ME151P-2 / E01 August 1, 2021

Submitted by:
Clemente, John Klein G.
Gaupo, Rinell Micjord O.
Padon, Carl Joseph E.
Uy, Aaron Cliff J.
Velasco, Danmel Mark A.
Design of 500 kg Capacity Portable Lift Crane
1. Background and Introduction
Crane is a machine which is mainly used in construction as it has the ability to lift or lower
the materials using the hoist rope, steel wire ropes, and chains. Cranes are mainly used for lifting
and transporting heavy things which is useful in a construction site for moving heavy materials. It
is mainly composed of major parts, the jib, hoist cable, motor, and gear box. There are various
types and sizes of cranes, in this paper, we are going to consider a portable lift crane that will have
a lifting capacity of 500 kg and lifting height capacity of 2.2 meters. The lifting speed of the crane
will be at 0.2 m/s. These specifications will be used for designing the crane.

Figure 1. Portable Lift Crane

There are 2 types of drives that will be designed, gear drives and wire rope drives. A crane
gearbox is used for transmission equipment with low speed and high torque. This typically has
several pairs of identical gears which are used for speed reduction. It is important to note that the
tooth profile used for crane gear drives are helical gears. Shown in the figure below is the common
speed reduction gear box used for cranes.

Figure 2. Crane Gear box

 Gear drives are composed of several elements that should be carefully considered and
designed. The materials used in gears are typically forged from high grade alloy or carbon steel.
While for the housings, the material used is cast iron. Enumerated below are the major parts of a
gear drive.
1. Gears - horizontal gear units consist of helical gears. While on vertical gear units which
provide speed reduction through spur gears.
2. Pinions - fully sealed oil bath of cogs located at the crankset which caters 6,9,12, or 18
different gears.
3. Bearings - there are three different kinds of bearings: Planet Carrier and Low - speed
bearings have the lowest rate of failure. While the high - speed and intermediate bearings
have the highest rate but short life duration.
4. Housing with Cover - it surrounds the mechanical components of the gearbox.
5. Oil Seal - this helps the gearbox to avoid spilling or leaking of oil.
The other drive system that shall be considered is the wire rope drive. A crane wire rope
drive is used for lifting and hoisting. It is used when a large amount of power is to be transmitted
over long distances from one pulley to another. Along with the wire diameter, the pulley is
designed such as the dimensions of its sheaves. Wire ropes are commonly made from high carbon
steel wire, galvanized steel wires or stainless-steel wires. On the other hand, materials used for
low-capacity rope pulley drives are typically cast iron and aluminum alloy. Shown below are the
wire rope nomenclature and an example of wire rope drive pulley.

Figure 3. Wire Rope Pulley Figure 4. Wire Rope Nomenclature

As shown in the figure, wires are the smallest component of wire rope, and they make up
the individual strands in the rope. The wires can be manufactured in a variety of grades that relate
to the strength, resistance to wear, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, and curve of the wire
rope. The strands of wire rope consist of two or more wires arranged and twisted in a specific
arrangement. The individual strands are then laid in a helical pattern around the core of the rope.
The core of a wire rope runs through the center of the rope and supports the strands and helps to
maintain their relative position under loading and bending stresses.
This paper will focus on the design of the two drive systems that will be used by the
portable lift crane, wire rope drive and gear drive in particular. At the end of this paper, the
computed values for the design of the portable lift crane shall be presented.
 2. Design Requirements
Indicated here are the required design specifications of the Portable Lift Crane. These
values shall be considered through the design and calculation of the wire rope, and gear drives.
For the gear drive design, the motor speed that will be considered is 1380 rpm, in reference to a
motor of an equivalent lifting hoist capacity in the market, shown in the figure below. The gear
box will be 3 stage gear reduction, helical gear train. The specified design requirements were based
on existing portable lifting hoists in the market.

Figure 5. Electric winch specification table

Specification Required Value

Lifting Capacity 500 kg

Lifting Height 2.2 m

Lifting Speed 0.2 m/s

Required time to reach lifting speed 4 secs

Weight of the Hook 12 kg

Table 1. Portable Lift Crane design requirements
3. Machine Layout
3.1 Crane Assembly

Figure 6. Portable lift crane parts and diagram

 MAJOR PARTS
A ELECTRIC MOTOR
B GEAR SHAFT
C GEAR BOX
D PINION GEAR
E DRIVEN GEAR
F BEARING
G GEAR BOX COVER
H SHEAVE
I BEARING
J SHEAVE SHAFT
K WIRE ROPE
L WIRE DRUM
M HOOK
3.2 Wire Rope Drive

Figure 7. Wire Rope Drive Schematic Diagram

Figure 8. Sheave and Drum Pulley Dimensions

3.3 Helical Gear Drive

Figure 9. Helical Gear Train Diagram

Figure 10. Helical Gear Train Dimensions
 4. Design Calculation
4.1 Wire Rope
Type of Rope: assume 6 x 37 for cranes
Factor of Safety = 2.5(6) = 15
𝑚
Design Load for the Rope = (15)(512𝑘𝑔) (9.81 𝑠2 ) = 75340.8 𝑁

