FABRICATION OF ELECTRO MAGNET OPERATED VACUUM

CLEANER
ABSTRACT

This project deals with the fabrication of a electromagnetic vacuum

cleaner. The aim of this project vacuum cleaner is to develop and
automated process for cleaning the metal scraps.
It is very useful for cleaning the workshop. It can be widely used in
houses, hospitals, auditorium, shops, computer centers, etc. In modern days
interior decorations are becoming an important role in our life. Cleaning of
floor is a very important one for our health and reduces the man power
requirement. Every day children are playing games in the floor and their
dress, foot, body having dust. They are clean all the metal containing before
entering into the workshop or home. In our project metal pieces are cleaned
automatically by putting the step in the machine. Hence our project is very
useful in our day to day life.
INTRODUCTION

A vacuum cleaner, also known as a sweeper or hoover, is a device that

uses an air pump (a centrifugal fan in all but some of the very oldest
models), to create a partial vacuum to suck up dust and dirt, usually from
floors, and from other surfaces such as upholstery and draperies.

The dirt is collected by either a dustbag or a cyclone for later disposal.

Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in industry, exist in a
variety of sizes and models—small battery-powered hand-held devices,
wheeled canister models for home use, domestic central vacuum cleaners,
huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litres
of dust before being emptied, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for recovery
of large spills or removal of contaminated soil. Specialized shop vacuums
can be used to suck up both dust and liquids.

Cleaning Machine is very much useful in hospitals, houses, auditorium,

shops, computer centers etc; it is very simple in construction and easy to
operate. Anybody can operate this machine easily. It consists of large
number of brush and this brush is used to clean the floor. Hence it is very
useful in hospitals, houses, etc. The time taken for cleaning is very less and
the cost is also very less. Maintenance cost is less. There are several
numbers of cleaning machine and are working under different principles and
the cost is also very high.

In our project is very simple drive mechanism and easy to operate any
persons and children. The size of the machine is also portable, so we can
transfer from one place to other place very easily. In our cleaning machine
is simple, all house holding device; even children can also operate it easily
with safety. It is very important one for each and every houses and hospitals
etc.
NEED OF THE PROJECT

 To achieve high safety

 To reduce man power
 To increase the efficiency of the cleaner
 To reduce the mopload
 To reduce the fatigue of worker
 To reduce time consumption
 Less Maintenance cost
 To reduce power
Reasons for cleaning floors
The principal reasons for floor cleaning are:
 To prevent injuries due to tripping or slipping. Injuries due to slips
and trips on level floors are a major cause of accidental injury or
death. Bad practice in floor cleaning is itself a major cause of
accidents.
 To beautify the floor.
 To remove stains dirt, litter and obstructions.
 To remove grit and sand which scratch and wear down the surface.
 To remove allergens, in particular dust.
 To prevent wear to the surface e.g. by using a floor wax or protective
sealant.
 To make the environment sanitary e.g. in kitchens.
 To maintain an optimum traction e.g. for dance floors.

Methods of floor cleaning

The treatment needed for different types of floors is very different. For
safety it is most important to ensure the floor is not left even slightly wet
after cleaning or mopping up.
Sawdust is used on some floors to absorb any liquids that fall rather than
trying to prevent them being spilt. The sawdust is swept up and replaced
each day. This was common in the past in pubs and is still used in some
butchers and fishmongers.
It used to be common to use tea leaves to collect dirt from carpets and
remove odours. Nowadays it is still quite common to use diatomaceous
earth, or in fact any cat litter type dust, to remove infestations from floors.
There are also a wide variety of floor cleaning machines available today
such as floor buffers,automatic floor scrubbers and sweepers, and carpet
extractors that can deep clean almost any type of hard floor or carpeted
flooring surface in much less time than it would take using a traditional
cleaning method.
Wood flooring
Wood flooring should be treated completely differently depending on
whether it waxed or oiled, or whether it has a polyurethane coating. It is
important to determine the type of finish of a wood floor and always treat it
the appropriate way, for instance it is difficult to clear wood floor wax from
a polyurethane floor.
Tile floor cleaning
Nowadays many modern kitchens, stairs and bathrooms have tile flooring.
Dirt or dust should first be removed with a vacuum cleaner or a broom.
Then, a dry cloth duster or dust mop should be run over the floors after they
have been swept. In the end, washing tiles with warm water will cleanse tiles
easily.
Reducing the need for cleaning

