International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET)

Volume 12, Issue 6, June 2021, pp. 1-10, Article ID: IJARET_12_06_001
Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJARET?Volume=12&Issue=6
ISSN Print: 0976-6480 and ISSN Online: 0976-6499
DOI: 10.34218/IJARET.12.6.2021.001

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

A DATASET TO FIND EFFECT OF YOGASAN

ON MUSCULAR DISORDER
Somashekhar S.Dhanyal
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India

Suvarna Nandyal
Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Poojya Doddappa Appa College of Engineering, Kalaburgi, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT
In recent years, the prevalence of muscular disorders or diseases is increasing
globally, and the major reason is by leading an unhealthy lifestyle and stress. General
surgery or physiotherapy is recommended as a treatment, but these treatments are
expensive and have many side effects. The practice of Yoga can be the alternative
treatment that is drug-free with zero side effects. Nowadays, Yogasan is gaining much
recognition as a form of physical fitness and has been proved to improve strength,
flexibility and regulate all the body's functions in a balanced manner. Through this
paper, made studies to find the effect of Yogasan on muscular disorders, and the second
thing is to build a Yogasan video dataset for automatic recognition of asana for a
specific muscular disorder. Yogasan recognisation is a well know problem in computer
vision and existing datasets are observed to be not challenging enough for complicated
and variety of human posture. We have created a hierarchy structured-based dataset
for an effective recognition system and present SVM cascade classifier to analyze
hierarchical classification performance, which gave the yoga recognition rate of 97%.
Key words: Hierarchy structure, Muscular disorder, SVM classifier, Video-based
dataset Yogasan recognisation.
Cite this Article: Somashekhar S.Dhanyal and Suvarna Nandyal, A Dataset to Find
Effect of Yogasan on Muscular Disorder, International Journal of Advanced Research
in Engineering and Technology, 12(6), 2021, pp. 1-10.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Muscular disorders are usually underestimated and ignored for a long time due to their nominal
fatality rate, seen as irreversible conditions or considered part of the aging process. This
severely affects long-term pain and turns into a physical disability affecting millions of people
worldwide. The joint-based muscular disease is found in more than 50% of all chronic diseases

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 A Dataset to Find Effect of Yogasan on Muscular Disorder

for persons aged 60years and above. The survey is has revealed that back pain is the second
most reasoned for muscular disorder [1]. According to the medical journal's study,
musculoskeletal disorders have ranked 4th place globally, considering death and disability.
The most common group to be affected by muscular disorders are people between the age
group of 40-50. Because of the aging processing, unhealthy lifestyle, and lack of stress
management are more likely getting increased with the number of patients. Chronic pain is a
common problem and the major reason for seeking medical and care in muscular disorders [4].
Doing yoga strengths and tones the muscular system of the body. Different postures of Yoga
and practicing regularly reduce fat consumption in the body; cells and organs are activated and
increase immunity. Muscular systems in the human body greatly benefit from asana, increasing
the flexibility of movement, strength, and blood flow to the muscles.
The Statistical analyses were performed to compare the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain
in male and female workers, as shown in the figure below Fig.1. An ineffective treatment for
pain can cause decreased functioning, stress, a downward spiral of frustration, insomnia,
isolation, and worsening pain. Maintaining mobility and functioning in a person with a
muscular disorder is an important and primary aim of treating all age groups.

(a) (b)

Figure 1 Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain in various body parts (a) Male practitioners (b) Female
practitioners
Movement therapies like Yoga, Tai Chi, and Qigong have reduced chronic pain with
muscular disorders. Today Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence have been helping in
various aspects of human life. When it comes to fitness, Yoga has been the most favoured one
to make Yoga even more accessible for people suffering from muscular disorders, as a first
step, we are building a dataset of Yogasan videos to find the effect of the Yoga on muscular
disorder and creation of hierarchy structured-based dataset helps in automatic recognisation of
asana for specific muscular disorders. As there is limited measure of work on Yogasan dataset
and suffers from some of disadvantages such as occlusion, illumination, resolution view point,
diversity of poses and classification yoga asana from single image [5].There is a sufficient need
for such a sort of dataset is needed that serves as backup and objects such as people and camera
having relative movements and in which light illumination comes from a characteristic light
source. Thus our work overcomes the challenges of existing dataset and provides an efficient
tool for recognizing yoga asana based on muscular disorder followed by presenting SVM
cascade classifier [7] to analyze the hierarchical classification performance.