Diameter of Rope
550𝑑 2 = 75340.8𝑁; 𝑑 = 11.70𝑚𝑚 ≈ 12𝑚𝑚
Diameter of Wire
𝑑𝑤 = 0.045(12𝑚𝑚) = 0.54𝑚𝑚
Area of Rope
𝐴 = 0.38(12𝑚𝑚)^2 = 54.72𝑚𝑚 ≈ 55𝑚𝑚
Weight of Rope
𝑤 = 0.038(12)2 (2.2) = 12.04𝑁
Sheave Diameter
𝐷 = 27(12𝑚𝑚) = 216𝑚𝑚
Bending Stress
𝐸𝑟𝑑𝑤 𝑁
𝑆𝑏 = ; 𝐸𝑟 = 84000
𝐷 𝑚𝑚2
𝑁
(84000
𝑚𝑚 2 ) (0.54𝑚𝑚) 𝑁
𝑆𝑏 = = 210
216𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚2
Equivalent Bending Load
𝑁
𝑊𝑏 = 210 (55𝑚𝑚2 ) = 11550 𝑁
𝑚𝑚2
Acceleration of Rope and Load
𝑚
0.2 𝑠 𝑚
𝑎= = 0.05 2
4𝑠 𝑠
Additional Load due to Acceleration
𝑊+𝑤 5022.72 + 12.04
𝑊𝑎 = (𝑎) = (0.05) = 25.66𝑁
𝑔 9.81
Impact Load due to Starting
𝑊𝑠𝑡 = 2(𝑊 + 𝑤) = 2(5022.72 + 12.04) = 10069.52𝑁
Effective Load
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 5022.72 + 12.04 + 11550 = 16584.76𝑁
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 10069.52 + 11550 = 21619.52𝑁
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 5022.72 + 12.04 + 11550 + 25.66 = 16610.42𝑁

Actual Factor of Safety

75340.8
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 4.54
16584.76
75340.8
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = 3.48
21619.52
75340.8
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = = 4.54
16610.42

Wire Rope Drive

Type of Rope 6 x 37

Steel Rope Diameter 12 mm

Wire Diameter 0.54 mm

Rope Sheave / Drum Diameter 216 mm

Bending Stress 210 N/mm^2

Equivalent Bending Load 11550 N

Table 2. Wire Rope Calculated Values
 4.1.1 Shafting Calculation
Sheave
Type of materials: AISI 4140 Steel, Oil Quenched, Tempered @ 205°C (400°F), 1” round
Properties of AISI 4140 Steel 𝑆𝑢 = 1795 𝑀𝑝𝑎 and 𝑆𝑦 = 1515 𝑀𝑝𝑎

Sheave diameter = 216 mm

Effective load of rope in starting = 21619.52 N
32.4
Distance = + 5 = 21.2 mm
2

Figure 11. Sheave Diagram

Shear Design Stress:
𝑆𝑦 : 𝑆𝑠𝑑 = 0.3(1515) = 454.5 𝑚𝑃𝑎; For Steel, N=3
𝑆𝑢 : 𝑆𝑠𝑑 = 0.18(1795) = 323.1 𝑚𝑃𝑎 ; For Steel, N=6

Based on Ultimate Strength:

𝑆𝑠𝑑 323.1
𝑆𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 53.85 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑁 6
Bending or Flexural Stress:
𝑀 32𝑀
𝑆𝑓 = = , 𝑀 = 21619.52 𝑁
𝐼 𝜋𝑑 3
32.4
32(21619.52 𝑁 𝑥( 2 + 5))
3
𝑑=√
𝑁
𝜋(53.85 )
𝑚𝑚2
1 𝑖𝑛
𝑑 = 44.2587 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 1.7425 in
25.4 𝑚𝑚

Preferred Sizes:
𝑑 = 1.7425 𝑖𝑛
𝑥
𝑑 = 1 ; 𝑥 = 0.7425(8) = 5.94 = 6
8
6
𝑑 = 1 𝑖𝑛
8
Wire Drum Pulley
Type of materials: AISI 4140 Steel, Oil Quenched, Tempered @ 205°C (400°F), 1” round
Properties of AISI 4140 Steel 𝑆𝑢 = 1795 𝑀𝑝𝑎 and 𝑆𝑦 = 1515 𝑀𝑝𝑎

Wire Drum diameter = 216 mm

Force = 21619.52 N
Total Length = 470 mm

Figure 12. Wire Drum Pulley

Torque:
𝑇 = 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑢𝑚
𝑇 = 21619.52 𝑁 𝑥 216 𝑚𝑚
𝑇 = 4669816.32 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
Bending Moment:
𝑊𝐿 𝑥𝐿
𝑀=
4
21619.52 𝑁 𝑥 470 𝑚𝑚
𝑀=
4
𝑀 = 2540293.6 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
Shear Design Stress:
𝑆𝑦 : 𝑆𝑠𝑑 = 0.3(1515) = 454.5 𝑚𝑃𝑎; For Steel, N=3
𝑆𝑢 : 𝑆𝑠𝑑 = 0.18(1795) = 323.1 𝑚𝑃𝑎 ; For Steel, N=6

Based on Ultimate Strength:

𝑆𝑠𝑑 323.1
𝑆𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 53.85 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑁 6
Maximum Shear Stress Theory:
16
𝑆𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (√𝑇 2 + 𝑀2 )
𝜋𝐷3

