, amount of substance, length, time, temperature, electric current, light intensity,
force, velocity, density, and many others are an example of physical quantity
4) A physical quantity can be expressed as the combination of magnitude expressed by a
number and unit; for example a boy measured the length of room as 3m. here 3 is the
magnitude and m (meter) is the unit
5) There are two types of physical quantities
a) Fundamental quantities
b) Derived quantities
6) Those physical quantities which neither be derived from other quantities nor be further
resolved into simpler ones, are called fundamental quantities
7) Length, mass and time is an example of fundamental quantities
8) Those physical quantities which depends on two or more fundamental quantities or power
of the fundamental quantities are called derived quantities

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 9) Area, volume and pressure is an example of derived quantities
10) A standard physical quantity is called unit. It is used to measure the other physical
quantities of the same kind
11) The word measurement comes from the Greek word “metron” meaning limited
proportion.
12) Those units whose value does not depends on any other units are fundamental units
13) Those units whose value depends on any other units are derived units
14) There are different units of fundamental quantities that combine to form a system of units
15) In FPS System, the fundamental unit of length, mass and time are foot, pound and second
respectively
16) In CGS System, the fundamental units of length, mass and time are centimeters, gram
and second
17) In MKS System, the fundamental units of length, mass and time are meter, kilogram and
second
18) In SI System, there are seven basic units Kg, m, s, K, mol, A, cd
19) It was decided in 1960 that SI System of units should be implemented in all countries of
the world as a single standard system of units
20) Prefixes are the letters or words that are added before SI units
21) If you are asked to change a unit with a prefix into one without prefix, multiply the
number with the factor of the prefix. For example, 200mg = 0.4g, 0.025km = 25m and
500ml = 0.5l
22) If you are asked to change a unit without prefix into one with prefix, divided the number
with the factor of the prefix. For example, 3.9m = 390cm, 5000Hz = 0.005Mhz
23) The height of K2 mountain is 8848m
24) The average diameter of earth is 12742000m
25) A cricket ball is about 155.9g
26) Volume of blood in an average human adult is 5000ml
27) The size of grain of table salt is approximately 0.03cm
28) Devices used for the measurements of physical quantities such as length, mass, volume
are called measuring instruments
29) Width of classroom door opening is …………………….cm
30) The volume of water bottle is………………………ml
31) Meter rule is a device used to measure length, height and width of different or distance
between two points, objects or places
32) A meter rule is a graduated stick of wood, plastic or metal with a length of 1m. this 1m is
divided into 100 equal parts, each part is divided further into 10 divisions which are
called millimeters(mm).
33) A meter rule can measure up to 1mm as smallest reading
34) A standard scale provides more precise and accurate reading than the other ordinary
methods
35) A measuring cylinder is used for measuring the exact volume of a liquid. It is a narrow,
cylindrical container of glass or plastic marked with horizontal lines to represents units of
measurements
36) Measuring cylinder is also called a graduated cylinder, as it is marked with precise
measurements in milliliter and centimeter cube

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 37) A flask is a narrow-necked glass or plastic container, typically conical or spherical, used
in a laboratory to hold reagents or samples and for measuring volume in the preparation
of solution at room temperature
38) Flask are considered the most precise way of measuring liquids in comparison to cylinder
39) The common size of the flask available in the laboratories range from 50ml to 1000ml
40) A Pipette is a calibrated narrow glass or plastic tube, with an emerge bulb, used for
transferring measured volume of liquids
41) Pipette is one the most extensively used tools in the laboratory for transferring small
amount of liquids when high degree of accuracy is desired
42) The most commonly used size of pipette is 5ml, 10m, 15ml, 20ml and 25ml
43) The capacity and calibration temperature is clearly mentioned on the bulb of the pipette
44) The main purpose of pipette bulb is to decrease the surface area per unit volume and to
diminish the possible error resulting from water film

