Research Methodology

CA- 40 Marks; Use 60 leaves exercise book or Word process

Due date 20th January 2022

Chapter One
1. Briefly describe the different steps involved in a research process.
2. What do you mean by research? Explain its significance in modern times.
3. Distinguish between Research methods and Research methodology.
4. Describe the different types of research, clearly pointing out the difference between an
experiment and a survey.
5. Write short notes on:
(1) Design of the research project;
(2) Ex post facto research;
(3) Motivation in research;
(4) Objectives of research;
(5) Criteria of good research;
(6) Research and scientific method.
6. “Empirical research in India in particular creates so many problems for the researchers”.
State the problems that are usually faced by such researchers.
Chapter Two
1. Describe fully the techniques of defining a research problem.
2. What is research problem? Define the main issues which should receive the attention of
the researcher in formulating the research problem. Give suitable examples to elucidate
your points.
3. How do you define a research problem? Give three examples to illustrate your answer.
4. What is the necessity of defining a research problem? Explain.
5. Write short notes on:
(a) Experience survey;
(b) Pilot survey;
(c) Components of a research problem;
(d) Rephrasing the research problem.
6. “The task of defining the research problem often follows a sequential pattern”. Explain.
7. “Knowing what data are available often serves to narrow down the problem itself as well
as the technique that might be used.” Explain the underlying idea in this statement in the
context of defining a research problem.
8. Write a comprehensive note on the “Task of defining a research problem”.

Chapter Three
1. Explain the meaning and significance of a Research design.
2. Explain the meaning of the following in context of Research design.
 (a) Extraneous variables;
(b) Confounded relationship;
(c) Research hypothesis;
(d) Experimental and Control groups;
(e) Treatments.
3. Describe some of the important research designs used in experimental hypothesis-testing
research study.
4. “Research design in exploratory studies must be flexible but in descriptive studies, it
must minimise bias and maximise reliability.” Discuss.
5. Give your understanding of a good research design. Is single research design suitable in
all research studies? If not, why?
6. Explain and illustrate the following research designs:
(a) Two group simple randomized design;
(b) Latin square design;
(c) Random replications design;
(d) Simple factorial design;
(e) Informal experimental designs.
7. Write a short note on ‘Experience Survey’ explaining fully its utility in exploratory
research studies.
Chapter 4
1. What do you mean by ‘Sample Design’? What points should be taken into consideration by
a researcher in developing a sample design for this research project.
2. How would you differentiate between simple random sampling and complex random
sampling designs? Explain clearly giving examples.
3. Why probability sampling is generally preferred in comparison to non-probability sampling?
Explain the procedure of selecting a simple random sample.
4. Under what circumstances stratified random sampling design is considered appropriate?
How would you select such sample? Explain by means of an example.
5. Distinguish between:
(a) Restricted and unrestricted sampling;
(b) Convenience and purposive sampling;
(c) Systematic and stratified sampling;
(d) Cluster and area sampling.
6. Under what circumstances would you recommend:
(a) A probability sample?
(b) A non-probability sample?
(c) A stratified sample?
 (d) A cluster sample?
7. Explain and illustrate the procedure of selecting a random sample.
8. “A systematic bias results from errors in the sampling procedures”. What do you mean by
such a systematic bias? Describe the important causes responsible for such a bias.

Chapter 5
1. What is the meaning of measurement in research? What difference does it make whether
we measure interms of a nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio scale? Explain giving
examples.
2. Are you in agreement with the following statements? If so, give reasons:
(a) Validity is more critical to measurement than reliability.
(b) Stability and equivalence aspects of reliability essentially mean the same
thing.
(c) Content validity is the most difficult type of validity to determine.
(d) There is no difference between concept development and concept
specification.
(e) Reliable measurement is necessarily a valid measurement.
3. Point out the possible sources of error in measurement. Describe the tests of sound
measurement.
4. Are the following nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio data? Explain your answers.
(a) Temperatures measured on the Kelvin scale.
(b) Military ranks.
(c) Social security numbers.
(d) Number of passengers on buses from Delhi to Mumbai.
(e) Code numbers given to the religion of persons attempting suicide.
5. Discuss the procedure for developing a Likert-type scale
Discuss the relative merits and demerits of Summated (Likert type Scale)
6. Write short notes on Likert-type scale