PHARMACOLOGY

1. FDA approved Raxibacumab to treat " inhalational

anthrax " - First monoclonal antibody approved using
the Animal Efficacy Rule.
2. Sodium nitropuruside should not be given for >72hrs
- else thiocynate toxicity will occur.
3. Amrinone and Milrinone - Side effect -
Thrombocytopenia.
4. DOC for typical absence seizures: Ethosuximide
5. DOC for atypical absence seizures: Valproate
6. Drug that increases QT interval - Amiodarone,
Ebastine, Sotatol
7. Glucocorticoids increase the number of RBCs,
platelets and neutrophils in the circulation.
8. Drugs which can cause eosinophilia and pulmonary
infiltrates- Penicillin, sulfonamides, methotrexate,
asprin, nitrofurantoin, PAS.
9. The cytotoxic drugs have fibrogenic effect. This is
enhanced by radiotherapy and high levels of inspired
oxygen.
10. Antimetabolite with immunosuppression action
but no anticancer action- azathioprine
11. ACE Inhibitor not prodrug- captopril, lisinopril
12.         Aldosterone antagonist not causing
gynecomastia- eplerenone
13.         Direct thrombin inhibitor not excreted by
kidney- argatroban
14.        Anticancer drug with no myelosuppression-
vincristine, bleomycin, l-asparaginase
15.         Alkylating agent not act on DNA-
dacarbazine(RNA)
16.         Polypeptide Antibiotic not act on cell
membrane- bacitracin(cell wall)
17.         the Cephalosporin cross BBB- cefuroxime
18.         Β lactam antibiotic not excreted by kidney-
cefoperazone, ceftriaxone, cefpiramide
19.         ACE Inhibitor not excreted by kidney-
fosinopril, moexipril
20.        BDZ not metabolised in liver -Lorazepam,
Oxazepam, Temazepam
21.        Carbapenem given Orally- faropenem
22.       Β lactam antibiotic given in Allergy to β
lactam- Aztreonam
23.         P rotease inh not causing lipodystrophy-
atazanavir
24.         Orally given immunosuppressant-
fingolimod
25.         Tolerance not develop to morphine- miosis,
constipat, convulsion.

26.         H1 antagonist not producing active

metabolites- mizolastine, cetrizine
27.         Antithyroid drug not inhibit T4 to T3
conversion- methimazole
28.        Drug not causing SIADH- ActinomycinD
29.         Rituximab not used in- PNH
30.         Drug not used dandruff- azelaic acid
31.         Drug not induce pemphigus- furosemide
32.         Drug not cause porphyria- aspirin
33.        Nicotine preparation not available as- tablet
34.         ATT not causes hepatotoxicity- ethambutol
35.        Insulin never mix with other insulin-
glargine
36.         Oral antidiabetic not causes hyperglycemia-
metformin
37.         Drug not used in pityriasis versicolor-
griseofulvin
38.         Drug not causes fixed drug eruption-
mepacrine
39.         Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA) is one of the most commonly used
designer drugs. Commonly known as Ecstasy ,
MDMA possesses central stimulant and psychedelic
effects. Its use is popular among those attending late-
night “rave” parties, dance clubs, and rock concerts

40. In contrast to insecticides, which are often

applied by spraying, the rodenticides are usually
used in the form of solid baits ingested by
rodents. Consequently, the public health threat posed
 by its use is usually through accidental or suicidal
ingestion. The most commonly used rodenticides are
the anticoagulants such as warfarin

41. Although the margin of safety of H1 -receptor

blockers is relatively high, and chronic toxicity is
rare, acute poisoning is relatively common, especially
in young children. The most common and dangerous
effects of acute poisoning are those on the CNS,
including hallucinations, excitement, ataxia, and
convulsions. If untreated, the patient may experience
a deepening coma and collapse of the
cardiorespiratory system

42. The uricosuric drugs are weak organic acids that

promote renal clearance of uric acid by inhibiting the
urate-anion exchanger in the proximal tubule that
mediates urate reabsorption.