CHAPTER # 09
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF HEAT ENERGY
1) There are three modes heat transfer i.e. conduction, convection and radiation
2) Heat reaches to the earth surface in the form of radiations
3) Heat energy brings out chemical changes in a substances, for example, when marble
CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) is heated, it turns into calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon
dioxide (CO2)
4) The burning of substance in air with the release of large amount of heat and light energy
is called combustion
5) Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases is the increase of the size (length, area and
volume) of the body due to change in temperature. While decrease in size (length, area
and volume) of a body due to change in temperature is called thermal contraction
6) All the three states of matter solids, liquids and gases expands upon heating and contract
upon cooling
7) Thermal expansion is large for gases and relatively small for liquids and solids
8) Material objects solids, liquids and gases are made up of tiny particles, atoms and
molecules
9) In solids, particles are closely packed with each other
10) When solids are heated the vibratory motion of their particles (atoms and molecules)
become fast and they try to begin push each other further apart, thus results into
expansion of solids
11) When solids are cooled particles slow down, come closer to each other and solids
contracts
12) The expansion and contraction caused by heat is also known as thermal expansion or
contraction respectively
13) Thermal energy can change the length of solids and volume of liquids and gases
14) Why liquid mercury in the thermometer rises on heating and falls on cooling?
15) In a liquid, expansion occurs when heated. The particles move faster around each other
and expand. An example of expansion in liquid is ocean. In hot climate the water expands
and the sea level rises due to the heat of the sun besides the hot weather. Contraction
happens in liquid upon cooling
16) Solid expand much lesser than gases

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 17) According to the particles theory of gases, when particles are heated they move faster. As
a result, gas occupies more space it is called expansion
18) On cooling from 4℃ to 0℃ water solidifies (freezes) as ice, its volume increases and
density decreases. As a result, ice floats on the top of liquid water
19) Mostly solids expand (increase in volume) when they are heated and contract (decreased
in volume) when they are cooled. It means change in shape, area and volume occurs due
to heating and cooling
20) Thermal expansion, followed by contraction upon cooling is used in solids in the
following processes
Riveting
Fixing a metal tyre onto a wheel
Fixing axel of a wheel
Applications of bimetallic strips
Electric iron
Fire alarm
21) Rivet is a steel bolt used as permanent mechanical fastener
22) In fixing axel of wheel, the diameter of axel is slightly larger than the hub of the metal
wheel. Therefore, in order to contract, it is placed in liquid nitrogen at -190℃
23) Bimetallic strips are used in thermostats of electrical appliances to control the
temperature
24) Bimetallic strips is made up of two metal strips joined together; usually one strip is of
steel and the other is of brass
25) One metal strip of bimetallic strips expands much more than the other upon heating
26) At room temperature the strip is flat. When heated the strip curves because the brass
expands more than steel. This causes the strip to bend towards steel side.
27) The bimetallic strip can be used as a switch to close or open a circuit
28) Thermostats keep temperature constant in appliances such as electric irons, heaters,
ovens, fire alarms, air conditioner, car thermostat and refrigerators
29) Bimetallic strip made up of brass and iron strips is used in fire alarms
30) In order to overcome cracking of structure, the two basic techniques are used
a) Crack control joints
b) Steel reinforcement
31) Oven mitts are used to avoid the extreme of heat of the ovens and pans while cooking
32) Ski suits prevents skiers to get frost bite by insulating their body from cold
33) Why do oil pipelines have so many bends?
34) In a thermometer, thermal expansion and contraction of liquid mercury or alcohol is used
to measure temperature
35) Our normal body temperature is 98.6 degree Fahrenheit
36) Liquid expand more than solids
37) When we place the blub of thermometer in our mouth under the tongue, mercury of blub
expand and rises in the tube which has linear scale 94 to 108 degree Fahrenheit (35℃ to
42℃)
38) In a alcohol thermometer, stained red ethanol is used and temperature can be measured
on the scale as alcohol rises through the capillary

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 CHAPTER # 10
LENSES
1) Telescope helps to see objects at distance where as microscope enlarges the objects
thousand times of their size
2) A lens is a transparent curved piece of glass or plastic designed to refract light in a
specific way
3) When a light rays moves from one medium (like air) to another medium (like glass) it
bends. This is called refraction
4) There are two types of lenses
5) Convex or converging lens
6) Concave or diverging lens
7) Converging lenses and diverging lens can be identified by their shape
8) Converging lenses are relatively thick across their middle and thin at their upper and
lower edges where as diverging lens are relatively thin across their middle and thick at
their upper and lower edges
9) Converging lens is curved outward on both sides where as diverging lens is curved
inward on both sides
10) Converging lens causes the light rays to bend to a specific focal point, hence, converging
rays at a specific point making a real image on screen
11) Diverging lens refract the parallel rays of light so that spread from one another. This
means that they form a virtual image and virtual image cannot be projected on screen
12) The centre of lens is called optical lens
13) The centre of sphere is called centre of curvature of which lens is a part
14) A line that bisects lens into two halves is called vertical axis
15) The line passes through the optical centre and centre of curvature of the faces of lens is
called principle axis
16) In convex lens, the light rays parallel to the principle axis after refraction through the lens
meet at a point. This point is called principle focus (F) so the focus lens is real
17) In concave lens, the light rays parallel to the principle axis after passing through the lens
bend in such a way that they do not meet at a one point. They diverge out and appear to
be coming from one point which is called principle focus. The principle focus of concave
lens is virtual and the image cannot be taken on the screen
18) The distance between the optical centre and principle focus is called focal length (f).
19) Focal length of convex is taken as positive where as the focal length of concave is taken
as negative
20) When the object is at infinity, the rays are parallel and strike the lens and get diverged.
Extend the rays backward and pass them from the focus. An erect, virtual and diminished
image is formed at the focus on the same side as the objects
21) When object is placed at any position between O and infinity, an erect, virtual and
diminished image is formed between O and F
22) The main parts of the camera involved in the process are
a) The camera body
b) The camera shutter
c) The camera lens
d) The lens aperture
e) Camera’s image sensor or the film