3 16
𝑑= √ √𝑇 2 + 𝑀2
𝜋𝑥𝑆𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥

3 16
𝑑=√ √4669816.322 + 2540293.62
𝜋(53.85)
1 𝑖𝑛
𝑑 = 79.51655 𝑚𝑚 𝑥 = 3.1306 𝑖𝑛
25.4 𝑚𝑚
Preferred Sizes:
𝑥
𝑑=3 , 𝑥 = 0.1306(8) = 1.0448 = 2
8
2 1
𝑑 = 3 𝑖𝑛 = 3 𝑖𝑛
8 4
 4.1.2 Bearing
Sheave
Speed - 17.6923 rpm
Life of bearing in hours – 10000 hours
K = 3 – Ball bearings
Radial Load = 21619.52 N
Conditions of Loading: Steady Load
Type of Bearing: Single row deep groove ball bearing
Rating Life
𝐿 = 60𝑁𝐿ℎ
𝐿 = 60(17.6923 𝑟𝑝𝑚)(10000 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠)
𝐿 = 10615380 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
Static Equivalent Load for Rolling Contact Bearings:
𝑊0𝑅 = 𝑋0 𝑊𝑅 + 𝑌0 𝑊𝐴

Where:
𝑊𝑅 = 21619.52 𝑁
𝑊𝐴 = 0 𝑁
𝑋0 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.60
𝑌0 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.50
𝑊0𝑅 = 0.60(21619.52𝑁)
𝑊0𝑅 = 12971.712 𝑁

Basic Dynamic Load Rating:

1
𝐿 𝑘
𝐶 = 𝑊 ( 6)
10
1
10615380 3
𝐶 = 12971.712 𝑁 ( )
106
𝐶 = 28508.5949 𝑁 = 28.508 𝑘𝑁
𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 210, 𝐶 = 27.5 𝑘𝑁
Bore dimension for radial ball bearings:
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 50 𝑚𝑚
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 90 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 20 𝑚𝑚
 4.2 Helical Gear Train
Given Values

Input Angular Speed 1380 rpm

Output Torque 22334.91 N-m

Output Angular Speed 17.6839 rpm

Output Power 4323.9083 W

Overall Gear Ratio 78.0371 ≈ 78

Table 3. Given values for the helical gear train
4.2.1 Gear train requirement computation
W = 21619.52 (Using the effective load at starting since it has the highest load)
Torque
𝑇 = 𝑤𝑟
𝑇 = 21619.52𝑁 ∗ 0.108𝑚
𝑇 = 22334.91 𝑁𝑚
Output rpm
𝑣(60)
𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
2𝜋𝑟
𝑚 60𝑠
(0.2 𝑠 ) (1𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
2𝜋(0.108𝑚)
𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 17.6839 𝑟𝑝𝑚
Power Output
𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔 = 𝑇(2𝜋𝑁)
1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃 = 22334.91 𝑁𝑚(2𝜋)(17.6839 𝑟𝑝𝑚)( )
60𝑠
𝑃 = 4323.9083 𝑊
Overall Gear Ratio:
𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 17.6889 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁𝑖𝑛 = 1380 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑁𝑖𝑛 1380𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝐺𝑅 = = = 78.0371
𝑁𝑜𝑢𝑡 17.6889𝑟𝑝𝑚
 Overall Gear Ratio = 78

1st Stage 10:39

2nd Stage 1:4

3rd Stage 1:5

Table 4. Gear ratio per stage

Stage Gear no. Angular Speed, RPM Torque, N-m

1 1 1380 286.35

2 353.85 1116.75

2 3 353.85 1116.75

4 88.46 4466.98

3 5 88.46 4466.98

6 17.69 22334.91

Table 5. Calculated torque and angular speed for each gear

Gear Material AISI 5140 OQT 1000

Ultimate Strength, Su 150 Ksi 1034.21 MPa

Yield Strength, Sy 128 Ksi 882.53 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity, E 30x10^6 psi 206.84 GPa

BHN 300

Table 6. Mechanical Properties of Selected Material

 Stage 1: Given values

Torque, 𝜏 286.35 Nm

Angular Speed, N (pinion) 1380 rpm

Velocity Ratio, VR 3.9

Helix angle, ⍺ 25

Pressure angle, ɸ 20

Teeth, T (pinion) 24

Stage 2: Given values

Torque, 𝜏 1116.75 Nm

Angular Speed, N (pinion) 353.85 rpm

Velocity Ratio, VR 4

Helix angle, ⍺ 25

Pressure angle, ɸ 20

Teeth, T (pinion) 26

Stage 3: Given values

Torque, 𝜏 4466.98 Nm

Angular Speed, N (pinion) 88.46 rpm

Velocity Ratio, VR 5

Helix angle, ⍺ 25

Pressure angle, ɸ 20

Teeth, T (pinion) 24
 4.2.2 Gear Profile Computations
Stage 1
Allowable Stress
𝑆𝑢 1034.21𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑜 = = = 344.7367 𝑀𝑃𝑎
3 3
Velocity Factor
6 10𝑚
𝐶𝑣 = , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣 = 5 𝑡𝑜
6+𝑣 𝑠
6 6 6 6
𝐶𝑣 = = = =
𝜋𝐷𝑁 𝜋𝑚𝑇𝑁 𝜋𝑚(24)(1380) 6 + 552𝜋 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
6 + 60 6 + 60 6+ 𝑠
60
6
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑚
6 + 0.552 𝜋 𝑠 𝑚