Good well-maintained entrance matting can dramatically reduce the need for
cleaning. For public and office buildings about 80 to 90% of the dirt is
tracked in from outside. Installing a total of 15 feet of matting consisting of
both indoor and outdoor sections will remove about 80% of this.89 Thus
about two-thirds of the dirt can be removed at the entrance. BS 7953
'Entrance flooring systems. Selection, installation and maintenance' has
standards relating to barrier matting.
CHARATERISTICS OF CLEANING MACHINE

Cleaning Machine
 It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop.
 The floor is held stationary
 ie. Clamped in position and the mop rotates to make clean.
Types
1) Based on construction:
Portable,
Sensitive,
Radial,

up-right,
Gang,
Multi-spindle

2) Based on Feed:
Hand driven
Power driven
VACUUM CLEANER

The name "vacuum cleaner" is a bit of a giveaway when it comes to

understanding how your machine works: vacuum cleaners work by suction.
("Suction cleaner" would be a better name than vacuum cleaner, in fact,
because there's no actual vacuum involved. There is a difference in air
pressure, but nowhere is there is an absolute vacuum.) If you've ever tried
that cleaning trick with a tissue paper and a comb, you'll know how effective
suction can be for removing dirt. If not, try it now! Wrap a piece of tissue
paper around a comb. Breath out as far as you can and hold your breath.
Place the comb and paper against your mouth. Now lean against a dusty
armchair and press your mouth and the comb against it. Breath in sharply so,
effectively, you are breathing straight through the comb. Take the comb
away from your mouth and inspect the tissue paper. See how dirty it is!

Now imagine what would happen if you could keep this trick up for
hour upon hour, just like a vacuum cleaner. Eventually, the dirt would build
up on the tissue paper to such an extent that air would no longer flow
through it properly. Your ability to clean—as a human vacuum cleaner—
would be greatly impaired. This is a very important point: for a vacuum
cleaner to work effectively, it has to maintain powerful airflow the whole
time. If its bag is full or its filters are clogged up, its airflow will be
dramatically reduced and it won't pick up dust. This is a problem that
plagues almost every type of vacuum cleaner—even the bagless, cyclonic
ones that are now so popular.
Vacuum cleaner with bags

Invented in 1901 by a British engineer, the first electric vacuums were

simple sucking machines with a brush and suction head at the front, a motor
in the middle, and a bag at the back. When you switched them on, the motor
whirred into action, sucking in air and dirt and blowing them into the bag.

Think back to the "suck and filter" comb trick and you'll understand
straight away how these old-style, bag vacuum cleaners work. In place of
your mouth, there's a powerful electric motor attached to a fan that sucks in
air. Instead of a tissue paper and comb, there's a dirt bag (sometimes a
disposable paper bag inside a fabric bag), which catches the dust sucked in
so you can use the cleaner for some time without worrying about where all
the dirt is going. The bag isn't completely airtight, as you might think. Air
can pass out of it, though not dirt, so it effectively acts as a filter; the air is
sucked into the bag and then escapes through it, leaving the dirt behind
inside it.

This diagram summarizes what's happening inside a conventional vacuum:

 1. Electricity outlet supplies energy to the cleaner's electric motor.
2. In a typical cleaner, the electric motor is rated at about 500–1000
watts, so it uses five to ten times as much energy as an old-style (in-
candescent) lamp.
3. Rubber belt (blue) powered by electric motor turns brushes and beat-
ers on the roller at the front of the machine.
4. Vigorous beating and brushing loosens dirt from the carpet or rug.
5. Fan attached to the electric motor sucks air and loosened dirt in
through the front of the machine.
6. Dirty air travels through to the back of the machine, cooling the elec-
tric motor as it passes by.
7. Dirt is trapped in the bottom of the dirt bag (which may be a single
fabric bag or a disposable paper bag fixed inside a fabric bag).
8. Relatively clean air emerges out of the back. Note that the outgoing
air is much warmer than the incoming air because it's picked up waste
heat from the electric motor.