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 Somashekhar S.Dhanyal and Suvarna Nandyal

2. RELATED LITERATURE
Hua-Tsung Chen et al. [4] Computer-assisted self-training in sports practice is an ever-growing
trend. They have built up a primer framework is suitable for identifying the participants posture
while performing Yoga and then extracting Yoga training data from the web to remind their
focus to the posture. They have experimented with five professionals doing each of the 12 Yoga
asanas 5 times. They have twenty five video shots for the same postures and 300 shorts to be
identified. For every video clip, a perception window of 40 frames is utilized, and the
professional's posture in all the frame in each casing inside the window is recognized
independently. Primary voting is performed to choose which Yoga posture the professionals
are doing in the video clip.
Munkhjargal Gachoo et al. [8] has proposed an IoT dependent privacy-preserving yoga
posture recognition framework using a deep convolutional neural network and a low-resolution
infrared sensor-based wireless sensor network. They have invited eighteen volunteers to
perform twenty-six yoga pose for 2 class every ended for twenty seconds. First, recorded class
are stored as .csv files, then pre-processed and transfered to grayscale pose images. 93200
posture images are used for the validation of the proposed DCNN models. Therefore, they have
summarized the proposed IoT dependent yoga posture identification method has advanced
capacity in the privacy-preserving yoga training framework.
Nitesh Sonwani et al. [9], Has introduced Auto_fit, which advises the required asanas and
tracks our workout. Auto_fit uses body keypoints for pose identification and DNN classifier to
recognize the state of asana and counts the number of times the repetitions are performed. They
have the videos from professionals doing the exercise, divided the video into two videos, and
then used them to train the system. The system also works on live video coverage and tracks
the number of reparations installed in Rasberry pi single-board systems.
Weili Dinget al. [10] have performed a broad assessment of their proposed technique
utilizing 4 database. The initial 3 database were utilized from the public action database MSR-
Action3D, Microsoft MSRC-12, and UTKinect-Action. The 4th database, called "Baduanjin
pose", was constructed onits own utilizing the Kinect sensor. The MSR-Action3D database was
gathered by 20 activities: “high arm wave, flat arm wave, hammer, hand get, forward punch,
high toss, draw x, draw tick, draw a circle, hand applauds, two hand wave, side-boxing, twist,
forward kick, side kick, running, tennis swing, tennis serves, golf swing, get and toss”. They
have included 10 participants, and each participant doing out each activity for two times or
multiple times. They have extricated 20 pose from the MSR-Action3D database to fabricate the
MSRAction3D act dataset, comprising 3224 frames. The second frames of dataset utilized in
this paper were set up from the Microsoft MSRC-12 dataset of Research Cambridge. Collected
by gathering from 30 individuals who performed 12 gestures. They have extricated 5884 frames
from 719359 frame video snaps and fabricated another frame dataset. The third frame database
was collected from the UTKinect-Action dataset. they have picked 10 activity kinds of this
dataset: “walk, plunk down, stand up, get, convey, toss, push, pull, wave hands and applaud.
There were 10 subjects, and a sum of 3795 casings was extracted. This dataset was gathered to
perform research varieties in different viewpoints: right view, frontal view, left view, and back
see”. The fourth dataset Baduanjin is gathered as per the standard working methods. Baduanjin
is a conventional strategy for fitness, which is frequently used to increase the actual constitution,
equilibrium, and joints flexibile movement of patients with engine brokenness in China. They
have written 15 sorts of postion and gathered them utilizing a Kinect sensor. In there
experiment, each activity was carried out by 10 participants.
Sidrah Liaqat et al. [6] proposed Human Body Posture Detection to validated the approach's
capability. The web has huge benchmark database named human body utilizing galvanic skin
reaction had been utilized. The information is gathered for 5 unique participants, and used to