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 23) The retina contains about 100 million rods and cones. If you consider each of them as a
pixel then the human eye has more than a cannon camera
24) Rod cells are responsible for vision in dim light or in darkness
25) Cone cells are responsible for vision in bright light and coloured vision
26) Rhodopsin is a chemical found in rods. When you go in the bright light, it breaks down
into two molecules, the retinal and the opsin. When you go back in the darkness or in a
very dim light, these two molecules recombine into rhodopsin molecule. The
recombination of two molecules is slow
27) The retinal used in the eye is derived from vitamin A. if a person diet is low in vitamin A,
there enough retinal in the rods and therefore not enough rhodopsin. People who lack
vitamin A often suffer from night blindness, they cannot see in the dark

CHAPTER # 11
ELECTRICITY IN ACTION
1) Electricity is the flow of electrons around a circuit
2) Dry cell and batteries produced electricity by chemical reaction of compounds
3) The lemon produces very small current of about one milli-ampere
4) A wire with some loop is called coil
5) When current changes its direction with an equal interval of time therefore, this current is
called alternating current (AC)
6) Solar panel contain solar cells which are called Photo-voltaic cells
7) Wind energy is a form of energy which can be used to generate electricity by wind or air
pressure
8) Nuclear energy is form of energy which can be found in the nucleus of an atom of an
element
9) When nuclei of heavy elements are broken into lighter nuclei by a special process called
“fission”. A large amount of heat energy is released
10) Biomass is the oldest source of energy which is obtained from animal waste and fossils
plant material
11) Biomass is economical way to produce electricity by using biomass
12) Hydroelectricity is the kind of electricity generated by power of falling or flowing water
13) Thermal energy produced from heat. It uses the gas, wood, coal and petroleum to
produced heat
14) Electronics is the branch of physics that deals with controlling of electrical energy
15) The fundamental role in electronics is of electrons
16) Alternating current (AC) is defined as the flow of charge that changes direction
periodically. The voltage level also reverses along with the current
17) The current, which flows in one direction, is called direct current (DC). DC is referred to
voltage whose polarity never reverses
18) Direct current has two conductors with polarity of positive and negative charges
19) A rectifier is a simple diode or group of diode which converts Alternating current (AC)
into Direct current (DC) and this process is known as rectification
20) Resistor, Diode, Transistor and Integrated Circuit (IC) are basic components that used in
electronics
21) Resistor is a device that opposes the flow of electrons in electronic circuits

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 22) Resistor is the two terminals device that can be used to reduce the electric current in
electronic circuits
23) The unit of resistance is Ohm and its symbol is (Ω)
24) Diode is made up of a material that is called semiconductor
25) Semiconductor is the element which acts sometime as conductor and sometime as
insulator
26) Light emitting diode (LED) is a diode which gives out the light rays or light beam when
electric current flowing through it
27) The most important device in electronics is transistors
28) A transistors is the device which controls the flow of electricity or simply electrons by
acting as a switch that can be turn on and off electronically
29) Millions of tiny transistors can be combines into a small device which is called integrated
circuit
30) A device or component that provides information in different forms of energy, converts it
to electrical signal and then forwards it to the computer is called input device
31) Keyboard, Mouse, Microphone, Joy stick, Mic, Barcode Reader, Stylus/Pen, Web
Camera, Touch Pad, Touch Screen and Finger Print Reader are an example of input
devices
32) Processor is a component that functions as the brain of computer or electronic system
33) Central Processing Unit (CPU) contains the processor which performs typical tasks of
processing of a computer program and carrying out computer operations
34) Processor basically converts the input to the desired output in some calculated way
35) An output device is a device that is used to receive the data from processor and shows its
results of giving input and processing through processor
36) Computer monitor, Smart Phone, Screen and Television Screen, Printer, Loudspeaker and
Electric Bell are output devices