Bagless vacuum cleaner

Most modern vacuums have done away with bags and use easy-to-
empty plastic bins instead. That means they need to use filters to separate the
dust from the air (which is the job the bag used to do). Here's the setup in a
typical modern, bagless Electrolux cleaner. You'll notice that the airstream,
which I've indicated with a large yellow arrow, is linear (a straight line) from
the hose at the front through to the grille at the back, just as it is in an old-
style bag cleaner.
1. Inlet: This attaches to the usual cleaning head and interchangeable
tools (not shown).
2. Dirt collecting bin: Normally this sits inside the cleaner at the front,
but I've removed it and placed it on its side so you can see things more
clearly.
3. HEPA filter: The filter is a cylinder of folded paper attached to the or-
ange bit you can see at the base of the dirt bin. The air is sucked
through the filter, leaving the dirt behind in the bin. You can see some
photos of the actual filters from this machine in our article on HEPA
filters.
4. Motor unit: This cleaner has a very powerful 2000-watt motor, al-
though it does need it to pull air through the HEPA filter. Motor rat-
ings for cleaners with HEPA filters can be quite misleading: they don't
necessarily give you more suction at the cleaning end, because more
of their power is used pulling air through the filter, which may clog
frequently.
 5. Filter and outlet grille: This is a simple bit of sponge that you can re-
move and wash.

Cyclonic vacuum cleaners

Most vacuums used this "suck and bag the dirt" process until the late
1980s, when another British engineer named James Dyson felt it was time to
go one better.

The trouble with old-style vacuum cleaners is that they suck in dirty air
and blow it directly into the bag. The bag catches the dirt and the relatively
clean (but often still quite dusty) air drifts back into the room. The longer
you use a vacuum, the more the bag fills up. As the bag fills up, the amount
of empty air it can hold decreases, so its ability to suck in more dirt is
gradually diminished. The longer you go without emptying your vacuum,
the worse the problem becomes. But emptying the bag is a real nuisance—
and the dust can go everywhere!

Water vacuums

When it comes to suction, conventional vacuum cleaners tend to...

suck, for want of a better word. Bulging bags and clogged filters
progressively reduce the airflow, making it impossible for them to pick up
more dirt effectively. Without filters, however, they blow quite a lot of the
finer dust (the harmful particles known as PM10s, smaller than 10 microns)
back into your room; so, instead of "vacuum cleaning", they are simply "dust
rearranging": sucking in dirt and blowing it back out so it settles somewhere
else. That's a particular problem for people with asthma or dust allergies.
Even the best cyclonic vacuums aren't perfect: cyclones don't remove all the
dirt, hence the need for those extra HEPA filters, which are typically either
so fine that they clog up repeatedly (reducing airflow and cleaning power) or
so coarse that they allow dirt back into the room.

Artwork: A simplified water vacuum cleaner.

What's the solution? One option is to use a water vacuum, which uses a tank
of water to trap the dirt instead of a bag or conventional dirt bin. The dusty
incoming air fires into the water tank, where the dirt is held in solution. The
moist air that leaves the tank is then spun around to remove the water (a bit
like in a Dyson), producing clean air that flows back into the room.
Here's how a typical water vacuum works:

1. Air is sucked in through the brush bar in the usual way.

2. A powerful motor (not shown) pulls the air through a water tank,
where most of the dirt is trapped.
3. The moist air continues through the tank, spiraling past plastic plates,
which help to separate out the water droplets from the air that carries
them. The water drips back down into the tank.
4. Clean, dry air exits through an outlet on top of the machine.
COMPONENTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC VACUUM CLEANER