Equivalent Number of Teeth

𝑇 24
𝑇5 = = = 32.24 ≈ 33
cos3 (𝛼) cos 3 (25)
Lewis Factor
0.841
𝑦 ′ = 0.175 − , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 20° 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑏 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑇𝐸
0.841
𝑦 ′ = 0.175 − = 0.1495
33
Face Width
𝑏 = 20𝑚, max 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
Tangential Load
2𝜏 2𝜏 2(286.343 𝑁𝑚) 23.8621
𝑊𝑡 = = = = 𝑁
𝐷 𝑚𝑇 𝑚(24) 𝑚
Lewis Equation Tangential Load
𝑊𝑡 = 𝑆𝑜 𝐶𝑣 𝑏𝜋𝑚𝑦 ′
23.8621𝑁 6
= (344.7367 𝑀𝑃𝑎) ( 𝑚 ) (20)(𝑚)(𝜋)(𝑚)(0.1495)
𝑚 6 + 0.552𝜋 𝑠 (𝑚)
𝑚 = 0.1982 ≈ 1 𝑚=1
Velocity
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉 = 0.552𝜋 (𝑚) = 1.7342 (1) = 1.7342
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Axial Load
23.8621𝑁
𝑊𝑎 = 𝑊𝑇 tan 𝛼 = tan(25) = 11.1271 𝑁
1
Normal Pressure Angle
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁
cos(25) =
tan(20)
∅𝑁 = 18.2561°
Radial Load
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁 tan(18.2561)
𝑊𝑅 = 𝑊𝑇 = 23.8621𝑁 = 8.6851 𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 cos(25)
Ratio Factor
2 𝑉𝑅 2(3.9)
𝑄= = = 1.5918
𝑉𝑅 + 1 3.9 + 1
Surface Endurance Limit
𝑆𝑒𝑠 = 2.8(𝐵𝐻𝑁) − 70 = 2.8(300) − 70 = 770𝑀𝑃𝑎
Load Stress Factor
(𝑆𝑒𝑠 )2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑁 1 1 (770)2 sin(18.2861) 1 1
𝑘= [ + ]= [ + ] = 1.2828
1.4 𝐸𝑝 𝐸𝑔 1.4 206840 206840

Pitch Circle Diameter

𝐷 = 𝑚𝑇 = (1)(24) = 24𝑚𝑚
Wear Tooth Load
𝐷𝑏𝑄𝑘 24𝑚𝑚(20(1)𝑚𝑚)(1.5918)(1.2828)
𝑊𝑁 = = = 1193.27𝑁
cos2 (𝛼) cos2 (25)
𝑊𝑇 < 𝑊𝑊 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
AGMA Standards Helical Gear Proportion
Addendum = 0.8m = 0.8mm
Dedendum = 1m = 1mm
Total Depth = 1.8m = 1.8mm
Clearance = 0.2m = 0.2mm
Thickness = 1.5708m = 1.5708mm
Driven Gear Diameter
𝐷1 10
=
𝐷2 39
𝐷2 = 24(3.9)
𝐷2 = 93.6 ≈ 94
Teeth
𝑇1 1
=
𝑇2 5
𝑇2 = 𝑇1 (𝐺𝑅)
𝑇2 = 24(3.9) = 93.6 ≈ 94
Stage 2
Allowable Stress
𝑆𝑢 1034.21𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑜 = = = 344.7367 𝑀𝑃𝑎
3 3
Velocity Factor
𝜋𝑚(26)(353.89) 1
𝑉= ( ) = 0.4817𝑚
60 1000
6
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑚
6 + 0.4817 𝜋 𝑠 𝑚

Equivalent Number of Teeth

𝑇 26
𝑇5 = = = 34.93 ≈ 35
cos (𝛼) cos 3 (25)
3

Lewis Factor
0.841
𝑦 ′ = 0.175 − , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 20° 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑏 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑇𝐸
0.841
𝑦 ′ = 0.175 − = 0.1510
35
Face Width
𝑏 = 20𝑚, max 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
Tangential Load
2𝜏 2𝜏 2(1116.73 𝑁𝑚) 85.9
𝑊𝑡 = = = = 𝑁
𝐷 𝑚𝑇 𝑚(26) 𝑚
Lewis Equation Tangential Load
𝑊𝑡 = 𝑆𝑜 𝐶𝑣 𝑏𝜋𝑚𝑦 ′
85.9𝑁 6
= (344.7367 𝑀𝑃𝑎) ( 𝑚 ) (20)(𝑚)(𝜋)(𝑚)(0.1495)
𝑚 6 + 0.4817𝜋 𝑠 (𝑚)
𝑚 = 0.2996 ≈ 1 𝑚=1
Velocity
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉 = 0.4817𝜋 (𝑚) = 0.4817 (1) = 0.4817
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Axial Load
85.9𝑁
𝑊𝑎 = 𝑊𝑇 tan 𝛼 = tan(25) = 40.06 𝑁
1
Normal Pressure Angle
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁
cos(25) =
tan(20)
∅𝑁 = 18.2561°
Radial Load
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁 tan(18.2561)
𝑊𝑅 = 𝑊𝑇 = 85.9𝑁 = 31.26 𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 cos(25)
Ratio Factor
2 𝑉𝑅 2(4)
𝑄= = = 1.6
𝑉𝑅 + 1 4 + 1
Surface Endurance Limit
𝑆𝑒𝑠 = 2.8(𝐵𝐻𝑁) − 70 = 2.8(300) − 70 = 770𝑀𝑃𝑎
Load Stress Factor
(𝑆𝑒𝑠 )2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑁 1 1 (770)2 sin(18.2861) 1 1
𝑘= [ + ]= [ + ] = 1.2828
1.4 𝐸𝑝 𝐸𝑔 1.4 206840 206840

