The UCEM Guide To Referencing and Citation

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The UCEM Guide to

Referencing and Citation
The UCEM Harvard referencing system
February 2021, Version 2.1
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The UCEM Guide to Referencing and Citation – February 2021 v2.1 Page 1 of 15
The UCEM Guide to Referencing and Citation
The UCEM Harvard Referencing System
INTRODUCTION
The Harvard style is an author–date system that identifies the source of a piece of information from the name of its
author and the date it was created. The system is based on the approach used for cataloguing works at the Harvard
University Library in the 1940s. The Harvard system can vary from university to university as there has never been a
definitive version of the Harvard system.
This document specifies the approach used at UCEM. There are two aspects: (1) citation and quoting (2) referencing.
These two aspects relate to where you provide the information in your work – whether in the main body (citation and
quoting) or at the end (referencing). The term ‘referencing’ can refer to either of the two aspects or the whole process.
CONTENTS
1. Why reference and cite?
2. How to reference
3. How to cite and quote
4. UCEM Harvard referencing and citation styles
5. Quick guide to common sources
6. References
7. Bibliography
1. WHY REFERENCE AND CITE?

Learning is a process of gathering information from different sources in order to build and develop your own
knowledge and skills. In reporting the outcome of your learning (e.g. in submissions for assessment), the practice of
referencing your sources is an acknowledgement that you have used the ideas and creative content belonging to other
people in your own work. If you do not reference, the academic process is incomplete and you may be suspected of
academic misconduct.
As well as potentially improving the mark awarded for your assessed UCEM work, the reasons for referencing are that:
• it is a key component of good academic practice;
• it demonstrates the nature, scope and breadth of your research;
• it supports your arguments and shows that your work is based on knowledge informed by academic discovery;
• a reader can trace and easily locate the sources you have used;
• by acknowledging another person’s work or ideas you avoid being accused of plagiarism (a form of academic
misconduct).
(Adapted from Imperial College 2017; University of Manchester 2017)
Knowing why you need to reference means you understand the importance of knowing how to reference.
Version 2.1: changes and updates made since Autumn 2020
New examples: approved documents, data, House of Commons Library, land registry, own work, magazine article, e-book, UCEM resource
obtained from outside a module, JCT and NEC contracts.
Updated or revised instructions for: abbreviation of a corporate author to shorten citation in text, photograph and cover images, wiki, multiple
documents by same author clarification.
Corrections made to: lecture/seminar, bibliography, online news article, British standards, RICS documents.
Cover images: Circles and keyboard

Source: iStock.com (no date)
2. HOW TO REFERENCE
References and bibliography
At the end of your written work you must provide a complete list of all sources you have used. You must always
include a list of the sources you have cited in your work in a reference list and, where requested, you will be expected
to provide a list of uncited sources in a bibliography:
• a reference list is a list of all sources that you have written about or cited directly within your work.
• a bibliography is a list of sources that you have consulted, but not used or cited in your work.
The basic reference
So that a reader can find the exact source that you have cited in your work, you need to give accurate information
about it. Essentially, every item of information can be described in terms of:
• who produced it (author);