1. BLOWER
2. RELAY
3. ELECTROMAGNET
4. WIRE
5. TRANSFORMER
6. BRIDGE RECTIFIER
BLOWER

Blower is an important class of fluid machine, which has

characteristics of transfer of energy between continuous stream of fluid & an
element rotating about a fixed axis. Blower is a head generating machine
which employs the dynamic action of a rotating element “the rotor” the
action of rotor changes the energy level of the continuously flowing fluid.
Blowers & Compressors are pressure-increasing machines. In all these, the
fluid enters axially and is discharged by the rotor into a static collector
system casing and then into a discharge pipe. Main components of Blower
are impeller which is having rotary motion, where energy is transfer and
followed by stationary part casing, in which energy transformation takes
place. Casing decides the size and pressure rise in the system.
Blowers are used where large volumes of gas at low pressure are required.
They generally operate at low speeds & pressure ratios. In pumps & fans the
fluid is considered incompressible while in the compressor & blower there is
usually a considerable density change. Fans and blowers provide air for
ventilation and industrial process requirements. Fans generate a pressure to
move air (or gases) against a resistance caused by ducts, dampers or other
components in a fan system.
Blower selection depends on the volume flow rate, pressure, type of
material handled, space limitations, and efficiency. Blower efficiencies
differ from design to design and also by types of impeller. Blower falls into
two general categories: centrifugal flow and axial flow. In centrifugal flow,
airflow changes direction twice - once when entering and second when
leaving. They are also used to produce negative pressures for industrial\
vacuum systems. Major types are: centrifugal blower and positive
displacement blower. Centrifugal blowers look more like centrifugal pumps
than fans. In multi-stage blowers, air is accelerated as it passes through each
impeller. In single-stage blower, air does not take many turns, and hence it is
more efficient. Air flow in the blowers usually is subject matter of research
as blowers command greater share of applications in various sectors of
industries. With relatively poor energy scene in developing economy, greater
emphasis is usually made on power intake requirements, efficiency etc.
These parameters have direct influence on air flow in the blower system
both in the rotor and the volute casing. It is due to this reason that, what
follows is a brief description of air flow in various parts of a Centrifugal
Blower.

Centrifugal blower
Blower is power consuming machine, where large volumes of gas or
air at low pressure are required. According to the “Compressed Air
Institute”, it is a machine to compress air or gas by centrifugal force to a
final pressure not exceeding 2.4 bar. It is not water cooled, as the added
expense of the cooling system is not justified in view of the relatively slight
gain at this pressure. Centrifugal blowers are generally used for large air
supply systems for reduced noise and maintenance. Here are few
applications of blowers enumerated as High pressure air blower, Sewage
aeration blower, Scavenging two cycle diesels blower, Cupola blowers,
Blast furnace gas blowers, Water gas blowers, Municipal gas plant blowers,
Cock plant exhausters and blowers, Airplane superchargers and Circulators.
Working principle
Centrifugal blower consists of an impeller which has blade fixed
between the inner and outer diameters. It can be mounted either directly on
shaft extension of the prime mover or separately on a shaft supported
between two additional bearing. The latter arrangement is applied for large
blower in which impeller is driven by flexible couplings. Air or gases enters
the impeller axially through inlet duct or nozzle. In impeller the rotating
vanes are imparted kinetic & potential energy to the fluid.
As the fluid leaves the impeller at high velocity and pressure, it is
collected either by a volute or scroll casing or series of diffusing passages
which converts kinetic energy into pressure and increases static pressure of
the fluid before deliver the fluid from the exit of the blower. The outlet
passage after the scroll can also take the form of a conical diffuser. The
centrifugal blower consists of a rotor or impeller which rotates causing
airflow by centrifugal action. The air usually enters the impeller at the axis
and leaves at the tip in a direction determined by the angle of the impeller
blades. Upon leaving the tip, the air flows through a volute chamber,
sometimes provided with a vaned diffuser casing. The diffuser casing
utilizes part of the kinetic energy of the out flowing fluid and raises its static
pressure. The volute chamber collects all the fluid at constant velocity and
leads it to a diverging discharge pipe which may again provide more of
diffusive action.