Pitch Circle Diameter

𝐷 = 𝑚𝑇 = (1)(26) = 26𝑚𝑚
Wear Tooth Load
𝐷𝑏𝑄𝑘 26𝑚𝑚(20(1)𝑚𝑚)(1.6)(1.2828)
𝑊𝑁 = = = 1299.36𝑁
cos2 (𝛼) cos2 (25)
𝑊𝑇 < 𝑊𝑊 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
AGMA Standards Helical Gear Proportion
Addendum = 0.8m = 0.8mm
Dedendum = 1m = 1mm
Total Depth = 1.8m = 1.8mm
Clearance = 0.2m = 0.2mm
Thickness = 1.5708m = 1.5708mm
Driven Gear Diameter
𝐷3 1
=
𝐷4 4
𝐷4 = 26(4)
𝐷4 = 104
Teeth
𝑇3 1
=
𝑇4 4
𝑇4 = 𝑇3 (𝐺𝑅)
𝑇4 = 26(4) = 104
Stage 3
Allowable Stress
𝑆𝑢 1034.21𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑜 = = = 344.7367 𝑀𝑃𝑎
3 3
Velocity Factor
𝜋𝑚(24)(353.89) 1
𝑉= ( ) = 0.1112𝑚
60 1000
6
𝐶𝑣 = 𝑚
6 + 0.1112𝜋 𝑠 𝑚

Equivalent Number of Teeth

𝑇 24
𝑇5 = = = 32.24 ≈ 33
cos (𝛼) cos 3 (25)
3

Lewis Factor
0.841
𝑦 ′ = 0.175 − , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 20° 𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑏 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
𝑇𝐸
0.841
𝑦 ′ = 0.175 − = 0.1495
33
Face Width
𝑏 = 20𝑚, max 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ
Tangential Load
2𝜏 2𝜏 2(4466.98 𝑁𝑚) 372.25
𝑊𝑡 = = = = 𝑁
𝐷 𝑚𝑇 𝑚(24) 𝑚
Lewis Equation Tangential Load
𝑊𝑡 = 𝑆𝑜 𝐶𝑣 𝑏𝜋𝑚𝑦 ′
372.25𝑁 6
= (344.7367 𝑀𝑃𝑎) ( 𝑚 ) (20)(𝑚)(𝜋)(𝑚)(0.1495)
𝑚 6 + 0.1112𝜋 𝑠 (𝑚)
𝑚 = 0.4877 ≈ 1 𝑚=1
Velocity
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑉 = 0.1112𝜋 (𝑚) = 0.1112 (1) = 0.1112
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Axial Load
372.25𝑁
𝑊𝑎 = 𝑊𝑇 tan 𝛼 = tan(25) = 173.58 𝑁
1
Normal Pressure Angle
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁
cos(25) =
tan(20)
∅𝑁 = 18.2561°
Radial Load
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑁 tan(18.2561)
𝑊𝑅 = 𝑊𝑇 = 372.25𝑁 = 135.49𝑁
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 cos(25)
Ratio Factor
2 𝑉𝑅 2(5)
𝑄= = = 1.6667
𝑉𝑅 + 1 5 + 1
Surface Endurance Limit
𝑆𝑒𝑠 = 2.8(𝐵𝐻𝑁) − 70 = 2.8(300) − 70 = 770𝑀𝑃𝑎
Load Stress Factor
(𝑆𝑒𝑠 )2 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅𝑁 1 1 (770)2 sin(18.2861) 1 1
𝑘= [ + ]= [ + ] = 1.2828
1.4 𝐸𝑝 𝐸𝑔 1.4 206840 206840

Pitch Circle Diameter

𝐷 = 𝑚𝑇 = (1)(24) = 24𝑚𝑚
Wear Tooth Load
𝐷𝑏𝑄𝑘 24𝑚𝑚(20(1)𝑚𝑚)(1.6667)(1.2828)
𝑊𝑁 = = = 1249.41𝑁
cos2 (𝛼) cos2 (25)
𝑊𝑇 < 𝑊𝑊 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
AGMA Standards Helical Gear Proportion
Addendum = 0.8m = 0.8mm
Dedendum = 1m = 1mm
Total Depth = 1.8m = 1.8mm
Clearance = 0.2m = 0.2mm
Thickness = 1.5708m = 1.5708mm
Driven Gear Diameter
𝐷5 1
=
𝐷6 5
𝐷4 = 24(5)
𝐷4 = 120
Teeth
𝑇5 1
=
𝑇6 5
𝑇6 = 𝑇5 (𝐺𝑅)
𝑇6 = 24(5) = 120
Center Distance Computation
Stage 1
𝐷1 + 𝐷2 24 + 94
𝐶1 = = = 59𝑚𝑚
2 2
Stage 2
𝐷3 + 𝐷4 26 + 104
𝐶2 = = = 65𝑚𝑚
2 2
Stage 3
𝐷5 + 𝐷6 24 + 120
𝐶3 = = = 72𝑚𝑚
2 2
 Calculated Values for Stage 1 Gear Drive