• when was it produced (year);
• what it is (the name or title of the item);
• where it can be found (journal; website, conference, publisher, etc.)
All reference examples in this guide are based on a combination of some or all of these elements, depending on the
type of item. The key pieces of information required in a UCEM Harvard style reference are shown in Figure 1.
Who What
Edition of the title Type/format
Author’s surname and initial(s) Title of book (in italics)
(in parentheses)
Bradbury A J (2010) Successful Presentation Skills (4th edn) [print book], London: Kogan Page.
When Where
Date of book publication (in Place of publication Name of publisher
parentheses) (town or city)
Figure 1: Basic structure of a book reference
Source: UCEM (2017)
The following elements are the basic parts from which a reference in Harvard style is formed:
Author – usually the name of the person, people or company (if no specific author) who created the specific item you
are citing. Use surname and all initials. If no author is identifiable use ‘Anon.’.
Date – the year, when the cited item was published or made available (in some circumstances the month and day are
added to the end of the reference). If no date is available you can use ‘no date’, e.g. Jones (no date). If the date can
only be established approximately, you should precede it with the italicised letter ‘c.’ (for circa), e.g. Jones (c.2001).
Note, if you see a regular ‘c’ followed by a date, e.g. ‘c2010’, this indicates a copyright date, which can be different to
the date of publication. For an item that has updates, the year and other details should indicate the version you used.
Title – the title or name of the specific item you have cited. Include in ‘ ’ if it is part of a larger work (e.g. a chapter from
a book or article in a journal) or italicised if it is a standalone published work (e.g. a whole book, newspaper or journal
title, annual report, official minutes of a committee).
Item type/format – information about the type of item you have cited, e.g. [e-book], [DVD].
Publisher – the item publisher’s location and name.
Access location and date – usually a URL or web address from which the item can be accessed. As links may
become broken, it is usual to accompany this with the date that you last accessed the information.
As well as author, date and title, you may also need further bits of information depending the item being referenced.
Collectively, these are:
• book or conference editor (if not your primary author);
• report number, volume number, issue number, page number(s);
• URL (website or the unique digital object identifier (DOI) for book/journal articles) and when this was
accessed.
Over time, the more references you write, the more familiar you will be with what you need to collect and how to
present it.
The list of references (and where requested, a separate bibliography list) should be provided in alphabetical order
based on the author’s family name, with no distinction made between the different item types (e.g. books, journal
articles, websites, law reports). You should not number citations or present them as footnotes within your work. Where
you have drawn on information from more than one piece of work by the same author, you should list the works, for
that author, in date order, from earliest to most recent.
UCEM Harvard referencing and citation conventions
The Harvard system of referencing has certain conventions either adopted as standard or developed from the British
Standards Institution (2010). The following conventions are followed by UCEM:
• And or &: ‘and’ should be used between authors’ names; ‘&’ is only used where it appears as such in the
published title or publisher’s name.
• Brackets: round brackets (parentheses) for date of publication, edition and editor(s) only; square brackets for
web URL accessed date or for identifying specific format such as [online] or [DVD].
• Capitalisation: capitalisation of the first letter of each major word in book and journal titles; capitalisation of
the first letter of the title of a chapter/article (as well as any proper nouns).
• Corporate body: if there is no identifiable author then use the name of the issuing body (e.g. government
department) as the author.
• Edition: use ‘edn’ to refer to the edition of a publication, e.g. (2nd edn), (4th edn). You do not need to mention
if a publication is a first edition, as this is the default assumption.
• Editors: use ‘ed.’ or ‘eds’ to refer to the editor(s) of a publication – always in lower case and with parentheses.
• [Format]: for most resources the format/type of item is indicated, e.g. [print], [online], [study resource]. This is
indicated as the page numbers and/or content can vary according to the medium used.
• Multi-volumes: the italicised volume title should be included after a ‘:’, after the full work’s title. E.g. Title of
Work: Volume title
• Multiple authors: if there are two authors, cite both names in the order they appear in the original document.
If there are more than two authors: list all authors in the list of references (but in a citation only use the
surname of the first author followed by ‘et al.’).
• Page numbers: in the full reference, a page number is placed at the end of the reference, separated from the
main reference by a ‘,’. In a citation the number is separated from the year by a ‘:’. When quoting a range of
pages use an en rule (–), not the shorter hyphen (-), e.g. (Smith 2004: 54–72). Do not use p. or pp.
• Punctuation:
o put a full stop at the end of each reference.
o no full stop at the end of a URL (it may interfere with hyperlinks).
o no full stop after the year of publication.
o no colon for the accessed date, i.e. [accessed 12 March 2018].
o single quote marks ‘’ surround the titles of resources that are part of other publications (e.g. a book
chapter or the title of a webpage).
• Series: if applicable, enter the italicised series title between the title and the publishing details.
• Spelling: use the original spelling of titles, do not correct to standard English words.
• Title format: titles are formatted according to the following rules:
italicised if it is a published collection of unique items (e.g. a book, newspaper, journal, blog);
italicised if it is a standalone publication (film, video, law report/case);
in ‘ ’ and not italicised if it is part of a larger publication (e.g. a chapter in a book, a website, a study resource);
otherwise use plain text (with no italics or ‘ ’) (e.g. an interview, WhatsApp conversation, course code).
• URL: use ‘Available at: www…’ and indicate an accessed date in the format [accessed 28 September 2017].
For copyright reasons, you should try to avoid direct links to PDF files and where possible direct users to a
higher-level URL (e.g. a list of publications by a company) from where the PDF file can be accessed and
where there will usually be an explanation of any copyright or usage restrictions.
An exception to this rule is that students may include live links to PDFs in assessments where no alternative
URL can be found. However, URL links should not be live if the PDF is on an intranet or password protected
site (e.g. a Library subscription service) as readers may not be able to access the file.
Note: the following abbreviations should not be used: ibid. and op. cit.
You should carefully study the example references in the main table to see the application of the above conventions.
Copyright
Note that if you are a student you do not have to seek permission to include third-party copyright material in your
assessment and coursework for UCEM, as long as the Terms and Conditions have been followed and it is fully
referenced.
3. HOW TO CITE AND QUOTE
Primary and Secondary citations
When you refer to a source that you have read, or seen yourself, you are referring to a primary source of information.
However, there may be occasions when you want to use a quotation or an idea from a source that is itself referenced
in a work you have read. You have not read the original but have discovered it through an indirect route. This is
termed ‘secondary referencing’ (or indirect referencing).
You should always try to get hold of the original as you can then reference it directly. However, if you cannot obtain the
original source then you need to make it clear in your work that you have not read it and are referencing it as a
secondary source. Your citation should be written in a way that reflects both sources, e.g. ‘B as cited by A’, or ‘A cites
B’. In your reference list, you should only include the source you have read (A), and not the original source (B).
General rules for citing references in text
When you are writing your assignment, you don’t want to disrupt the flow with a full reference, so you provide a shorter
version known as an in-text citation. The in-text citation is placed at the exact point in your document where you refer
to someone else’s work, whether it is a book, journal, online document, website or any other source. This enables the
reader to find the relevant full reference which will be located at the end of your assignment.
To cite a reference, you need to indicate the author(s) surname without initials followed by publication year. For most
references, except for law references, there are two ways to structure citations depending on the context. If the
authors’ names are part of the discussion then use ‘Authors (Year)’, alternatively ‘(Authors Year)’.
The examples below indicate how to cite single and multiple authors:
Type / notes Example(s)

Single author UCEM (2019) provided an interesting resource on the construction team which indicated …
A useful summary was provided by the module leader (Hontoir 2017), who indicated that …
During his talk, Mr Hough (2016) stressed the importance of …
After watching the management accounting video (UCEM 2017a), I reflected on …
… according to RICS (2017) …
Two authors Separate names by ‘and’:
As demonstrated by Russell and Leverton (2005) …
In their advice on managing your supervisor, Phillips and Pugh (2015) recommended …
Three or more Indicate first author followed by et al.:
authors Dixon et al. (2005) consider that ...
It is recommended (Dixon et al. 2005) that ...
Multiple documents Use lower case letters to differentiate references published in the same year by the same author team:
published by same (Smith 2017a)
author in same year (Smith 2017b)
(Smith and Jones 2017) (a different author team so no need to use letters)
Cite a specific part of A page number can be indicated to help the reader quickly find a specific item or quotation.
a document (Smith 2017: 10)
Law/legal cases These do not follow a standard citation style, please see legal section below.
No date Use ‘no date’ if the year is not known.
(Smith no date) no date items should appear before dated items by the same author
Unseen (secondary) Where you have not seen the original article(s) (e.g. Quick and Fox) then you should show this by using
reference(s) ‘cited in’ and only include the reference you have read (smith) in your reference list:
(Quick 2016: 23; Fox et al. 2005; cited in Smith 2017)
Multiple documents Where there are multiple documents supporting a statement, these can all be included in the same
bracket; separated by ‘;’ (Jones 2016; Smith 2017)
Quoting, paraphrasing and summarising
You are required to acknowledge all the sources of information that you have used, whether you are directly copying
the words of another author (quoting – see example in table below) or indirectly using their words (paraphrasing).
Paraphrasing is writing another author's idea or findings in your own words instead of quoting their words verbatim (i.e.
as written or spoken). There may be times when it is appropriate to paraphrase a quote or short paragraph from a
source if it makes it more meaningful within the context of your work. It may also be expedient to summarise the
content of a longer passage of text, such as an article or a report, to condense it in word length. This may be
particularly appropriate when writing about a significant piece of work, policy or theory in your subject area.
Paraphrasing is an important element of academic writing as it allows you to demonstrate that you have understood
what you have read, and the relevance of those ideas to your essay, assignment or research. Both paraphrasing and
summarising enable you to include supporting or contrasting evidence in your work in a more creative and coherent
way; however, you should never simply reword the original text and conceal its source. Full citation must still be
given for any paraphrased or summarised content.
4. UCEM HARVARD REFERENCING AND CITATION STYLES
The following table gives examples of the style that should be adopted when citing and referencing sources for
submission to UCEM. The table is divided into a number of sections (click on the link to move to the section):
UCEM study Academic Industry/practice Communication

Published sources Media sources
resources sources sources sources
Alternative/social Legal/government
General examples Image sources Quote Quick guide
media sources sources
In examining the presentation and style of the citations and references, do not be concerned by the ages of the dates
as your work may itself include sources dating back several years. Instead, focus on the sequence, elements and
punctuation used. If you can’t find an example reference in this guide for the precise type of item you have cited, you
should find the most similar example and base your reference on that.
Source Example reference Notes