Impeller
According to rotating blade type the impeller are classified as radial,
forward and backward type. The blade exit angle decides the type of
impeller. The pressure rise and flow rate in blower depends on the peripheral
speed of the impeller and blade angle. In backward impeller the exit blade
angle is less than 900 . The channel of blade is gradually expanding, so that
the relative airflow will decelerate gradually, while passing through the
channel of blade. Compared to other two types of impeller the backward
curved impeller has maximum efficiency at design condition [2] and at the
design point the energy coefficient which is the measure of pressure rise in
the blower is less in case of the impeller compared to other two. In radial
impeller the exit blade angle is equal to 900 . At the maximum efficiency
condition the flow coefficient is higher for this type of impeller. In forward
impeller the blade tips incline towards the direction of rotation and exit
angle is greater than 900 , which is a very large blade angle. For the same
size & speed these types of impellers have higher flow rate compared to
others. As tangential velocity is very large at the exit, this gives higher stage
pressure rise compared to other two and it has maximum energy coefficient.
As the selection of the impeller is preliminary factor for Blower system.

Outlet system
Fluids leaves the impeller at an higher absolute velocity as compare to
that in the discharge pipe, therefore this fluid is collected by outlet system
without affecting it’s performance. Outlet system reduces the flow velocity,
by improving the outlet pressure. These outlet systems have an annular
space outside the impeller before the volute or diffuser ring. This annular
vaneless space decreases the non-uniformities and turbulence of flow
entering the volute as well as the noise level. There are three types of outlet
system 1) Vaneless Diffuser 2) Vaned Diffuser 3) Volute or Spiral Casing.
Vaneless diffuser
In this fluid is diffused in the vaneless space around the impeller before it
leaves the stage through a volute. Diffusion occurs from smaller diameter to
larger diameter and gain in static pressure occurs. As diffusion is directly
proportional to diameter ratio it gives relatively large size diffuser, which is
the limitation of this outlet system. Besides this it has a lower efficiency.
This type of application generally used for large size compressor, as it does
not suffer from blade stalling and shockwaves.

Vaned diffuser
For high pressures centrifugal blowers the fluid from the impeller is
discharged through a vane diffuser. In this diffusion achieved by means of
diffuser vanes, which results smaller size diffuser. Also the vanes provide
greater guidance to the flow in the diffusing passages. The provision of
diffuser in a blower can give a slightly higher efficiency (4-5%) than a
blower with only a volute casing. Every diffuser blade ring is designed for
given flow condition at the entry where optimum performance is obtained.
Therefore at off- design condition the diffuser will give poor performance on
account of mismatching the flow.

Volute casing
The purpose of the blower casing is to guide the fluid from the impeller or
diffuser and convert into pressure. The flow with high kinetic energy is
discharge from impeller and leads gas or air away. The Volute surrounds the
impeller and whose cross-sectional area increases from a minimum at the
tongue or cutwater to the throat. The tongue represents the nearest part of the
casing to the impeller and is aligned into the general direction of the flow
leaving the impeller as shown in figure: 1.1. [3] The casing plays an
important part in locating best efficiency point by virtue of its hydraulic
loses and its ability to restrict the flow against given head without incurring
any additional losses. Flow leaving out of the casing can tangential or radial
as shown in figure: 1.1a. Finally flow leaving out of the casing is through the
volute throat as shown in figure: 1.1b. Tongue and throat position is very
important in the design of volute casing. Velocity components in the volute
is shown in 1.1c and change in cross-section area of volute at different
radius. As cross-section area of volute casing goes on increasing from
tongue region to throat.
ELECTROMAGNET

An Electromagnet is generally composed of a Coil around an Iron

Core. These elements alone will not produce a Magnetic Field unless there is
a Current flowing through the Coil. By connecting a Generator to the
terminals of the Coil, the Electromagnet is energized and a Magnetic Field is
created.