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 A Dataset to Find Effect of Yogasan on Muscular Disorder

perform 3 distinct groups like “standing, sitting, and strolling”. Also, the information is
captured with the 16 bits resolution of in test of 5 min to 15 min, and the testing rate is 1 MHz
(the most extreme accuracy position on the BITalino Kit). There are distinctive AI techniques
to train the classifiers for classifying the postures like “standing, sitting, and strolling”. The data
utilized in their study is gathered from 5 distinct people; the dataset comprises four guys and
females of various nationalities, all 25 to 30 years old.
Bo Caoet al. [2], as a feature of the proposed system, has created a database of 5 postions
to be perceived by kinect2 sensor. The posture contains “right arm outstretched, left arm
outstretched, right arm raised, right twisted arm raised also stand”. 10 people create the
database, and each individual performs out the posture characterized before. The tallness of
these people lies between 1.58 meters to 1.82 meters. To distinguish human joints and perceive
the stance, the individual should be totally with respect to vision field. The pictures counting
both shading pictures and profundity pictures are caught with a kinect2 sensor to 960×540
pixels. To confirm the proposed technique's adequacy under various shooting points or
directions, they have changed the overall shooting points and directions between the kinect2
sensor and the individual while catching pictures. For each postion, they have cached 200
picture bunches for every individual. Also, each gathering contains a shading picture and a
coordinated with profundity picture. In this way, the dataset contains 10000 picture gatherings.

3. DATASET CREATION
Our proposed dataset includes data acquisition and creating a hierarchy for Yogasan and is built
from the perspective of Yogasan for the muscular disorder, including the most complicated and
variety of human posture. The videos used are wild, with having various viewpoints, different
illumination conditions, resolutions, and occlusions. Few datasets are created for Yogasan
recognition, but they are with fewer images or videos, don't build for a specific application and
do not include a wide range of poses. Hence the lack specific application and for more complex
yoga asana.

3.1. Data Acquisition

There is no publicly available video-based dataset accessible only for muscular disorders, so
we have gathered a dataset with different classes of Yogasan videos. In any case, it tends to
expand to incorporate more extensive types of Yogasan. The videos are gathered utilizing an
HD 1080p (where p represents progressive scan) camera. The dataset includes various persons
in the real-time forecast. The majority of the asana is performed at a 4–5 meters distance from
the camera. The participants are doing out every asana along with various variations. Fig.2
shows the sample frames of the database. All the videos are collected between 15-45 seconds
in an indoor climate, outdoor climate, and night vision mode.
The videos are classified into 5 categories those are moving camera, moving objects (person
performing Yoga). Still, camera moving objects, indoor videos, outdoor videos, and night
vision videos, and these groups are explained in shortly below subsections.

Moving camera moving objects

In this category, the camera moves in along a direction or along a pivot during the recording.
Here the movement of the camera isn't exceptionally quick, however, at a fixed rate.
Furthermore, in the short, captured through the camera, objects while individually performing
Yoga is moving. Here the object's movements can change.

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 Somashekhar S.Dhanyal and Suvarna Nandyal

Still camera moving object

In this class, the camera is fixed at a position and captures the yoga asana recordings. There is
no movement of camera in this type, yet the objects of individuals performing yoga asana,
which are being caught by the camera, will have the movements.

Figure 2: Sample yoga poses from the dataset

Artificial light videos

The videos clip in the Artificial light environment are placed in this classification and recorded
in fake and lower light conditions. The large majority of the Artificial light recordings are
caught in indoor conditions have a counterfeit brightening arrangement. In this climate, “we
have taken the recordings with short proximity in which the distance among the camera and
articles goes from 1 to 5 meters”.

Natural light videos

The videos shot in the sunlight condition. Here we fixed the camera at a specific position and
shot the video in characteristic brightening condition. The majority of the videos of the class of
sunlight videos are caught in the outdoor climate. In these surroundings, we have taken the
videos with short proximity in which the distance between camera and objects goes from 1 to
5 meters.

Night vision videos

The videos clips under this class have recordings in the evening lower light environment. For
this class, we have made a similar arrangement as in sunlight environment, i.e., we fixed the
camera in the same surrounding and point as with sunlight daylight environment a clip of video
in the evening. Here the camera is recording in night vision mode.