UCEM study resources
Reference where you saw the resource by including
UCEM (2020a) ‘Activity 3.3: Using scale’ [study resource], the module code* and abbreviated month and year.
3CONTDR (Mar 2020), Week 3, Reading: UCEM. Available at: The author of a study resource will usually be UCEM
https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/page/view.php?id=287699 (CEM became UCEM in 2016 when it was granted
[accessed 28 July 2020]. university college status.)
The first year indicates when the resource was
Study resource / created; if you are unsure use the second year, which
study paper UCEM (2019) ‘Construction team members’ roles and indicates the month/year the course started. These will
responsibilities’, in ‘Activity 2.2: The design and construction team’ differ for some resources.
[study resource], 3CONTDR (Dec 2019), Week 2, Reading: * If the module does not have a code then you should
UCEM. Available at: https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/page/ include its title, e.g. Foundation Induction.
view.php?id=270859 [accessed 8 January 2020]. You may need to include extra details to help the
reader quickly locate the resource if it is part of an
activity, resource or topic.
UCEM (2017b) ‘The nature of construction contracts’, P10753v1-0
[online], Reading: UCEM. Available at: https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/ If you obtained a UCEM resource from somewhere
Resource outside course/view.php?id=66#section-7 [accessed 5 February 2021]. other than a module, e.g. the e-Library archive, then
module UCEM (2018) ’03 Introduction to fractions’ [online], Reading: provide details to help identify and locate the resource
UCEM. Available at: https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/course/ (e.g. a Paper number, version or location.)
view.php?id=78#section-5 [accessed 5 February 2021].
Hontoir J (2017) ‘Change management: Summary of the week’s You should always check with the author of the forum
posts’ [forum], DEV4SUS (Apr 2017), Week 7, Reading: UCEM, 7 message that they are happy for you to use its content
June. Available at: http://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/forum/ before using the material.
discuss.php?d=216911 [accessed 14 June 2017].
Forum message /
Padlet post
Paterson M (2016) ‘Plain English’ [Padlet], DEV4SUS (Apr 2017),
Week 1, 7 June, Reading: UCEM. Available at:
https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=2164 [accessed 28
July 2020].
Hough G (2018) ‘Managing construction projects’ [webinar],
Webinar, lecture or SMA5CSM (Apr 2018), Reading: UCEM, 12 May. Available at: You should indicate the module title/code and start
seminar https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/lti/view.php?id=268074 [accessed 13 month. Link is not live due to data protection reasons.
May 2018].
UCEM (2017a) Management Accounting Versus Financial
You should cite where you viewed a video. Use this
Accounting [video], MAN4RMT (Oct 2017), Week 6, Reading:
Video clip style to reference a video viewed within a module.
UCEM. Available at: http://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/page/
Alternatively see the style below for YouTube etc.
view.php?id=198559 [accessed 25 September 2017].
Own previous Chan H H (2017) Assignment 2 [unpublished coursework], Anything that you have previously written or obtained
academic work / work LAW4RFW (Oct 2017). (e.g. via a survey you setup) may be included in your
experience Smith A (2020) Descriptive Title of Survey [unpublished data]. work but must be referenced. The title is not italicised
or in ‘ ‘ unless your work was officially published or
released on a website respectively.
Own previous Smith J (2017) Reflective workplace diary [unpublished], Location: Note that although you can reference your own work,
experience Name of your company/organisation. unless it has been refereed and published then it
should not be quoted as an authoritative resource.
Published sources
Where an article is published in multiple formats you
Print newspaper Mackay C (2002) ‘Alert over big cat’, The Daily Mirror [print], 4
should indicate the format accessed – [print] or
article July, 28.
[online].
If the author is not stated, indicate the publication
Newspaper article – no The Guardian (2010) ‘The Chilean miners: who’s who at the
name as the author. If the article is just one page then
author surface’, The Guardian [print], 14 October, 5–6.
indicate this in the reference and not in the citation.
If this was just published online and not in print put
Keenan M (2009) ‘Property crisis has moved from slump to crash’, [online] after the title of the newspaper.
Online newspaper The Sunday Times [online], 25 January. Available at:
article http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/article5 Book, journal and newspaper titles are italicised.
575874.ece [accessed 28 July 2020]. Capitalise the first letter of each major word in
book/journal/newspaper titles.
Easton M (2012) ‘The great myth of urban Britain’, BBC News If the article does not have an author then use BBC
Online news article [online], 28 June. Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18623096 News (in this case) as the author and not publication
[accessed 28 July 2020]. medium.
CM Staff (2021) ‘CIOB calls for “immediate action” on cladding
repair bills’, Construction Manager [online], 3 February. Available An online magazine follows the newspaper style. Note
Magazine article at: https://constructionmanagermagazine.com/ciob-calls-for- the two different quote marks around the title as there
immediate-action-on-cladding-repair-bills/ [accessed 5 February is a quote within a quote.
2021].
RICS (2019a) RICS Valuation – Global Standards (Red Book
Global) [online], London: RICS. Available at: www.rics.org/uk/ Sometimes the author may be a company – e.g. RICS.
upholding-professional-standards/sector-standards/valuation/red- Note: ‘a’, ‘b’, etc. are used to distinguish between
Institution as the book/red-book-global/ [accessed 28 July 2020]. items published in the same year by the same author.
author RICS (2019b) UK Residential Market Survey: November 2020
[online], London: RICS. Available at: www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/ When mentioning the article in your work italicise the
market-analysis/rics-residential-market-survey/ [accessed 28 July title as per the reference.
2020].
Marshall D, Worthing D, Heath R and Dann N (2014) NB delete http:// or https:// if this is followed by ‘www.’
Understanding Housing Defects (4th edn) [e-book], Abingdon: as they are usually not needed to access the website.
e-book Routledge. Available at: www.vlebooks.com/Vleweb/Product/
Index/2046365 [accessed 7 October 2020]. (Access via (The optional addition of relevant access instructions
OpenAthens Library login.) in brackets may help readers retrieve the resource.)
Dostoevsky F M (1980) Crime and Punishment [print book]