An energized Electromagnet acts like a normal Magnet. By placing a mag-

netic material, e.g. an Iron, next to it, a Magnetic Force is exerted on the Iron
and they attract each other, Figure

Unlike permanent Magnets, it is possible to control the strength of the Mag-

netic Field in an Electromagnet. The magnetic field is characterized by Mag-
netic Flux Density (B), which is related to the Permeability of the Medium
(μ), the Number of Turns of the Coil (n) and the Current flowing through the
Coil (I), Figure 1. For a given Electromagnet, μ and n are constant, we can
change I to control its strength of Magnetic Field.

If Electric current is passed in a simple magnet wound with the coil of

insulated wire and the magnetic field is produced the magnet formed by this
process is called Electromagnet. The core of the magnet which is wound
with the wire is made of ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic materials such as
iron.

The magnetic field can be quickly changed by changing the amount of

electric current passing in the insulated coil, and when the electric current is
turned off, the magnetic field disappears. This means that the strength of the
magnetic field in an electromagnet is directly proportional to the electric
current passing through it.

Electromagnets are used in electric devices like generators, motors, relays,

etc. and also in the MRI machine, hard disks and other scientific
instruments.
 Contents:

 Electromagnetism
 Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
 Applications of Electromagnets
Electromagnetism

The phenomenon by which magnetism is produced by the effect of

electric current is called Electromagnetism. Danish physicist Hans
Christain Oerstud discovered the phenomenon of Electromagnetism in
1819.

Magnetic Effect of Electric Current

When an electric current is passed through a conductor, the magnetic

lines of force are set up around it.

Let us understand the magnetic effect of electric current with the help
of an example given below
 Magnetic Effect Of Electric Current

Take a hard board and sprinkle some iron filling on it and tap it slightly.
Now when electric current is passed through it, it is analyzed that

1. The magnetic field varies accordingly; that means it changes

when it is near, and when it is at a certain distance from the conductor. It
is stronger when it is close to the conductor and becomes weaker as the
distance increases from the conductor.
2. Larger the density of the current stronger will be the magnetic
field this means that the strength of the magnetic field around the conduc-
tor depends upon the magnitude of flow of electric current.
3. The direction of flow of current is perpendicular to the direction
of the magnetic field.
4. If the current direction is reversed, then the direction of the
magnetic field is also reversed, and this can be seen by placing the mag-
netic needle near the conductor.

Applications of Electromagnets

o Electromagnets are widely used for storing the information and

moving things.
o They are used in many electrical devices like loud speakers,
electric bells, magnetic locks and also in magnetic recording devices like
tape recorders, computer disks, etc.
o In television (CRT tubes), telephones, door bells and mobiles
o Electromagnets are also used in recycling plants for the purpose
of garbage dumping.
o Used in the propulsion system in spacecraft to generate power.
RELAY 

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use

an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating
principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it
is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where
several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used
in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal
coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays
were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to
perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relayscontrol
power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device
to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and
sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits
from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions
are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Magnetic latching relays require one pulse of coil power to move their
contacts in one direction, and another, redirected pulse to move them back.
Repeated pulses from the same input have no effect. Magnetic latching
relays are useful in applications where interrupted power should not be able
to transition the contacts.

Magnetic latching relays can have either single or dual coils. On a single coil
device, the relay will operate in one direction when power is applied with
one polarity, and will reset when the polarity is reversed. On a dual coil
device, when polarized voltage is applied to the reset coil the contacts will
transition. AC controlled magnetic latch relays have single coils that employ
steering diodes to differentiate between operate and reset commands.
TRANSFORMER

The transformer is one of the most common devices found in elec-

trical system that links the circuits which are operating at different
voltages .These are commonly used in applications where there is a need of
AC voltage conversion from one voltage level to another. It is possible either
to decrease or increase the voltage and currents by the use of transformer in
AC circuits based on the requirements of the electrical equipment or device
or load. Various applications use wide variety of transformers including
power, instrumentation and pulse transformers.

In a broad, transformers are categorized into two types, namely, elec-

tronic transformers and power transformers. Electronic transformers operat-
ing voltages are very low and are rated at low power levels. These are used
in consumer electronic equipments like televisions, personal computers,
CD/DVD players, and other devices. The term power transformer is referred
to the transformers with high power and voltage ratings. These are extens-
ively used in power generation, transmission, distribution and utility systems
to increase or decrease the voltage levels. However, the operation involved
in these two types of transformers is same. So let us go in detail about the
transformers.