3.2. Creation of Hierarchy

Hierarchical structure can be beneficial for efficient retrieval of asana for specific muscular
disorders. They provide required information to the users about the muscular disorder and also
the asana needed to be performed. As shown in Fig. 4, our hierarchical structure is made up of
3 levels, where the last level describes different Yogasan based on muscular disorders. There

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 A Dataset to Find Effect of Yogasan on Muscular Disorder

are a total of 7 classes formed. We have classified types of muscular disorders into three types
names skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscular disorders in the first level. The second level in the
hierarchy as divided the first level into different parts affected by each type of muscular
disorder. Finally, it is difficult to gather all the types of Yogasan performed to overcome a
particular muscular disorder yet attempted to classify into 7 different classes based on the
disorders' muscular parts.
The first level is based on types of muscular disorders in the human body, there are around
600 muscles and are classified into three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac,
according to the NIH.
Musculoskeletal disorders are wounds in muscles or related tissues caused because of the age
of a generation of biomechanical stresses. They might be caused by abrupt exertion, over-effort,
repetitive movements, and significant stretches of keeping up abnormal positions.
Musculoskeletal issues regularly work-or sports-related, and for the most part, only one or a
couple of muscles are influenced.
Visceral or smooth muscle disorder in which the smooth muscle is impaired throughout the
body. This leads to many problems like weakened contractions of the muscles used to digest
food, abnormalities in blood vessels, a weaker bladder.
Cardiac muscle disorder makes the heart more earnestly siphon blood all through the body.
These illnesses can prompt cardiovascular breakdown. Primary types of disorders are enlarged,
hypertrophic, and prohibitive cardiomyopathy.
We have categorized our dataset based on the body parts affected by each type of muscular
disorder in the second level, as shown in Fig.3.

(a) (b) (c )

Figure 3: Body parts affected for (a)Skeletal, muscular disorders (b)Smooth muscular disorder (c)
cardiac muscular disorder
• Musculoskeletal disorders majorly affect the muscles, bones, and joints. The body part
affected by the musculoskeletal system includes the “neck, shoulders, wrists, back, hips,
legs, knees, and feet.”
• Smooth muscle inside the organs and around the walls of many organs. This muscular
disorder affects many body systems like the respiratory system, reproductive system,
digestive system.
• Cardiovascular muscles are found in the chest region.

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 Somashekhar S.Dhanyal and Suvarna Nandyal

As the next level, based on the body parts affected by the particular type of muscular
disorder under each body part affected further classified into seven different classes. In each
class, a set of asanas are grouped to be performed to get cured of a particular type of muscular
disorder.
Neck and Shoulder muscular disorder: Neck and shoulder pain is a very commonly found
complaint. Muscles around the neck and shoulders get strained due to poor posture, Torn joints,
Nerve compression, Injuries and Diseases like arthritis can cause the pain. The common asanas
need to perform to get relief from the pain are Trikonasana,Uttanasana, and Virabhadrasana
Joints muscular disorder: A weaker structure of bones in the body, absence of the required
amount of physical exercises and essential imbalance diet food contribute to leg pain, knee, and
writs, joints of the body. At the same time, doing yoga tones the body and recovery from the
pain. Some of the asanas that help eliminate joints' muscular disorders are Balasana, Tadasana,
and Virabhadrasana.
Digestive System muscular disorder: Digestive system diseases are increasingly common
among people due to lifestyle and diet factors. Yoga can help treat and prevent such issues with
the help of the following asanas or poses. Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana and Ustrasana.
Reproductive system muscular disorder: by adopting unhealthy, stressed, and erratic and
stress level hormones of the body affect reproductive disorder. Performing asanas regularly
strengthens core muscles around the reproductive organs. Such asanas are Malasana, Baddha
Konasana and Dhanurasana.
Respiratory system muscular disorder: performing Sukhasana, Matsya Asana, and Padma
Sarvangasana strengthens the chest muscles and improves the health and functioning of the
lungs.
Urinary system muscular disorder: Urinary incontinence is often troublesome and common
and can be overcome by practicing Vajrasana, Shashankasana, and Setu Bandhasana
Cardiovascular, muscular disorder: practicing Yoga helps lower ring “blood pressure,
cholesterol levels in the blood, glucose levels of the body”and heart rate, which lowers the risk
of heart disorders. Asanas performed are Gomukhasana Paschimottanasana and Ardha
Matsyendrasana.