Cite the source you used.
translated from the Russian by J Coulson, London: Oxford
Book – translated Paperbacks. If you are citing a non-English text and translate it into
English, then you should reference the original foreign
Boll H (1995) Die Verlorene 7ere der Katharina Blum [print book]
language version.
Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH.
Plimmer F (1998) Rating Law and Valuation [print book],
Book – one author
Abingdon: Routledge.
This example uses the sixth edition of a textbook, but
this information is provided only within the full
Phillips E M and Pugh D S (2015) How to Get a PhD: A Handbook reference (and not in the citation). If there is only one
Book – two authors for Students and their Supervisors (6th edn) [print book], edition of a book there is no need to mention ‘1st edn’.
Maidenhead: Open University Press.
List authors in the order in which they appear on the
publication.
Dixon T, Thompson B, McAllister P, Marston A and Snow J (2005)
To cite a source with more than two authors use the
Book – more than two Real Estate and the New Economy: The Impact of Information and
first author’s surname followed by et al., e.g. for this
authors Communications Technology [print book], Oxford: Blackwell
reference the citation would be Dixon et al. (2005)
Publishing Ltd.
Titles of chapters in a book are in sentence case.
Dabson A (2000) ‘Managing the journey to work’, in Nutt B and
Chapter in an edited If the authors also edited the book, then only mention
McLennan P (eds) Facility Management: Risks and Opportunities
book them once as authors. (Use ed. for a single editor and
[print book], Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd, 117–28.
eds for multiple editors)
If an e-book does not have page numbers, indicate
Banfield A (2005) ‘6. Commercial Property: Commercial leases’, in which ‘chapter: subchapter’ the content appears in.
Stapleton’s Real Estate Management Practice (4th edn) [e-book], Include the short URL that was originally used to
Abingdon: Routledge. Available at: www.vitalsource.com/ access the book.
e-book / part of a book bookshelf/books/585049 [accessed 28 July 2020]. (Access via
with no page numbers module.) If the book has two publishers indicate only the first
publisher shown on the cover.
Note: You will need to edit the citation exported from other To cite different parts of a book use one reference and
platforms to conform to UCEM Harvard style. add details of the chapter(s)/page(s) to the citation
(Banfield 2005: 44)
Anon. (2010) ‘Steeling for upswing: steel construction’, It is extremely rare, but where there is no author or
No author
Construction World, 44(7) (Mar 2010), 36–37 [online]. corporate author available, you can use ‘Anon.’
Academic sources
Indicate [print] or [online] as these may be different
versions. For online articles the DOI (or URL) and the
Holmes J and Hudson G (2002) ‘The application of BREEAM in date accessed should be provided.
corporate real estate: A case study in the design of a city centre Only first letter of the article title is capitalised.
office development’, Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 5(1), 66–78 The journal title is italicised and the first letter of each
Journal article
[online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ major word is capitalised. The volume (issue/number)
14630010310812019 [accessed 28 July 2020]. (Access via is followed by page number(s). Note: some online
OpenAthens Library Login.) articles don’t have page numbers.
If an article has been accepted for publication, but not
yet published indicate as (forthcoming) or (in press).
If the conference proceedings have been published,
Dabson A, Plimmer F and Waters M (2007) ‘Ethics for Surveyors: include details of the publisher or online location.
Published conference
What are the Problems?’, in Proceedings of the FIG Working The date and location of the conference appears after
proceedings
Week [print], 13–17 May, Hong Kong, China. the title of the conference.
Use the book reference style if it is published as a book.
Russell H and Leverton P (2005) ‘Heritage-led regeneration: some If there are no proceedings then indicate ‘paper
Unpublished
education and training issues’, The Prince’s Foundation presented to the’, e.g. Taylor F W (1903) ‘Shop
conference paper /
Conference: Building Heritage: Innovative Strategies for management’, paper presented to the American
presentation
Successful Regeneration [unpublished], 15 February, London. Society of Mechanical Engineers: New York.
Nayak A (2004) Creative Management: A Decentred Perspective If the thesis was not published indicate [unpublished
Published thesis
[PhD thesis], University of the West of England: Bristol. PhD thesis].
Pottinger G and Tanton A (2011) Waterproof Flood Risk and Due
Documents in digital Diligence for Commercial Property Investment in the UK [UCEM Digital repositories are increasingly used to store and
repositories Research Archive], Reading: CEM. Available at: http://learn.ucem. make available academic documents and works.
ac.uk/mod/folder/view.php?id=82751 [accessed 28 July 2020].
Industry/practice/data sources
Abrams M (2009) ‘Item 7.2: Town centre pigeon control’, in
Minutes of meetings Minutes of Public Hygiene Committee Meeting [print],
Biddlescombe: Biddlescome Parish Council, 27 September.
Bureau van Dijk (2008) BT Group plc Company Report [online], Some resources may require a password. You can
Financial
London: FAME. Available at: http://fame2.bvdep.com [accessed 28 reference these, but consider the reader’s ability to
reports
July 2020]. access and view these.
Industry Commission for Rural Communities (2010) State of the
This style applies to financial reports, industry reports,
report Countryside Summary Report [print], London: Commission for
technical reports, workplace report.
Rural Communities.
