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Data Analysis, Interpretation, and

Reporting
Eve 9810001M
Sabrina 9810002M
Outline
Data Analytic Strategies

Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis

Grounded Theory Analysis Strategies

Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data Analysis

Writing Research Reports

Ways of Conducting Reports


Data Analytic Strategies
Recursive analytic strategies:
analyze cases generate findings
draw conclusion from grounded theory write
report
Nine qualitative data analysis principles:

1. Collect the data in the field and study all the data
carefully to find out similarities and difference, concepts
and reflection.

2. The data analysis can be stopped only with the emergence


of regularities (Saturation and sufficiency of information).
3. Accountability of information: Keep notes or transcripts if
readers or reviewers want to review the data analysis
procedures and results.

4. Divide the data into smaller , more meaning units related


to your major points after reading them all.
5. Organize the smaller units into categories (based on major
points). The process is inductive.

6. Use comparison to build and refine categories, define


conceptual similarities, find negative evidence, and
discover patterns.

Ex: pro one pattern

con one pattern


7. The categories are flexible and are modified as further

data analysis occurs.

8. Analyze negative cases to reflect their perspectives.

9. Synthesize the patterns into the grounded theory.


Code Code Code Code Code Code Code

(A) (B) (C) (B) (B) (C)


(C)

Categor1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4


(pro 1) (pro2) (pro3) (con1)

Pattern 1 Pattern 2

Grounded
Theory
Suggestions
Should be:

- connected with what is being discussed in the


major points.
- exact excerpt used in the statement.
 Should not be:

- based on interviewer’s personal opinions.


- irrelevant to the major points.
Six Steps in Qualitative Data Analysis

1. Give codes from the notes.

2. Note personal reflections in the margin.

3. Sort and sift the notes to identify similar and different

relationships between patterns.


4. Identify these patterns, similarities and differences.

5. Elaborate a small set of generalizations that cover the

consistencies.

6. Examine those generalizations and form grounded theory.


Grounded Theory Analysis Strategies
Grounded theory:

 A process of constructing various data

 Inductive process by collecting, analyzing and

comparing data systematically.


 Theory is grounded on data to explain the phenomena.

 The main purpose is to develop theory through

understanding concepts that are related by means of


statements of relationships.
Recur by moving back and forth with the data, analyzing,

collecting more data and analyzing some more until

reaching conclusions.

An interactional method of theory building by comparing

and analyzing the data.


Three steps in the grounded theory analytic process:

1. Open coding:

Break data into small parts compare for similarities


and differences explain the meanings of the data by
focusing on “ who, when, where, what, how much, why”
(ask questions to get a clear story)
2. Axial coding:

After open coding, make connection (sort) between


categories and confirm or disconfirm your hypotheses.

3. Selective coding:

Select the core category (match hypotheses) and explain


the minor category (against hypotheses) with additional
supporting data.
Coding process:

 Open coding

 Axial coding

 Select coding
Interpretation Issues in Qualitative Data
Analysis

A. Triangulating Data
Use multiple methods and data sources to support the

strength of interpretations and conclusion

Ex) semi-structured interviews, consent form,


grounded theory
B. Audits
Questions to examine the data for interpretations and

conclusion

1. Is sampling appropriate to ground the findings?

2. Are coding strategies applied correctly?

3. Is the category process appropriate?

4. Do the results link hypotheses? (examine literature


review)

5. Are the negative cases explained? (minority’s voice)


Suggestions
Four steps of negative case testing

1. Make a rough hypothesis

2. Conduct a thorough search

3. Discard or reformulate hypothesis

4. Examine all relevant cases


C. Cultural bias
Discuss cultural differences with different groups of

participants
To see whether divergence is based on culturally

different interpretations
D. Generalization
Not appropriate for qualitative research

Two perspectives for generalization

1. Case-to-case translation (transferability)-

by providing thick description to apply to another


setting

2. Analytic generalization-

form a particular set of results to a broader theory

Ex) use deviant cases


Writing Research Reports
A. Introduction

B. Literature Review

C. Methodology

D. Results: Tie the results to study purpose (hypotheses)

E. Discussions and Conclusion:

Tie discussions to the literature; recommendations for

practice; limitations of the study


Ways of Conducting Reports
A. Quantitative reports
 Report results by the use of tables and graphs

 Avoid first-person pronoun

 Use passive voice (It is shown / suggested that…)


B. Qualitative reports
 Look for a deep and valid description (narrative style)

 Look for well-grounded theory

 Seek contextual meaning by understanding

demographic

information (different experiences)


Thank you for
your attention.

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