Figure 4. The hierarchal structure of the yoga dataset

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 A Dataset to Find Effect of Yogasan on Muscular Disorder

4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
We have performed the experiment using the SVM cascaded classifier and is a supervised AI
structure includes multiple classes. SVM performs the characterization by making a so that
partition among the classes is just about as bigger as expected. An SVM is made trained using
training data utilizing radial basis function (RBF) kernel. Rbf is used commonly as default and
very famous kernel, a gaussian radial basis function. It gives greater adaptability than other
kernels, linear and polynomial.
A cascaded system, as shown in Fig.5, in which primary classifier's reaction decides the
subsequent classifier's decision and at every stage classifier triggers the following classifier if
its yield is positive. The classifiers are intended to achieve more identification rates. A negative
result at any phase of the cascade is a programmed dismissal of the class.

True True
True
Classifier 1 Classifier 2 Classifier 3 Recognized
Input
Image
Image

False False False

Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect
class Class Class
Figure 5: Architecture of Cascading Classifier
Each piece of the window is examined at each layer of the cascade to identify it has a place
with that specific class at that point, it passed to the following strict classifier or assuming not,
it dismissed, and the following window provided to the classifier until every one of the classes
are analysed. A successful acknowledgment travels to every layers of the attention cascade.
Our dataset provides a hierarchical structure that can enhance Yogasan recognition for the
particular muscular disorder. In this paper, a cascade of SVM classifiers is adopted to use the
hierarchically structured dataset, 3-stages of SVM classifiers are cascaded in which, first-level
(3 classes) and class level 2(3 classes), and class level 3(7 classes). All the three classifiers'
levels learn to classify the first level, and information from the input image is transferred to the
next succeeded classifier for the second level of classification, and the process carries on. Each
stage classifier is trained to classify that level of classes.
The dataset consists of more than 100 videos with each video's duration is 15- 45 minutes,
and each video is recorded at the rate of 30 FPS. The database is made up of 21 various yoga
posture each Yogasan is performed by the number of individuals.
All the Yogasan videos are captured at various viewpoints, different illumination
conditions, resolutions, and occlusions at 4 meters distance away from the camera. For
experimental demonstration we have considered the indoor videos All the yoga asanas are
created with variations for creating a full yoga pose or asana recognition system. The minimum
duration or time of each video is around 45 to 60 seconds. Fig.6 shows the videos for Yoga
poses carried out. Videos having various participants has been utilized for the training, testing,
and validation sets.

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 Somashekhar S.Dhanyal and Suvarna Nandyal

Figure 6: Dataset frames

Results:
Train accuracy: 0.9953
Validation accuracy: 0.9762
Test accuracy: 0.9319
The training accuracy of the model is pretty high at 0.99. There is a slight decrease in the
validation and test accuracy, but the results are still good. Most of the classes are classified
correctly except for tadasana (mountain pose). Out of 17,685 frames for tadasana, 6992 have
been misclassified as trikonasana (tree pose), and similarly, there is some incorrect
classification for vrikshikasana. This could be because of the similarity in the poses as both of
them require a standing position, and the initial pose formation is similar.

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

Although there are various aspects of video issues and numerous challenges to building the
video dataset, we created a schema that can store videos of different Yogasan for muscular
disorders, in a well-organized manner and recorded videos are with resolution 1080p.We have
explored a new dataset and observed to be challenging enough for most complicated and variety
of human posture. In particular we present a three level hierarchal structure and reported the
benchmark results. We present SVM classifier for analysing performance and thus the results
shows the sufficient accuracy for Yogasan classification. In future we will focus on 1) To design
and develop automated system, works particularly on the muscular disorder 2) Provide query-
based search 3) Creating a large number of different users and many different yoga asana videos
4) Self-training system 5) To design and develop automated yoga asana recognisation.

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