Module 1

Face width 20 mm

Addendum 0.8 mm

Dedendum 1 mm

Total Depth 1.8 mm

Clearance 0.2 mm

Tooth thickness 1.5708 mm

Pitch Circle Diameter (Pinion), D1 24 mm

Pitch Circle Diameter (Driven Gear), D2 94 mm

No. of Teeth (Driven Gear) 94

Velocity 1.73 m/s

Tangential Load, Wt 23.86 N

Axial Load, Wa 11.13 N

Radial Load, Wr 8.69 N

 Calculated Values for Stage 2 Gear Drive

Module 1

Face width 20 mm

Addendum 0.8 mm

Dedendum 1 mm

Total Depth 1.8 mm

Clearance 0.2 mm

Tooth thickness 1.5708 mm

Pitch Circle Diameter (Pinion), D3 26 mm

Pitch Circle Diameter (Driven Gear), D4 104 mm

No. of Teeth (Driven Gear) 104

Velocity 0.48 m/s

Tangential Load, Wt 85.90 N

Axial Load, Wa 40.06 N

Radial Load, Wr 31.26 N

 Calculated Values for Stage 3 Gear Drive

Module 1

Face width 20 mm

Addendum 0.8 mm

Dedendum 1 mm

Total Depth 1.8 mm

Clearance 0.2 mm

Tooth thickness 1.5708 mm

Pitch Circle Diameter (Pinion), D5 24 mm

Pitch Circle Diameter (Driven Gear), D6 120 mm

No. of Teeth (Driven Gear) 120

Velocity 0.11 m/s

Tangential Load, Wt 372.25 N

Axial Load 173.58 N

Radial Load 135.49 N

Figure 13. Shaft 1 and 2 Force Diagram
Figure 14. Shaft 3 and 4 Force Diagram
 4.2.3 Shafting
Shaft 1
𝛴𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑊𝐴1 (12𝑚𝑚) − 𝑊𝑅1 (55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐶𝑌 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
(11.13𝑁)(12𝑚𝑚) − (8.69𝑁)(55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐶𝑌 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
𝑅𝐶𝑌 = 4.3049𝑁 ↑
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑌 − 𝑊𝑅1 + 𝑅𝐶𝑌 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑌 − 8.69𝑁 + 4.3049𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑌 = 4.3851 ↑
𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑥 − 𝑊𝐴1 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑥 = 11.13𝑁 →
𝛴𝑀𝐵 = 0
𝑊𝑇1 (55𝑚𝑚) − 𝑅𝑐𝑧 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
23.86𝑁(55𝑚𝑚) − 𝑅𝑐𝑧 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
𝑅𝑐𝑧 = 16.4038𝑁 ↓
𝛴𝐹𝑍 = 0
−𝑅𝐵𝑧 + 𝑊𝑇1 − 𝑅𝑐𝑧 = 0
−𝑅𝐵𝑧 + 23.86𝑁 − 16.4038 = 0
𝑅𝐵𝑧 = 7.4562𝑁 ↓
Shaft 2
𝛴𝑀𝐷 = 0
𝑊𝐴3 (13𝑚𝑚) − 𝑊𝑅3 (25𝑚𝑚) + 𝑊𝑅2 (55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑊𝐴2 (47𝑚𝑚) − 𝑅𝐸𝑌 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
(40.06𝑁)(13𝑚𝑚) − (31.26𝑁)(25𝑚𝑚)
+ (8.69𝑁)(55𝑚𝑚) + (11.13𝑁)(47𝑚𝑚) − 𝑅𝐸𝑌 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
𝑅𝐸𝑌 = 9.2543𝑁 ↓
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑌 − 𝑊𝑅3 + 𝑊𝑅2 − 𝑅𝐸𝑌 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑌 − 31.26𝑁 + 8.69𝑁 − 9.2543𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑌 = 31.8243 ↑
𝛴𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑋 − 𝑊𝐴3 + 𝑊𝐴2 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑋 − 40.06𝑁 + 11.13𝑁
𝑅𝐷𝑋 = 28.93𝑁 →
𝛴𝑀𝐷 = 0
−𝑊𝑇3 (25𝑚𝑚) − 𝑊𝑇2 (55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐸𝑧 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
−85.9𝑁(25𝑚𝑚) − 23.86𝑁(55𝑚𝑚) − 𝑅𝐸𝑧 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
𝑅𝐸𝑧 = 43.2475𝑁 ↑
𝛴𝐹𝑍 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑧 − 𝑊𝑇3 − 𝑊𝑇2 + 𝑅𝐸𝑧 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑧 − 85.9𝑁 − 23.86𝑁 + 43.2475𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝐷𝑧 = 66.5125𝑁 ↑
Shaft 3
𝛴𝑀𝐹 = 0
𝑊𝑅4 (25𝑚𝑚) + 𝑊𝐴4 (52𝑚𝑚) − 𝑊𝑅5 (55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑊𝐴5 (12𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐺𝑌 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
(31.26𝑁)(25𝑚𝑚) + (40.06𝑁)(52𝑚𝑚)
+ (135.49𝑁)(55𝑚𝑚) + (173.58𝑁)(12𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐺𝑌 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
𝑅𝐺𝑌 = 154.9941𝑁 ↓
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑌 + 𝑊𝑅4 − 𝑊𝑅5 − 𝑅𝐺𝑌 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑌 + 31.26𝑁 − 135.49 − 154.9941 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑌 = 259.2241𝑁 ↑
𝛴𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑋 + 𝑊𝐴4 − 𝑊𝐴5 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑋 − 40.06𝑁 + 173.58𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑋 = 133.52𝑁 ←