CHAPTER # 12
EXPLORING SPACE

1) Aputnik-1 was the first man-made spacecraft, which was launched by the Soviet Union
on October 4, 1957
2) The word telescope is the combination of two Greek word; “Tele” means “distant or
away” and “scope” means “to see”. Therefore, telescope can be defined as an instrument
that enables us to see distant objects
3) Galileo Galilei is an Italian astronomer in the seventeenth century observed Jupiter and
its four moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and callisto), Saturn and venus with the help of
telescope first time in the human history
4) There are two types of telescope; refracting telescope and reflecting telescope
5) Refracting telescope uses lenses where as reflecting telescope uses mirrors
6) There are two lenses in refracting telescope; one is called primary or objective lens,
whose diameter is large while other is called secondary or eyepiece lens whose diameter
is small

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 7) There are two mirrors in reflecting telescope; one is called primary or objective lens,
whose diameter is large while other is called secondary or eyepiece lens whose diameter
is small
8) Refracting telescope consists of two tubes that slide into each other. Both the lenses are
placed at the outer edges of the tube while, reflecting telescope comprises a single tube in
which objective mirror is placed at the rear end of the tube
9) The primary lens focus on the incoming rays of light that create an image
10) In refracting telescope, we can see image with the help of secondary or eyepiece lens
11) Reflecting telescope reflects the rays of light on secondary mirror, which re-directs them
towards eyepiece where image can be seen
12) A spectroscope is an optical instrument, which is used to measure the properties of
visible light
13) Spectroscope splits white light into seven different colors such as violet, indigo, blue,
Green, yellow, orange and red that are arranged according to their wavelengths in the
spectrum of light
14) Red color has highest/largest wavelength whereas violet has the smallest wavelength
15) In Spectroscope, The Wavelength of Red Color is 700
16) In Spectroscope, The Wavelength of Orange Color is 600
17) In Spectroscope, The Wavelength of Yellow Color is 580
18) In Spectroscope, The Wavelength of Green Color is 550
19) In Spectroscope, The Wavelength of Blue Color is 475
20) In Spectroscope, The Wavelength of Indigo Color is 450
21) In Spectroscope, The Wavelength of Violet Color is 400
22) Spacecraft is a vehicle sent into space to carry out a specific task
23) Spacecraft can also be an artificial satellite or a space probe commonly called unmanned
spacecraft that is sent into space to gather precise data
24) Soyuz, International Space Station (ISS) and Apollo-17 Command Module that took
humans to the moon are an example of manned spacecrafts
25) The Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Venera-9 and opportunity Rover are an example of
un-manned spacecrafts
26) Venera-9 was the first spacecraft landed on the surface of Venus. It was launched by
Soviet Union in 1975. It becomes the first spacecraft to go into orbit around Venus
27) Use of astronomer and space technology to explore space is space exploration
28) The benefits of space exploration can be categorized as either direct or indirect benefits
29) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) or Computerized
Axial Tomography (CAT) are the digital image precessing that are used to take image of
inner limbs/part of human body e.g human brain
30) Left ventricular Assist device (LVAD) is an artificial heart pump designed basing on the
space shuttle’s fuel pumps
31) Breast biopsy system used in Hubble Space Telescope
32) EVA means Exra vehicular activity
33) LED is used to treat the eye patients suffering from the brain cancer
34) Global Positioning System (GPS) is a scientific method, which monitors the movements
of vehicles, ships, and aircrafts. It determines their locations, route and istance travelled
from one place to the other

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 35) The GPS consists of 30 or more satellites orbiting the earth in medium earth orbit (MEO)
that ranges from a few hundred miles to a few thousand miles above the surface the earth
36) Each satellites makes two complete orbits i24 hours in such a way that at any time and
anywhere on earth, at least four satellites are always visible in the sky
37) Wavelength is the distance between two or consecutive upper peaks also called crests or
lower peaks also called trough of a wave
38) If troughs or crests are closer then the wavelength will be smaller
39) Space Debris can be small as a paint or screw and as large as a fuel tank or even non-
funcional satellites
40) Two brothers Mark and Scott Kelly, Mark spent a year on ISS in space to study long term
space travel effects
41) Two brothers Mark and Scott Kelly, studied that living in space for longer duration may
cause genetic changes in human body. This study was carried out by twin brothers; one of
whom was kept on earth, while other was send in space to live on ISS for more that 300
days. The astronaut was brought back to earth and he was diagnosed with certain changes
in his genes i.e. damage to his DNA and reduction in his cognitive abilities
42) SLF means Satellite Launching Facility
43) The concept of WIFI connecting the two remote devices by using a WIFI connection was
first applied by the scientists working on large radio telescope

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