● Probenecid, a general inhibitor of the tubular

secretion of organic acids, and sulfinpyrazone, a
derivative of phenylbutazone, are the two most
commonly used uricosuric agents. At therapeutic
doses, they block proximal tubular resorption of
uric acid
43. Allopurinol is well tolerated by most
patients. Hypersensitivity reactions, especially skin
rashes, are the most common adverse reactions,
occurring in approximately 3 percent of patients.
The reactions may occur even after months or years
of chronic administration, and allopurinol therapy
should be discontinued.
● Because acute attacks of gout may occur more
frequently during the first several weeks of
therapy, colchicine or NSAIDs should be
administered concurrently

44. The most common side effects observed after

methotrexate treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
are mucosal ulceration and nausea. Cytopenias
(particularly depression of the WBC count), cirrhosis
of the liver, and an acute pneumonia-like syndrome
may occur with chronic administration

45. The most commonly reported adverse effects

of Abatacept include headache, upper respiratory
infections, nasopharyngitis, and nausea. Concurrent
use with TNF inhibitors and anakinra is not
recommended due to increased risk of serious
infections

46. Headache, dyspepsia, diarrhea, and abdominal

pain are the most common adverse effects of
 celecoxib. Celecoxib is contraindicated in patients
who are allergic to sulfonamides

47. The most common GI effects of the salicylates

are epigastric distress, nausea, and vomiting.
Microscopic GI bleeding is almost universal in
patients treated with salicylates. Aspirin is an acid.

● Because aspirin is uncharged at stomach pH, it

readily crosses into mucosal cells, where it
ionizes (becomes negatively charged) and
becomes trapped, thus potentially causing
direct damage to the cells. Aspirin should be
taken with food and large volumes of fluids
to diminish dyspepsia. Additionally,
misoprostol or a PPI may be taken concurrently.

48. Nausea is the most common side effect of

lubiprostone (a PGE 1 derivative used for the
treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and
irritable bowel syndrome with constipation), which
can be decreased if taken with food.
● Dose-dependent diarrhea is the second most
reported adverse reaction, followed by headache
and abdominal pain

49. Nephrotoxicity is the most common and

important adverse effect of cyclosporine, and it is
 critical to monitor kidney function. Reduction of the
cyclosporine(used to prevent rejection of kidney,
liver, and cardiac allogeneic transplants) dosage can
result in reversal of nephrotoxicity in most cases,
although nephrotoxicity may be irreversible in 15
percent of patients

50. Gefitinib approved for the treatment of non–

small cell lung cancer that has failed to respond to
other therapy have the most common adverse effects
as diarrhea, nausea, and acne-like skin rashes

51. The monoclonal antibody bevacizumab is the

first in a new class of anticancer drugs called anti-
angiogenesis agents. Bevacizumab is approved for
use as a first-line drug against meta-static
colorectal cancer and is given with 5-FU-based
chemotherapy.
52. GI adverse effects and hypertriglyceridemia are
the most common side effects for
Lopinavir(peptidomimetic alternative protease
Inhibitor), in addition to the other protease inhibitor
class side effects

53. The major and most common clinical toxicity of

stavudine is peripheral neuropathy along with
lipoatrophy and hyperlipidemia
54. NRTI resistance is well characterized, and
the most common mutation is the mutation at viral
codon 184, which confers a high degree of resistance
to lamivudine and emtricitabine but, more
importantly, restores sensitivity to zidovudine and
tenofovir

55. Acyclovir is the treatment of choice in HSV

encephalitis and is more efficacious than vidarabine
at increasing the rate of survival. The most common
use of acyclovir is in therapy for genital herpes
infections. It is also given prophylactically to
seropositive patients before bone marrow and after
heart transplants to protect such individuals during
posttransplant immunosuppressive treatments

56. Oseltamivir is an orally active prodrug that

is rapidly hydrolyzed by the liver to its active form.
The most common side effects of oseltamivir are
gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort and nausea, which
can be alleviated by taking the drug with food

57. Giardia lamblia is the most commonly diagnosed

intestinal parasite in the United States/ UK
58.
59. The most common adverse effects from
terbinafine are gastrointestinal disturbances
(diarrhea, dyspepsia, and nausea), headache, and
 rash. Taste and visual disturbances have been
reported as well as transient elevations in serum
liver enzyme levels. All adverse effects resolve
upon drug discontinuation

