Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Injectivity
Treating Rate
Breakdown Pressure
Treating Pressure
Tortuosity
Screenout
www.perf.com
Changing the Game
F or the first time in more than twenty years, something
truly new has arrived in the world of perforating.
GEODynamics has introduced a new class of Reactive™
shaped charges that deliver a step‐change improvement in
perforation geometry and performance.
CONNEX® Perforating products generate a secondary
reaction in the perforation tunnel thanks to proprietary liner
metallurgy and charge design. The reaction breaks up and
2 expels debris to leave a clean, undamaged tunnel, even in
variable or low‐quality rock (see p.4‐5 for a detailed
explanation). The technology was developed under license
from QinetiQ with the vision and support of Shell.
CONNEX® Perforating delivers debris‐free tunnels without
depending on underbalance. The result is incredible
perforating efficiency, superior productivity, enhanced
injectivity, and dramatic improvements in stimulation
parameters and performance (see p.8‐9 for examples.)
Hundreds of wells around the world have already benefited
from CONNEX® Perforating … the new, preferred solution for
high‐performance completions.
Contact GEODynamics or your perforating service provider
about running CONNEX® to maximize your well performance.
Adding Value
6 T he photograph above illustrates the typical features of a deep‐penetrating tunnel
in stressed rock. As is typical for any charge when shot into stressed rock, the
total penetration of ±12 inches is significantly less than the registered API RP‐19B
Section 1 concrete penetration of 47.3 inches. The clear tunnel is relatively narrow,
surrounded by a zone of disturbed rock—the ‘crushed zone’ ‐ about one quarter inch
thick, and only extends to three‐quarters of the total penetration. The remainder of
the tunnel is plugged with compacted fill.
U nderbalanced perforating relies on the pressure difference between
UNDERBALANCE?
formation and wellbore inducing a surge of flow to break up and remove
debris from the perforation tunnels. If the reservoir pressure and/or permeability
is low, or the wellbore pressure cannot be lowered substantially, there may be
insufficient driving force to fail or remove the debris. Where the formation
properties vary significantly across the zone, only shots within better intervals will
clean up. Dynamic underbalance techniques generate a stronger, more sustained
underbalance but cannot mitigate inadequate reservoir energy, heterogeneity, or
critically low formation permeability.
The Solution
T his image vividly captures the dramatic improvement in tunnel geometry and
quality delivered by the CONNEX® Perforating technology. The entire crushed
7
zone has been removed, as has the compacted fill, to leave a wide, clean tunnel. Note
also the fractured tunnel tip, a highly beneficial feature for pre‐stimulation
perforations seen frequently when applying CONNEX® charges in competent rock.
Extensively Tested A
While the photo’s above show test
shots into Berea sandstone (8,000 psi
UCS), CONNEX® has also been tested
extensively into a range of other B
reservoir analogs, such as Castlegate
sandstone (Fig. A ‐ 4,000 psi UCS),
Parker County sandstone (Fig. B ‐
10,000 psi UCS) and Lueders C
limestone (Fig. C ‐ 7,000 psi UCS).
In total, more than 400 laboratory
test shots have been completed.
Natural Flow ...
D eep, clean tunnels provide the ideal flow path from undamaged
reservoir rock to the wellbore ‐ and vice versa, for injection wells. The
CONNEX® family of products is the first in the industry to be entirely
developed and optimized for flow performance, using all natural rock targets.
CONNEX® has become the charge of choice for many
operators, both for new wells and re‐perforation.
In fact, many of GEODynamics’ customers have been so
8 successful with CONNEX® they are specifying the
technology on every completion program.
Wells making almost no gas have been brought on at
over 4 million scf/d. The productivity of oil wells has
been increased up to 10 fold compared to previous best
‐in‐field offsets. In no case has a well perforated with
CONNEX® produced less than a conventionally
perforated offset.