The transformer is a static device (means that has no moving parts)

that consists of one, two or more windings which are magnetically coupled
and electrically separated with or without a magnetic core. It transfers the
electrical energy from one circuit to the other by electromagnetic induction
principle. The winding connected to the AC main supply is called primary
winding and the winding connected to the load or from which energy is
drawn out is called as secondary winding. These two windings with proper
insulation are wound on a laminated core which provides a magnetic path
between windings.

When the primary winding is energized with alternating voltage

source, an alternating magnetic flux or field will be produced in the trans-
former core. This magnetic flux amplitude depends on the applied voltage
magnitude, frequency of the supply and the number of turns on the primary
side. This flux circulates through the core and hence links with the second-
ary winding. Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction, this mag-
netic linking induces a voltage in the secondary winding. This is called as
mutual induction between two circuits. The secondary voltage depends on
the number of turns on the secondary as well as magnetic flux and fre-
quency.

Transformers are extensively used in electrical power systems to pro-

duce the variable values of voltage and currents at the same frequency.
Therefore , by an appropriate primary and secondary turns proportion de-
sired voltage ratio is obtained by the transformer.

RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating

current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC),
which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification,
since it "straightens" the direction of current. Physically, rectifiers take a
number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, stacks
of copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, silicon-
controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.
Historically, even synchronous electromechanical switches and motors have
been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's whisker"
of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-
contact rectifier or "crystal detector".

Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components
of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct current power transmission
systems. Rectification may serve in roles other than to generate direct
current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals
serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect
presence of a flame.

Because of the alternating nature of the input AC sine wave, the

process of rectification alone produces a DC that, though unidirectional,
consists of pulses of current. Many applications of rectifiers, such as power
supplies for radio, television and computer equipment, require
a steady constant DC current (as would be produced by a battery). In these
applications the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter,
which may be a capacitor, choke, or set of capacitors, chokes and resistors,
possibly followed by a voltage regulator to produce a steady current.
BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER SUPPLY

12 VOLT
TRANSFORMER

ELECTRO
MAGNET

RELAY

BLOWER

ABSORB
METAL
SCRAPS
WORKING PRINCIPLE

The main supply 230V A.C is given to the blower and 12 volt
transformer. When the metal piece is deducted, the electro magnet coil has
12 volt power. It activate the relay switch . The relay is already connected to
the blower with the help of wire..

The two numbers of needles are mounted on the edge of blower..

This needles used to detect the metal scraps.
ADVANTAGES

 Manual effort is reduced.

 Operating time is less.
 Cleaning and polishing can be done at same time.
 Power consumption is less.
 Operating Cost is less.
 Design is very simple.
 Easy fabrication.
 It occupies less floor area.
 Initial cost is less.
 Net weight is less.
 Maintenance cost less.
 It can be used in various places
 Smoother operation.
APPLICATIONS

 Domestic purpose.
 Hospitals.
 Computer centers.
 Auditoriums.
 Cultural centers.
 Schools.
 Colleges.
 Large scale industries.
 Medium scale industries.
 Theatres.
 Educational institutions.

LIMITATIONS

 Speed of the motor is constant.

 Pushing power is required to on the machine ally.
SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS
Precautions for Cleaning machine
 Lubrication is important to remove heat and friction.
 Machines should be cleaned after use
 Dust should be removed using vacuum.
 Machines should be lightly oiled to prevent from rusting
Safety Precautions
 Do not support the floor by hand – use his device.
 No adjustments while the machine is operating
 Ensure for the cleaning mops running straight before starting the
operation.
CONCLUSION

The project “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC VACUUM CLEANER” has been successfully
designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the
hardware components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out
and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit.
By means of this simple project, we can do many numbers of
operations using the same system.
Finally we conclude that the project is an emerging field and there is
a huge scope for research and development.
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