60. Rifampin is generally well tolerated. The most

common adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting,
and rash. chronic liver disease due to the
increased incidence of severe hepatic dysfunction
when rifampin is administered alone or
concomitantly with isoniazid

61. Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen,

causing about 80 percent of uncom-plicated upper
and lower UTIs

62. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the second most

common bacterial pathogen causing UTIs, with other
common causes including Klebsiella pneumoniae
and Proteus mirabilis.
63. Widespread resistance to the tetracyclines
limits their clinical use. This is accomplished by
Mg 2+ -dependent, active efflux of the drug,
mediated by the plasmid-encoded resistance protein,
Tetracycline A

64. The most common adverse reactions reported

with telavancin (alternative to vancomycin) have
 included taste disturbances, nausea, vomiting,
insomnia, and foamy urine. Telavancin is not
recommended during pregnancy due to adverse
developmental outcomes observed with animal data

65. Maculopapular rash is the most common rash

seen with ampicillin hypersensitivity
66. The most common adverse effects associated
with orlistat (first drug in a class of antiobesity drugs
known as lipase inhibitors) are gastrointestinal
symptoms, such as oily spotting, flatulence with
discharge, fecal urgency, and increased defecation.
67. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most
common disorder of infancy and childhood

68. The most common use of acetazolamide is to

reduce the elevated intraocular pressure of open-
angle glaucoma. Acetazolamide decreases the
production of aqueous humor, probably by blocking
carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary body of the eye. It is
useful in the chronic treatment of glaucoma but
should not be used for an acute attack
69. The most common side effects of niacin therapy
(for decreasing LDL cholesterol) are an intense
cutaneous flush (accompanied by an uncomfortable
feeling of warmth) and pruritus. Administration of
aspirin prior to taking niacin decreases the flush,
which is prostaglandin mediated
70. The most common causes of resistant
hypertension are : poor compliance; excessive
ethanol intake; concomitant conditions (diabetes,
obesity, sleep apnea, high salt intake, and/or
metabolic syndrome); use of sympathomimetics,
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, or
antidepressant medications; insufficient dose and/or
drugs.
71. Lack of patient compliance is the most common
reason for failure of antihypertensive therapy

72. The most common adverse effect of

nitroglycerin, as well as of the other nitrates, is
headache. From 30 to 60 percent of patients receiving
intermittent nitrate therapy with long-acting
agents develop headaches. Phosphodiesterase V
inhibitors such as sildenafil, tardenafil, and vardenafil
potentiate the action of the nitrates.

73. The most common causes of resistant

hypertension are : poor compliance; excessive
ethanol intake; concomitant conditions (diabetes,
obesity, sleep apnea, high salt intake, and/or
metabolic syndrome); use of sympathomimetics,
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or
 antidepressant medications; insufficient dose and/or
drugs

74. Type V [familial mixed hypertriglyceridemia]

occurs most commonly in adults who are obese
and/or diabetic

75. Niacin lowers plasma levels of both cholesterol

and triacylglycerol. Therefore, it is particularly
useful in the treatment of familial hyperlipidemias.
In addition, it is the most potent anti-
hyperlipidemic agent for raising plasma HDL
levels, which is the most common indication for its
clinical use

76. The most common side effects of niacin therapy

are an intense cutaneous flush (accompanied by an
uncomfortable feeling of warmth) and pruritus.
Administration of aspirin prior to taking niacin
decreases the flush, which is prostaglandin mediated

77. The most common use of acetazolamide in the

treatment of glaucoma is to reduce the elevated
intraocular pressure of open-angle glaucoma.
Acetazolamide decreases the production of aqueous
humor, probably by blocking carbonic anhydrase in
the ciliary body of the eye. It is useful in the chronic
 treatment of glaucoma but should not be used for
an acute attack

78. The most common estrogen in the combination

pills is ethinyl estradiol

79. Peripheral neuritis (manifesting as paresthesias

of the hands and feet), which is the most common
adverse effect of isoniazid therapy

