Lithosphere consists of crust and the upper portion of the mantle.

There are two types of crust,

the continental crust and the oceanic crust. The continental crust is thicker but less dense than the
oceanic crust. Because of the difference in density, continental crust floats higher than the oceanic crust.
The Earth is divided into segments called plates.

There are seven relatively large plates and a number of smaller ones, including the Philippine
plate. The plates move very slowly but constantly, and this movement is called tectonics; thus the
theory of moving lithospheric plates is called plate tectonics. Earthquake is a vibration of the Earth due
to the rapid release of energy and it is the consequences of moving crustal plates which is crucial in
studying plate tectonics.

1. Which of the following sequences correctly lists the different arrivals from first to last?

2. How many seismograph stations are needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

3. Where is the focus with respect to the epicenter?

4. Which of the following statements is false? The time and location of most major earthquakes can be
predicted several days in advance.

5. Which of the following statements best describes the state of earthquake prediction? Scientists can
characterize the seismic risk of an area, but cannot yet accurately predict most earthquakes

6. Your Science teacher asked you to locate the epicenter of the hypothetical earthquake, which is the
correct sequence of events you should follow? Data,difference,distance

7. What do you call the point beneath Earth's surface where the crust breaks and triggers an
earthquake? Epicentre

8. What makes up the lithosphere? crust and upper mantle

9. Seismologist is a scientist who study earthquakes. What is the name of device used to record
earthquake waves? Seismograph

10. What do you call a vibration of the Earth due to the rapid release of energy and it is the
consequences of moving crustal plates which is crucial in studying plate tectonics?earthquake

These are energies radiates in all directions from the focus in the form of waves. ( answer: Seismic
waves )

There are  two types of seismic wave, the body waves and the surface waves. Particularly, Body wave is
consisting  of two types the P-waves also known as the ( 2 Primary ) wave and the S-waves also known
as the ( 3. secondary ) wave. P-waves travel ( 4. Faster ) than S-waves.

Because of this difference in velocity between P and S waves, the distance of earthquake epicenter from
the recording station can be determined. If they have data from three recording stations, the exact
position of an earthquake epicenter can be located using the triangulation method.

Types of Seismic waves:

1. Body wave -  are seismic wave which can travels in the interior of the earth.

P-wave - also known as the primary wave which travels in all all medium and is the fastest to travel

S-wave - also known as secondary wave and it cannot travel in liquid medium. It is slower than p-wave in
terms of speed.
2. Surface wave - In only travels on the surface of the earth and cannot penetrate in the interior of the
earth.

Love wave- The most destructive among all of them

Rayleigh wave - Travels in a rolling motion the same as the wave in the ocean and is the slowest to travel
among the four.

A magnitude-5 earthquake is classified as moderate, a magnitude-6 earthquake is large, and a

magnitude-7 earthquake is major. An earthquake with a magnitude of 8 or larger is classified as great.

AC 1 IN MODS - 1. In what area where earthquakes been concentrated?

2. From the table, which earthquake(s) can be classified as major?

3. Why Philippines is an earthquake prone country?

4. According to the map, is it likely that a damaging earthquake will occur in your area? Strategy Check

___ Can you observe where most damaging earthquakes have occurred in the Philippines? ___ Can you
predict the parts of the Philippines most likely to experience strong earthquakes?

Activity 2: Find the Center d = Td/8SEC x 100 km

Where: d = distance (km) Td = time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave (secondS)

This formula is suited because 8 seconds is the interval between the times of arrival of the P-wave and
Swave at a distance of 100 km

Q1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake?

Q2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from two recording stations?

Activity 3: : Let’s Mark the Boundaries (Earthquake Epicenters)

Q1. How are earthquakes distributed on the map?

Q2. Where are they located?

Q3. Where are there no earthquakes?

Q4. Why is it important for us to identify areas which are prone to earthquakes?

The places on Earth where most of the earthquakes originated were formed mark the boundaries of
each lithospheric plate. As mentioned earlier, each plate is slowly moving relative to each other, causing
geologic events to happen along their boundaries.