𝛴𝑀𝐹 = 0
𝑊𝑇4 (25𝑚𝑚) + 𝑊𝑇5 (55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐺𝑍 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
85.9𝑁(25𝑚𝑚) + 372.25𝑁(55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐺𝑧 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
𝑅𝐺𝑧 = 282.7656𝑁 ↓
𝛴𝐹𝑍 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑍 + 𝑊𝑇4 + 𝑊𝑇5 − 𝑅𝐺𝑧 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑍 + 85.9𝑁 + 372.25𝑁 − 282.7656𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝐹𝑍 = 175.3844𝑁 ↓
Shaft 4
𝛴𝑀𝐻 = 0
𝑊𝑅6 (55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑊𝐴6 (60𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐼𝑌 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
(135.49𝑁)(55𝑚𝑚) + 173.58𝑁(60𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐼𝑌 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
𝑅𝐼𝑌 = 223.3344𝑁 ↓
𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 0
𝑅𝐻𝑌 + 𝑊𝑅6 − 𝑅𝐼𝑌 = 0
𝑅𝐻𝑌 + 135.49𝑁 − 223.3344 = 0
𝑅𝐻𝑌 = 87.8444𝑁 ↓
𝛴𝐹𝑋 = 0
−𝑅𝐼𝑋 + 𝑊𝐴6 = 0
−𝑅𝐼𝑋 + 173.58𝑁 = 0
−𝑅𝐼𝑋 = 173.58𝑁 ←
𝛴𝑀𝐻 = 0
𝑊𝑇6 (55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐼𝑍 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
372.25𝑁(55𝑚𝑚) + 𝑅𝐼𝑧 (80𝑚𝑚) = 0
𝑅𝐼𝑧 = 255.9219𝑁 ↓
𝛴𝐹𝑍 = 0
𝑅𝐻𝑍 + 𝑊𝑇6 − 𝑅𝐼𝑍 = 0
𝑅𝐻𝑍 + 372.25𝑁 − 255.9219𝑁 = 0
𝑅𝐻𝑍 = 116.3281𝑁 ↓
Figure 15. Shaft 1, Top View Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 16. Shaft 1, Side View Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 17. Shaft 2, Top View Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 18. Shaft 2, Side View Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 19. Shaft 3, Top View Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 20. Shaft 3, Side View Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 21. Shaft 4, Top View Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram
Figure 22. Shaft 4, Side View Shear force and Bending Moment Diagram
Max Bending Calculation for the Shaft
Shaft 1

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(241.18)2 + (−410.09)2

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 475.7537 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
Shaft 2

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(795.61)2 + (1662.81)2

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1843.3481 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
Shaft 3

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(2865.58)2 + (−7069.14)2

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7627.8627 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
Shaft 4

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √(−5583.36)2 + (6398.05)2

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8491.6990 𝑁 𝑚𝑚

Max Torque Calculation for the Shaft

Shaft 1
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑇1 (𝑟1 ) = 23.86(12𝑚𝑚) = 286.32 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
Shaft 2
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑇2 (𝑟2 ) = 23.86(47𝑚𝑚) = 1121.42 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑇3 (𝑟3 ) = 85.9(13𝑚𝑚) = 1116.7 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
Shaft 3
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑇4 (𝑟4 ) = 85.9(52𝑚𝑚) = 4466.8 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑇5 (𝑟5 ) = 372.25(12𝑚𝑚) = 4467 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
Shaft 4
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑊𝑇6 (𝑟6 ) = 372.25(60𝑚𝑚) = 22335 𝑁 𝑚𝑚
Shaft Diameter Calculations
Type of materials: AISI C1020, Annealed
Properties of AISI 4140 Steel: 𝑆𝑢 = 57 𝑘𝑠𝑖 , 𝑆𝑈𝑠 = 43 𝑘𝑠𝑖 = 296.48 𝑚𝑃𝑎

𝑆𝑦 = 42 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑁 = 6 (𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦)

𝑆𝑈𝑠 296.48 𝑚𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 49.41 𝑚𝑃𝑎
𝑁 6
Max Shear Stress Theory:
16
𝑆𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √𝑇 2 + 𝑀2
𝜋𝑑 3
Diameter:
Shaft 1

3 16
𝑑1 = √ √(286.32 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)2 + (475.75 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)2
𝜋(49.41𝑀𝑃𝑎)
d1 = 3.85 mm