Frazier Sand re‐perforation, Texas
Courtesy of Crawford Energy
In the first 15 months since launch:
More than 250,000 CONNEX®
charges have been deployed…
In over 500 wells…
By more than 30 service
companies…
For more than 40 different
operators…
In 9 countries on 4 continents
… and Stimulation
C
5,000
5,000 ONNEX® Perforating offers many
advantages when shot prior to a
Near‐Wellbore Pressure Drop [kPa]
Near‐Wellbore Pressure Drop [kPa]
4,000
4,000 stimulation treatment:
3,000
3,000 For matrix stimulation:
TORTUOSITY High percentage of clean, open
2,000
2,000
ELIMINATED tunnels ensures excellent zonal
coverage and reliable diversion
1,000
1,000
with limited entry perforating;
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
Deep, clean tunnels are perfect for
acid wormholing. 9
Pump Rate [m³/min]
Pump Rate [m³/min] For hydraulic fracture stimulation:
New Charge Conventional Charge
New Charge Conventional Charge Fractured tunnel tip and modified
From SPE 116226, Courtesy Weatherford Canada & Devon Energy stress cage significantly reduce
fracture initiation pressure—by as
“...step‐down and mini‐frac data much as 70% in field applications;
indicate all shots were open…” Open tunnels with fractured tips
eliminate near‐wellbore pressure
losses (tortuosity);
High percentage of clean, open
tunnels ensures high treating rates
at minimum pressure and
RELIABLE hydraulic horsepower, with
TREATMENT minimal risk of screenout— which
EXECUTION means reliable fracs at lower cost.
In combination with propellant:
Ensures reliable fracture initiation
and maximum fracture coverage.
Courtesy Enseco & Suncor
®
Putting CONNEX to Work
T he table below provides some examples of how CONNEX® Perforating products
are adding value to assets around the world:
Initial Completion When better to apply CONNEX® than while the
well has maximum potential? Provide the ideal
flow path and see the difference in production.
Prior to Hydraulic Fracture Lower initiation pressure, zero tortuosity, lower
Stimulation horsepower requirements, reduced risk of
10 Limited Entry Perforation
screenout … can you afford not to run CONNEX®?
Shoot a limited number of holes with confidence
that the calculated flow area will actually be
delivered down hole.
Achieving Underbalance is Then shoot CONNEX® and don’t worry about
Operationally Difficult underbalance! Let the charge do the work and
still see the benefit of clean perforations.
Heterogeneous Pay Zone Permeability varying wildly within your zone of
interest? No problem—CONNEX® will ensure
clean tunnels in spite of the rock quality contrast.
Injector Wells Open, clean tunnels across the entire injection
interval mean near‐ideal flow distribution and
minimized injection pressures.
Re‐perforation &/or Depleted If your well was perforated with an out‐of‐date
Zones system or more than five years ago, chances are it
will benefit significantly from re‐perforation. If
the zone is depleted, only CONNEX® can assure
you of clean tunnels and maximum productivity.
CONNEX® Products
SHOT ENTRY
SIZE NAME PART NUMBER PHASING EXPLOSIVE
DENSITY HOLE
[inches] [shots/ft] [deg] [grams] [inches]
3323 CONNEX®
3.3/8” 3325 CONNEX®
EC2‐33A2322‐RC
EC2‐33B2522‐RC
6 F/D
6 F
60
60
22.7g HMX
25g HMX
0.47
0.48
11
3325 CONNEX® XEH EC2‐33B2542‐RC 6 F 60 25g HMX 0.54
Legend Notes
D Qualified for shooting dry API penetration values cannot be obtained for CONNEX®
F Qualified for shooting in fluid charges because the secondary reaction destroys the
cement target and prevents useful data from being
XEH eXtra Entry Hole
gathered. CONNEX® penetration in stressed rock is
XLS eXtra Low Swell equivalent to that of GEODynamics’ RaZor™ products.
Data from stressed rock tests is available on request.
GEODynamics, Inc.
415 Woodline Drive
The Woodlands, Texas 77386
Phone: +1 (281) 367-0413
GEODynamics, Inc.
Brazos Park Technology Center
10500 West Interstate 20
Millsap, Texas 76066
Phone: +1 (817) 341-5300
www.perf.com