JCT contract JCT (2016) Standard Building Contract with Quantities 2016 JCT contracts are available from multiple sources.
(SBC/Q) [online], London: Sweet & Maxwell. Available at: Reference the source you used to obtain the contract,
https://corporate.jctltd.co.uk/contract-finder/ [accessed 8 Feb 2021]. e.g. e-Library, OpenAthens/CIS, JCT website.
NEC contract NEC (2017) Engineering and Construction Contract: Option A:
Reference the source you used to obtain the contract,
Priced Contract with Activity Schedule [online], London: NEC.
e.g. e-Library, OpenAthens/CIS, NEC Academia
Available at: https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/folder/
website.
view.php?id=269668 [accessed 18 November 2020].
Rabinowicz E, Thomson K J and Nalin E (2001) Subsidiarity, the Note that the ‘:3’ is part of the title rather than a
Technical
CAP and EU Enlargement, Report 2001: 3 [print], Lund: Swedish reference to a page number. (If this was a page
report
Institute for Food and Agricultural Economics. number it would appear at the end of the reference.).
RICS (2019b) UK Residential Market Survey November 2020 Where possible avoid direct links to PDF documents.
Market [online], London: RICS. Available at: www.rics.org/uk/knowledge/ This URL takes the reader to a landing page that
surveys market-analysis/rics-residential-market-survey/ [accessed 28 July describes the document, copyright limitations and
2020]. provides a link to the PDF file.
RICS (2013) Surveys of Residential Property (3rd edn, May 2016
reissue), Guidance note [online], London: RICS. Available at:
If there is no author then use the institute which
RICS www.rics.org/uk/upholding-professional-standards/sector-
produced the report/survey.
standards/building-surveying/home-surveys/surveys-of-residential-
property/ [accessed 28 July 2020].
RICS (2018) Surveying Safely (2nd edn), Guidance note [online],
London: RICS. Available at: www.isurv.com/downloads/download/ isurv serves as the online portal for RICS published
RICS (isurv)
1378/surveying_safely [accessed 29 April 2020]. (Available via material.
isurv – see Section 5 of the e-Library.)
Often these will have no author or no date.
Tassoni P (no date) Childcare for Learning [print], London: British
Brochures and leaflets If there is no author then use the name of the
Association for Early Childhood Education.
company; if this is not shown then use ‘Anon.’
BRE (1995) Assessment of Damage in Low-Rise Buildings – With You can reference part of a report by adding extra
BRE Particular Reference to Progressive Foundation Movement [print], details to the reference, e.g. ‘Chapter or Section title’,
BRE Digest 251, Watford: BRE Press. in Report Title…
HM Land Registry (2014) GR503397: 26 Dundee Road [Title plan,
online], Gloucester: HM Land Registry. Available at: The title is the land registry number followed by a brief
Land registry
https://eservices.landregistry.gov.uk/eservices/FindAProperty/view descriptive title for the property.
/QuickEnquiryInit.do [accessed 13 January 2021].
Communication sources
Briefly indicate the topic/subject of the communication
Interview with Brown J (2008) Role of an engineering consultant [interview],
followed by the method of communication as: [email],
researcher interviewed by Tony Smith, 26 April.
[letter], [telephone call], [interview], [skype].
Personal Fox J (2010) Rental rates likely to decrease [text message], sent
correspondence to Barry Quick, 6 July.
Media sources
If the name of the interviewer is known include their
Brown G (2008) Interview, Today Programme [radio], BBC Radio details as follows: ‘…[radio], interviewed by Tony
TV/radio interview
4, 15 May, 08:10. Smith, 26 April.’ If you include a time, present this in
the 24-hour clock format.
Yes, Prime Minister (1986) Episode 2, ‘The ministerial broadcast’
[TV], BBC2, 16 January. Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/ Unusually, the programme title is the ‘author’ and
Radio/TV/film programmes/b03sblbn [accessed 28 July 2020]. appears before the year. If relevant, the episode
Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2003) Directed by Peter number and name are indicated after the year.
Jackson [film], New York: Newline Productions Inc.
DVD and video The Battle for Docklands: The Story of London Docklands: One of
the World’s Greatest Regeneration Projects (1998) [DVD]. Directed Note the tile of the DVD/Video is used as the ‘author’.
by Desmond Wilcox, London: Desmond Wilcox Productions.
Google Privacy (2011) A Look at Cookies [video], YouTube. The author should be the person who created the
YouTube Available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBR-xtJVq7E [accessed video. If this is not available, the author is the
28 July 2020]. person/company who uploaded the video.
Patt D (2008) How to Architect [channel], YouTube. Available at
YouTube channel www.youtube.com/user/howtoarchitect/featured accessed 28 July A YouTube channel is a collection of videos and cited
2020]. differently to a single video.
Wagner T (2014) Defining Stakeholders [video], LinkedIn
The end of the URL may include a customised code
LinkedIn Learning Learning. Available at: www.linkedin.com/learning/project-
(?u=202xxx…) that should not be included in the
video or course management-foundations-stakeholders/defining-stakeholders
reference. For a whole course use [videos].
[accessed 5 Aug 2019].
Townshend P (2011) Can Peelism survive the internet? [podcast], Where an author or presenter name is not available,
Podcast BBC 6 Music, 4 November. Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/ begin the reference with the title of the work. Titles are
podcasts/series/jpl [accessed 28 July 2020]. in ‘’ and not italicised.
Pixies (1988) Gigantic [download], iTunes. Available at:
Online music This style can be used for other downloads.
www.apple.com/uk/itunes/ [accessed 28 July 2020].
Alternative/social media sources