Shaft 2

3 16
𝑑2 = √ √(1121.42 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)2 + (1843.35 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)2
𝜋(49.41𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝑑2 = 6.06 𝑚𝑚
Shaft 3

3 16
𝑑3 = √ √(4467 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)2 + (8491.70 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)2
𝜋(49.41𝑀𝑃𝑎)
d3 = 9.96 mm
Shaft 4

3 16
𝑑4 = √ √(2232.3 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)2 + (7627.86 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚)2
𝜋(49.41𝑀𝑃𝑎)
d4 = 13.43 mm

The material for the shafting is AISI C1020 Annealed, the properties were taken from
Design of Machine Elements 4th Edition by V.M. Faires.
 Although it has the least value for its ultimate strength among other materials from Table
AT 7, the diameters were too small to be used in real life. Thus, since the shaft material is over
capacity than the required application, the shaft diameter will be taken from bearing calculation of
which the selected bearing bore diameter will be taken as shaft diameter.
4.3 Bearing Calculation
To be able to shorten bearing calculation, we will be neglecting economical consideration.
We will also be assuming the highest values of rpm, axial load, radial load, to be acting in one
shaft. Thus, the computed dimensions of the bearing and its equivalent shaft, will be applied to all
shafts on each stage.
Life of bearing = 4000hrs
(Bearings B, D, F, I)
Rating Life
𝐿 = 60(𝑁)𝐿 = 60(1380 𝑟𝑝𝑚)(4000ℎ𝑟𝑠) = 3.31𝑥108 𝑟𝑒𝑣
Axial Load
𝑊𝑎 = 𝑊1𝑥 = 173.58𝑁
Radial Load

2 2
𝑊𝑟 = √𝑅𝐹𝑌 + 𝐹𝐹𝑍 = √259.222 + 173.382
𝑊𝑟 = 312.97𝑁
𝑊𝑎 173.58𝑁
= = 0.55
𝑊𝑟 312.97𝑁
(Table 4) Double row, Angular contact ball bearing
X=1 Y = 0.73 V=1 Ks = 1
Equivalent Dynamic Load
𝑊 = (𝑋𝑉 𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑙 + 𝑌𝑊𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 )𝑘𝑠
𝑊 = 312.97𝑁 + 0.73(173.58𝑁)
𝑊 = 439.68𝑁
Basic Dynamic Load Rating
1 1
𝐿 𝑘 3.31 𝑥 108 3
𝐶 = 𝑊 ( 6 ) = 439.68𝑁 ( ) = 3041.44𝑁
10 106
𝐶 = 3.04𝑘𝑁
(Table 6) Double row angular contact ball bearing, Dynamic
choose Bearing No. 200
(Table 1)
No. 200 – Bore = 10mm; Outside Diameter = 30mm; Width = 9mm
Too small for recommended shaft size for shaft 4, so choose No. 202, 61 kN
No.202 – Bore = 15mm; Outside Diameter = 35mm; Width = 9mm
(Bearings C, E, G, H)
Radial Load

2 2
𝑊𝑟 = √𝑅𝐺𝑌 + 𝐹𝐺𝑍 = √134.992 + 282.772 = 322.46𝑁

Basic Dynamic Load Rating

1
3.31 𝑥 108 3
𝐶 = 322.46 ( ) = 2230.58𝑁
106
𝐶 = 2.23 𝑘𝑁
(Table 6) Single Row deep groove ball bearing, Dynamic
Choose Bearing No. 200
(Table 1)
No. 200 – Bore = 10mm; Outside Diameter = 30mm; Width = 9mm
The bearing no. 200 is too small for recommended shaft size for shaft 4, so choose no.202, 8.3kN
No.202 – Bore = 15mm; Outside Diameter = 35mm; Width = 9mm
As stated from shaft diameter calculation, the bearing bore diameter will be the shaft diameter.
Therefore, the shaft diameters that are going to be used is 15mm
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 15 𝑚𝑚
5. Appendix
Wire Rope Drive
Helical Gear Drive
Bearings
6. References
1. https://spanish.alibaba.com/product-detail/220v-1t-30m-pick-up-crane-ratchet-mobile-
mini-lifting-cranes-with-high-quality-60672633410.html
2. https://ramhoist.en.made-in-china.com/product/ZvQnPUYuYVrw/China-Portable-Small-
Lift-Electric-400-500-300-200-100kg-Single-Double-Rope-Construction-Mini-Crane-
with-Mini-Hoist-for-Lifting-Materials.html
3. https://www.sogears.com/products/26-crane-gearbox
4. https://www.gearboxindia.com/crane-duty-gearboxes.html
5. https://www.steelwirerope.org/steelwirerope/crane-wire-rope.html
6. https://www.mazzellacompanies.com/learning-center/what-is-wire-rope-specifications-
classifications-construction/
7. http://www.crane-manufacturer.com/blog/selection-and-maintenance-of-crane-
pulley.html
8. https://www.all-ways.com.au/product/crane-hook-block-single-sheave/
9. https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/China-Supplier-KCD-type-electric-
small_62201688387.html?mark=google_shopping&seo=1
10. https://wirerope.net/azwr/drums/
11. https://www.otaisteel.com/aisi-5140-steel/