80. The major and most common clinical toxicity of

Stavudine is peripheral neuropathy along with
lipoatrophy and hyperlipidemia

81. The most common side effects observed after

methotrexate treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
are mucosal ulceration and nausea. Cytopenias
(particularly depression of the WBC count), cirrhosis
of the liver, and an acute pneumonia-like syndrome
may occur with chronic administration
82. the most common nonfunctional allele,
CYP2D6*4, is observed at a frequency of
approximately 20% in Europeans and is nearly
absent (< 1%) in Asians

83. Propranolol at 2 mg/kg/d has been found to

reduce the volume, color, and elevation of infantile
 hemangioma in infants younger than 6 months and
children up to 5 years of age, perhaps displacing
more toxic drugs such as systemic
glucocorticoids, vincristine, and interferon-alfa

84. Bradycardia is the most common adverse cardiac

effect of β-blocking drugs. Sometimes patients
note coolness of hands and feet in winter

85. Angiotensin receptor-blocking drugs are most

commonly used in patients who have had adverse
reactions to ACE inhibitors. Combinations of ACE
inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers or
aliskiren, which had once been considered useful for
more complete inhibition of the renin-angiotensin
system, are not recommended due to toxicity
demonstrated in recent clinical trials

86. The drug most commonly used for erectile

dysfunction in patients who do not respond to
sildenafil is alprostadil, a PGE 1 analog that can be
injected directly into the cavernosa or placed in the
urethra as a mini-suppository, from which it diffuses
into the cavernosal tissue.
87. The most common cardiac manifestations of
digitalis toxicity include atrioventricular junctional
 rhythm, premature ventricular depolarizations,
bigeminal rhythm, ventricular tachycardia, and
second-degree atrioventricular blockade

88. The gastrointestinal tract is the most common

site of digitalis toxicity outside the heart. The effects
include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
This toxicity is caused in part by direct effects on the
gastrointestinal tract and in part by CNS actions

89. Intravenous treatment is the rule in drug

therapy of acute heart failure. Among diuretics,
furosemide is the most commonly used

90. The most common adverse effects of

propafenone (used primarily for supraventricular
arrhythmias) in are a metallic taste and
constipation; arrhythmia exacerbation can also occur

91. Atrial fibrillation is the most common

sustained arrhythmia observed clinically. Its
prevalence increases from approximately 0.5% in
individuals younger than 65 years of age to 10% in
individuals older than 80. Diagnosis is usually
straightforward by means of an ECG.
92. The reduction of aqueous humor formation by
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decreases the
intraocular pressure. This effect is valuable in the
management of glaucoma in some patients,
making it the most common indication for use of
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors . Topically active
agents, which reduce intraocular pressure without
producing renal or systemic effects, are available
(dorzolamide, brinzolamide)

93. Loop diuretics occasionally cause dose-related

hearing loss that is usually reversible. It is most
common in patients who have diminished renal
function or who are also receiving other ototoxic
agents such as aminoglycoside antibiotics

94. Suvorexant is FDA-approved for treatment of

both sleep-onset and sleep-maintenance insomnia.
The most common adverse effect of suvorexant is
next-day somnolence

95. The most common hematologic disorder seen in

chronic drinkers is mild anemia resulting from
alcohol-related folic acid deficiency. Iron deficiency
anemia may result from gastrointestinal bleeding
96. Generalized absence seizures most commonly
occur in children with childhood absence epilepsy,
a specific idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome
beginning between 4 and 10 years (usually 5–7
years); most remit by age 12

97. The most commonly performed epilepsy surgery

is temporal lobe resection for mesial temporal lobe
epilepsy; extratemporal cortical resection, when
indicated, is less successful

98. The most common dose-related adverse effects

of valproate are nausea, vomiting, and other
gastrointestinal complaints such as abdominal pain
and heartburn.

99. The most common dose-related adverse effect

of ethosuximide is gastric distress, including pain,
nausea, and vomiting

100. In the Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, rufinamide is

effective against all seizure types but especially
against atonic seizures. The drug should be given
with food. The most common adverse events are
somnolence and vomiting
● Valproate is a known human teratogen. First-
trimester exposure is associated with an
approximately three-fold increased risk of major
congenital malformations, most commonly spina
bifida (absolute risk, 6–9%)