Take care citing online sources [wiki/blog/Facebook
Wikiquote (2018) All’s Well That Ends Well [online], modified 14
etc.] as some are not peer reviewed and as such may
Wiki February. Available at: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/
not be an authoritative source. If shown, you should
All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well [accessed 21 January 2021].
quote a modified date to indicate the version you used.
Titles of computer games and software are italicised
Computer games or Electronic Arts (2006) The Sims 2: Open for Business [PC game], when mentioned in the main text.
software London: Electronic Arts Inc.
Use either [PC game] or [software] in the reference.
Sloniowski L (2005) ‘Because sharing is nice …’, in Information Some blog authors may choose to remain anonymous
Literacy in Canada [blog], 30 June. Available at: http://blog. by using an alias. If their surname and initials are not
Blogs
uwinnipeg.ca/ilig/archives/learning_objects [accessed 2 February available, then use their blog name. The URL link is
2009]. not live as the blog is currently unavailable.
Smith A N (2017) WhatsApp group communication [online], 22 The description doesn’t appear in ‘’ as it is not the title
WhatsApp
June. of the discussion
Nolan M R (2011) Second Life communication, with Felint Whitefur
Second Life
[online], 8 June.
Rogers S (2010) ‘Local council spending over £500: full list of who
has published what so far’ [blog], Datablog, 10 September.
Use the format [ ] to indicate the media type being
RSS feeds Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/sep/10/
accessed e.g. blog.
local-council-spending-over-500-list [accessed 30 September
2017].
@Fact (2014) ‘Scientists discover that brains of tiny spiders are so To find the URL for the individual tweet you are citing,
big they overflow into their legs’, Twitter, 17 April. Available at: click on the time/date stamp or the ‘Details’ link
Twitter
https://twitter.com/Fact/status/456815386738954240 [accessed 28 beneath the tweet in the feed. You should include the
July 2020]. full text of the tweet in your reference.
UCEM (2017c) University College of Estate Management [post],
The style used here can be adapted for other social
Social network sites Facebook, 19 June. Available at: www.facebook.com/StudyUCEM/
networking sites.
posts/1574023292608184 [accessed 30 September 2017].
General examples
European Space Agency (2013) ‘ESA Earth observation missions’ Use the corporate author if no individual author or
Webpage/website [online]. Available at: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa- editor is named. To refer to a general home page use
operational-eo-missions [accessed 28 September 2017]. Home page (without ‘’ or italicisation).
The author or developer of a computer program may
be an individual or a company. The year is the year
Autodesk Corporation (2017) Maya 2018 [computer program].
the application was first released. If you have
Software Available at: http://students.autodesk.com [accessed 28 July
accessed the software from a disk or other offline
2020].
source, you should provide details of the distributor
and address.
Smith P (no date) Sustainable Futures Sub-committee. Design
Where there is no indication of a date on the material
Undated source within a Climate of Change. Four Papers on Sustainability [print],
you wish to reference, replace the year with ‘no date’.
London: RIBA.
Barnett A (2004) ‘Greenhouse effect may benefit man’, Observer
on Sunday [print], 28 November, 13. It may be that you have several sources supporting the
Several supporting same point.
sources Murray I (2008) ‘An issue of science and economics’, in A
Logomasini (ed.) The Environmental Source [print book], Research indicates … (Barnett 2004; Murray 2008).
Washington: Competitive Enterprise Institute, 107–19.
McNeill W N (1999a) ‘Being there: Experiences of a pilot Items by the same author and which have been
videoconference with distance learning students in Hong Kong’, published in the same year should be listed in the
Habitat, Newsletter of the CTI Centre for the Built Environment, 7, order in which they are cited in the text. These should
spring. Available at: www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/learning/ be distinguished from each other by adding a
Several publications
habitat/HABITAT7/videocon.pdf [accessed 29 October 2008]. lowercase letter after the year.
by the same author in
the same year McNeill W N (1999b) Bridging the Millennium: Can Small and This URL in the first example is only accessible by
Medium Sized Independents Survive in the Global Technological staff with a password. As such this should not be
Jungle?’, paper presented at the 19th World Conference of the shown as a live link as readers will not be able to
International Council for Distance Education, 22 June, Vienna. access it.
Source Example of in-text citation Example of reference Notes

