Can I Fall Down the Cracks?

In this activity, five statements related to plate tectonics will be presented. Two of the
statements are misconceptions, while the remaining three are true. Identify which
statements are true and not and justify your answer.
The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
The crust is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
Lithosphere includes the crust and part of the
upper mantle.
Lithosphere includes the crust and part of the
upper mantle.
The Earth’s mantle is in liquid form,
consisting of molten rock.
The Earth’s mantle is in liquid form,
consisting of molten rock.
 Catastrophic changes on the Earth's surface, like
volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, only affect the
lithosphere.
 Catastrophic changes on the Earth's surface, like
volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, only affect the
lithosphere.
The inner core and the outer core are
made up of similar stuff chemically
The inner core and the outer core are
made up of similar stuff chemically
EARTHQUAKE
An earthquake refers to the sudden
movement of the Earth’s crust as it
adjusts to the sudden released of energy
from the source.
HYPOCENTER and EPICENTER
EPICENTER
point of the crust of Earth is
directly above the focus is
epicenter.

HYPOCENTER
point within Earth where the
rocks break and where seismic
energy is first released.
Hypocenter
found at different depths and is
classified as:

a. shallow: 10 to 100 km
b. intermediate: 70 to 300
km
c. deep: 300 km or deeper
AN EARTHQUAKE THAT
SHOOK THE ENTIRE WORLD
Great Chilean Earthquake
STRONGEST EARTHQUAKE
THAT HIT THE PHILIPPINES
Moro Gulf Earthquake
WHAT CAUSES
EARTHQUAKES?
The main causes of
earthquakes fall into several
categories
a. Volcanic Eruptions
b. Tectonic Movements
c. Man-Made
The main causes of
earthquakes fall into five
categories
a. Volcanic Eruptions
b. Tectonic Movements
c. Man-Made
The main causes of
earthquakes fall into five
categories
a. Volcanic Eruptions
b. Tectonic Movements
c. Man-Made
The main causes of
earthquakes fall into five
categories
a. Volcanic Eruptions
b. Tectonic Movements
c. Man-Made
 HOW CAN WE LOCATE
EARTHQUAKES EPICENTER?
SEISMIC WAVES
Seismic waves are elastic waves that are created after the
rocks move in the focus. The magnitude of an earthquake
depends on the energy contained by each wave.
Two Types of Seismic Waves
• Body Waves
• Surface Waves
BODY and SURFACE WAVES
often felt on the Earth’s
crust.

travels through the inner

layers of the planet.
often felt on the Earth’s crust.

Two types:
Rayleigh Wave
Love Wave
 TWO TYPES OF SURFACE WAVES

Rayleigh wave moves in an up and down

direction. Love wave moves in a side-to-side direction.
often felt on the Earth’s crust.

Two types:
Rayleigh Wave
Love Wave

travels through the inner layers

of the planet.

Two types:
P-Waves
S-Waves
 TWO TYPES OF BODY WAVES

The P-wave travels in solid, liquid and gas. S-wave travels in solid only. . It is slower
It is the faster and the first to be detected in than the P-wave.
the seismic station.
TRIANGULATION METHOD
Triangulation Method
• a method in locating the
epicenter of an earthquake.

• Seismologist use the information

recorded from at least three
seismographic stations to plot
their respective distances and
locate the epicenter.
Activity No.1
FIND THE CENTER
Objectives
Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using the triangulation method
Materials
• Hypothetical records of earthquake waves
• Philippine map
• Drawing compass
• Ruler
• Pen and marker
Procedure
1. Study the data showing the difference in the arrival time of Primary (P) and
Secondary (S) wave on three seismic recording stations.
Procedure
2. Compute the distance of the epicenter from each of the stations using
this formula:

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑑= 𝑥 100 %
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Formula:
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑑= 𝑥 100 %
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Formula:
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑑= 𝑥 100 %
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Procedure
2. Compute the distance of the epicenter from each of the stations using
this formula:

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑑= 𝑥 100 %
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

3. Choose one of the recording stations and measure the computed distance
on the map scale (the scale of the map in Figure 1 is 1.5 cm: 200 km). Set your
compass for that computed distance.
Procedure
4. Center your compass on the station you have chosen. Draw a circle.

5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for the rest of the stations. You should get three circles that
intersect or nearly intersect at a point. This intersection is the epicenter.
 Time difference in the arrival Distance of epicenter
Recording Station
of P-waves and S-wave from the station

Cavite 30
Question
Q1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical
earthquake?
Q2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only
have data from two recording stations?