Image
An in-text citation should be provided for
Figure 2 shows UCEM’s new sustainable any image, illustration, photograph,
premises (UCEM 2016). diagram or figure reproduced in your
work; along with a full reference. Only
include a full reference for images you
UCEM (2016) ‘UCEM’s sustainable have used from a third party.
premises’ [photograph, online]. The title and source/citation are centred
Photographs, below the image.
Available at: www.ucem.ac.uk/news-
Diagrams.
events/news/university-college-estate- Any picture that you took or personally
Graphs and
management-moves-new-fully- produced should be indicated as: Source:
Drawings
sustainable-premises/ [accessed 28 Your surname (year). No reference is
July 2020]. required for your own images.
If you modify a figure cite this as ‘Source:
Figure 2: UCEM’s sustainable premises Adapted from Figure X …. Author (year)’
Source: UCEM (2016) Decorative images (e.g. on a cover) do not
need Figure X, but must include a citation
(on the next page for a cover image.)
The present value of a pound can be Like any other statement of fact, tables
calculated by using the values shown in need to be referenced or sourced.
Table 1. Reference where you located the item,
e.g. in a book/journal you should cite the
Table 1: Present value of one pound
YEARS' PURCHASE UCEM (2020b) Parry's Valuation and page number.
Tables Yrs. 6 6.25 6.5
Rate Per Cent
6.75 7 7.25 7.5 7.75 Investment Tables (14th edn) [print Where a table is created from primary
1
2
0.9434
1.8334
0.9412
1.8270
0.9390
1.8206
0.9368
1.8143
0.9346
1.8080
0.9324
1.8018
0.9302
1.7956
0.9281
1.7894
book], Abingdon: Routledge. data (i.e. where you have collected the
3
4
2.6730
3.4651
2.6607
3.4454
2.6485
3.4258
2.6363
3.4064
2.6243
3.3872
2.6124
3.3682
2.6005
3.3493
2.5888
3.3306 raw data and analysed it yourself),
5 4.2124 4.1839 4.1557 4.1278 4.1002 4.0729 4.0459 4.0192
indicate yourself as the source.
Source: UCEM (2020b: 44) If you are using someone else’s data then
indicate and reference this.
Ordnance Survey (1974) Taunton and
The details shown on the map (Ordnance Lyme Regis [map], Landranger 193, The title of this map is italicised as it is a
Maps
Survey 1974) indicate … 1:50,000, Southampton: Ordnance published item that was viewed.
Survey Office.
Google Maps (2019) ‘University For some online maps you may need to
College of Estate Management’ [online include other details after the title to help
UCEM is located in the centre of Reading map]. Available at: www.google.com/ the reader find the correct map, e.g.
Online map location, scale and producer.
(Google Maps 2019). maps/@51.4532475,-
0.9635848,168m/data=!3m1!1e3 Google Earth (2019) ‘UCEM’, 51°27'12"N,
[accessed 24 April 2019]. 0°57'49"W, Google Earth [online map].
Quote
As Sir Norman Foster (2007) said: Quotes are included in single inverted
commas ‘ ’. Any quote longer than two
‘As an architect you design for the lines should be indented as a separate
present, with an awareness of the paragraph.
past, for a future which is essentially Foster N (2007) My green agenda for A citation for a quote from a book/journal
unknown.’ architecture [video]. Available at: should indicate the page number e.g.
www.ted.com/talks/norman_foster_s_g (2010: 10).
Alternatively, you can put the citation after reen_agenda [accessed 28 July 2020]. You can omit unnecessary words from a
the quote: quote by replacing these with … You can
As a leading expert said: ‘The green also insert a word to make the quote more
agenda is probably the most important.’ understandable by inserting [words] in
(Foster 2007). square brackets.
Legal / government sources Note: Most of these references do not require [media type] information or a URL.
The title of the statute/act should not be
italicised. For England/Wales do not
include a URL. For other regions and
countries you can include URLs.
Cite a statute using the short title of the Act
Statute / Act Schedule 1 of the Disability Discrimination
Disability Discrimination Act 1995, and year. To refer to a section of a statute,
Act 1995 provides guidance as to the
London: The Stationery Office. cite the section as well as the statute; e.g.,
meaning of ‘impairment’ …
the Police and Criminal Evidence Act
1984, Section 24(1). Note you may see (c.
50) in your readings which refers to
Chapter 50, but in your UCEM referencing
you do not need to include this.
Cite a statutory instrument using the short
title of the instrument and the year.
The title of the statute/act should not be
The Building Regulations 2010 (SI
Statutory In accordance with The Building italicised. Do not include a URL.
2010/2214), London: The Stationery
instruments Regulations (2010) … To refer to a section of a statutory
Office.
instrument, cite the section as well as the
statutory instrument; e.g., The Building
Regulations 2010, Section 4.
Law Indicate law commission number in
Law Commission (2014) Rights to light
Commission Rights to light (Law Commission 2014) … brackets. You can indicate a particular
(Law Com No 356. HC 796) [2.9].
Report section of the work in [ ].
Indicate the party names (no initials)
Law reports
In-text: in Donoghue v Stevenson the decision was … separated by ‘v’. There is no need to
(cases)
quote a year when citing in text.
Example of a reference to a law report (case) In the reference, provide the party names
– do not include initials of people. You
Parties names Neutral citation and/or Law report can abbreviate common terms (Co =
company; BC = Borough Council; VO =
valuation offices).
UCEM style is that the year should
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] UKHL 100, [1932] AC 562. appear in square brackets [ ].
Include at least one citation either to the
neutral report or a law report.
• Examples of a neutral citation code:
Year of case Court code Page/case number UKHL, UKSC, EWHC, EWCA Civ, etc.
• Examples of law reports are: AC,
QBD, Ch, Fam, WLR, All ER, EG LR
(Estates Gazette). The law report
abbreviation should be followed by the
court in brackets (e.g. HL) unless a
Example of a reference to only part of a law report neutral citation clearly indicates this.
No URL is required for a law report.
Parties’ names Volume Court Depending on the structure of the law
(not in this case) report you can reference part of a law
report by using either:
• paragraph numbers [1]–[13]
Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 (HL) 566 (Lord Atkin). • page numbers 566–567
You can also cite a judge (see example).
You can verify the citation details by
Year of case Law report Page/case Page/case searching for the case in JustisOne or
Judge
code number number or WestLaw (available via OpenAthens
[paragraph] Library login).
number Only official case citations or law reports
should use the style shown in this section.
WestlawUK (2006) ‘R. v Rimmington (Anthony); R. v Goldstein (Harry Chaim)’ To reference an analysis, discussion or
[online case analysis], WestlawUK [accessed 7 November 2018]. explanation of a case on a website use
Law case JustisOne (2006) ‘R v Rimmington; R v Goldstein (Harry Chaim) [2005] UKHL 63, the style shown for a website citation. If
analysis [2006] 1 AC 459’ [online overview], JustisOne [accessed 7 November 2018]. relevant add a descriptor in square
isurv (2021) ‘Cases - Cutter v Powell’ [online]. Available at: www.isurv.com/ brackets, e.g. [online case analysis].
directory_record/3998/cutter_v_powell [accessed 8 February 2021].
The publisher is indicated on the original
document and is usually: HM government,
Calcutt D (1990) Report of the
HMSO, The Stationery Office or the
Government … as emphasised with the Calcutt (1990) Committee on Privacy and Related
specific government department that
reports report on privacy … Matters [print], Cm 1102, London:
produced it, e.g. Department for
HMSO.
Education and Skills. Some reports are
known by chairperson’s name.
Ministry of Housing, Communities and
Local Government (MHCLG) (2020)
Housing With Damp Problems-
Spreadsheet [csv], 8 October.
Government …a trend clearly shown by MHCLG (2020) The date is important as there are two
Available at: www.ethnicity-facts-
data data. data sources published each year.
figures.service. gov.uk/housing/
housing-conditions/housing-with-
damp-problems/latest#download-the-
data [accessed 28 January 2021].
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Approved documents are not Statutory
Local Government (MHCLG) (2010) instruments and so are referred to using
Approved Document M: Access to and the style for a web page.
Use of Buildings, Volume 2: Buildings Note addition of edition/version (2015
Approved Approved Document M. Volume 2 other than dwellings (2015 edn) edn) where an update was published.
documents (MHCLG 2010) explains … [online]. Available at: www.gov.uk/ To reduce word count in your main text,
government/publications/access-to- long government or company names and
and-use-of-buildings-approved- titles of documents can be abbreviated
document-m [accessed 22 October (e.g. MHCLG and ADMv2) if defined and
2020]. used consistently.
Barton C and Wilson W (2021)
Tackling the Under-Supply of Housing
in England, Research briefing, 14
House of A report by the House of Commons Library The House of Commons Library provides
January [online], London: House of
Commons (Barton and Wilson 2021) provided data on data and reports to help the government.
Commons Library. Available at:
Library … Reference these using the report format.
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/r
esearch-briefings/cbp-7671/ [accessed
20 January 2021].
British the guidance given in BS 5950 (BSI 2003) British Standards Institution (BSI) It may be useful to add an acronym (BSI)
Standards is that steel should … (2003) BS 5950-8:2003: Structural for a long institutional author to simplify
Use of Steelwork in Building: Code of citations and reduce word count.
Practice for Fire Resistant Design
[online], London: British Standards
Institution.
5. QUICK GUIDE TO COMMON SOURCES

The following table presents examples of citing citations and references for the most commonly used sources in
submissions to UCEM. For a more comprehensive set of examples, see Section 4.
Source In-text citation example Full reference example

UCEM study sources
UCEM (2020a) ‘Activity 3.3: Using scale’ [study resource],
UCEM (2020a) provided an interesting resource on 3CONTDR (Mar 2020), Week 3, Reading: UCEM. Available at:
Study resource how scale is used in construction and graphical https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/page/view.php?id=287699 [accessed
drawings which indicated… 28 July 2020].
(Note: pre-2016 items were published by CEM rather than UCEM.)
Hontoir J (2017) ‘Change management: Summary of the week’s
A useful summary was provided by the module posts’ [forum], DEV4SUS (Apr 2017), Week 7, Reading: UCEM, 7
Forum message
leader (Hontoir 2017), who indicated that … June. Available at: http://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/forum/discuss.php
?d=216911 [accessed 14 June 2017].
During his talk, Mr Hough (2016) stressed the Hough G (2018) ‘Managing construction projects’ [webinar],
Lecture or importance of … SMA5CSM (Apr 2018), Reading: UCEM, 12 May. Available at:
seminar https://learn.ucem.ac.uk/mod/lti/view.php?id=268074 [accessed 13
May 2018].
UCEM (2017a) Management Accounting Versus Financial
After watching the management accounting video Accounting [video], MAN4RMT (Oct 2017), Week 6, Reading:
Video clip
(UCEM 2017a), I reflected on … UCEM Available at: http://learn.cuem.ac.uk/mod/page/
view.php?id=198559 [accessed 25 September 2017].
Own previous During a recent project, I reflected upon a particular Smith J (2017) Reflective workplace diary [unpublished], Location:
experience instance where … (Smith 2017). Name of your company/organisation.
Other sources
European Space Agency (2013) ‘ESA Earth observation missions’
Evidence from the European Space Agency (2013)
Webpage/website [online]. Available at: https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-
…
operational-eo-missions [accessed 28 July 2020].
The present value of a pound can be calculated by
UCEM (2020b) Parry's Valuation and Investment Tables (14th
Table/Image using the values shown in Parry’s tables (UCEM
edn) [print book], Abingdon: Routledge.
2020b:44).
Holmes J and Hudson G (2002) ‘The application of BREEAM in
corporate real estate: A case study in the design of a city centre
Journal article – Holmes and Hudson (2002) review the application of
office development’, Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 5(1), 66–78
two authors* …
[online]. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/
14630010310812019 [accessed 28 July 2020].
Cumming and Hickie (2004) describe …
Cumming J and Hickie R (2004) How to Manage Your Own Block
Book – two or
of Flats: A Flat-Owner’s Guide to Taking and Maintaining Control
authors* It is clear from previous research (Cumming and (2nd edn), Reading: College of Estate Management.
Hickie 2004) that …
The interpretation of leases is explained by Banfield Banfield A (2005) Stapleton's Real Estate Management Practice
(2005: Chapter 6) … (4th edn) [e-book], Abingdon: Routledge. Available at:
e-book
Note: If your e-book does not have page numbers www.vitalsource.com/bookshelf/books/585049 [accessed 28 July
refer to the chapter name/number in your citation. 2020]. (Access via module.)
You may access an e-book via another platform. Cox R N, Kempster J A and Bassi R (1993) Survey of
Performance of Organic-Coated Metal Roof Sheeting [e-book],
e-book on CIS Note that the reader may not have access to the Watford: BRE. Available at: www.ihsti.com/CIS/document/85806/
same resources, so consider indicating how you [accessed 16 November 2020]. (Access via OpenAthens Library
accessed the book (as indicated on some modules). Login.)
RICS (2019a) RICS Valuation – Global Standards (Red Book
Institution as Global) [online], London: RICS. Available at: www.rics.org/uk/
The Red Book (RICS 2019a) recommends that …
author upholding-professional-standards/sector-standards/valuation/red-
book/red-book-global/ [accessed 13 December 2019].
Department for Business Innovation and Skills (BIS) (2010)
Healthy High Street? A Healthcheck for High Streets and Town
As noted in the Health High Street? Report (BIS
Industry report Centres, BIS/10k/11/10/NP, URN 10/1224 [online], London: BIS.
2010) …
Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/high-streets-
and-town-centres-a-healthcheck [accessed 28 July 2020].
The Equality Act 2010 lists a number of protected
Act of Parliament Equality Act 2010, London: The Stationery Office.
characteristics, including age and disability.
* If a book or journal has three or more authors, then cite the surname of the first author followed by et al.
6. REFERENCES
[These are sorted alphabetically by: author, year and if necessary by title. Where you have multiple items by the same author allocate ‘a’, ‘b’, etc. to
the year according to the order in which they occur in the document (e.g. 2017a, 2017b).]
The following list of references provides examples of the different styles seen in this guide.
@Fact (2014) ‘Scientists discover that brains of tiny spiders are so big they overflow into their legs’, Twitter, 17 April. Available at:
https://twitter.com/Fact/status/456815386738954240 [accessed 28 July 2020].
Abrams M (2009) ‘Item 7.2: Town centre pigeon control’, in Minutes of Public Hygiene Committee Meeting [print], Biddlescome Parish Council, Biddlescombe,
27 September.
Anon. (2010) ‘Steeling for upswing: steel construction’, Construction World, 44(7) (Mar 2010), 36–37 [online].
Autodesk Corporation (2017) Maya 2018 [computer program]. Available at: http://students.autodesk.com [accessed 28 July 2020].
Banfield A (2005) ‘6. Commercial Property: Commercial leases’, in Stapleton's Real Estate Management Practice (4th edn) [e-book], Abingdon: Routledge.
Available at: www.vitalsource.com/bookshelf/books/585049 [accessed 28 July 2020]. (Access via module.)
Barnett A (2004) ‘Greenhouse effect may benefit man’, Observer on Sunday [print], 28 November, 13.
Barton C and Wilson W (2021) Tackling the Under-Supply of Housing in England, Research briefing, 14 January [online], London: House of Commons
Library. Available at: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-7671/ [accessed 20 January 2021].
BIS (2010) Healthy High Street? A Healthcheck for High Streets and Town Centres [online], BIS/10k/11/10/NP, URN 10/1224, London: Department for
Business Innovation and Skills (BIS). Available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/high-streets-and-town-centres-a-healthcheck [accessed 28 July
2020].
Boll H (1995) Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum [print book], Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag GmbH.
Bradbury A J (2010) Successful Presentation Skills (4th edn) [print book], London: Kogan Page.
BRE (1995) Assessment of Damage in Low-Rise Buildings – With Particular Reference to Progressive Foundation Movement [print], BRE Digest 251,
Watford, Hertfordshire: BRE Press.
British Standards Institution (2010) BS ISO 690:2010: Information and Documentation – Guidelines for Bibliographic References and Citations to Information
Resources [online], London: British Standards Institution. Available at: https://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030147089 [accessed 28 July
2020].
Brown G (2008) Interview, Today Programme [radio], BBC Radio 4, 15 May, 08:10.
Brown J (2008) Role of an engineering consultant [interview], interviewed by Tony Smith, 26 April.
Bureau van Dijk (2008) BT Group Plc Company Report [online], London: FAME. Available at: http://fame2.bvdep.com [accessed 28 July 2020].
Calcutt D (1990) Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters [print], Cm 1102, London: HMSO.
Chan H H (2017) Assignment 2 [unpublished coursework], LAW4RFW (Oct 2017).
CM Staff (2021) ‘CIOB calls for “immediate action” on cladding repair bills’, Construction Manager [online], 3 February. Available at:
https://constructionmanagermagazine.com/ciob-calls-for-immediate-action-on-cladding-repair-bills/ [accessed 5 February 2021].
Commission for Rural Communities (2010) State of the Countryside Summary Report [print], London: Commission for Rural Communities.
Cox R N, Kempster J A and Bassi R (1993) Survey of Performance of Organic-Coated Metal Roof Sheeting [e-book], Watford: BRE. Available at:
www.ihsti.com/CIS/document/85806/ [accessed 16 November 2020]. (Access via OpenAthens Library Login.)
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7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[Sorted alphabetically by author, year and if necessary by title. Where you have multiple items by the same author allocate ‘a’, ‘b’, etc. to the year
according to the order in which they occur in the document (e.g. 2016a, 2016b).]
The following sources have been reviewed during the creation of this guidance document:
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[accessed 28 July 2020].
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services/library/learning-support/reference-management/what-is-referencing/ [accessed 28 July 2020].
London South Bank University (2017) How to Do Your Referencing - Harvard System, Library Services Help Sheet 30 [online], London: Library Services,
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Open University Library (2014) ‘PDF version of the OU Harvard Guide’ [online], Milton Keynes: Open University Library. Available at:
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University of Manchester (2017) ‘Referencing guide at the University of Manchester: Harvard Manchester’ [online], Manchester: The University of Manchester
Library. Available at: http://subjects.library.manchester.ac.uk/referencing/referencing-harvard [accessed 28 July 2020].
University of Reading (2017) ‘Citing References’ [online], Reading: University of Reading Library. Available at: http://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-
references/introduction [accessed 28 July 2020].
University of West of England (2017) ‘UWE Bristol Harvard’ [online], Bristol: Library Services, University of West of England. Available at:
www1.uwe.ac.uk/students/studysupport/studyskills/referencing/uwebristolharvard.aspx [accessed 28 September 2017].
Note: UCEM cannot accept responsibility for the content of external websites. Please view and
refer to UCEM’s Terms of use.

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The UCEM Guide to

The UCEM Harvard referencing system

February 2021, Version 2.1

1. WHY REFERENCE AND CITE?

Version 2.1: changes and updates made since Autumn 2020

Cover images: Circles and keyboard

• who produced it (author);

Type / notes Example(s)

UCEM study Academic Industry/practice Communication

Source Example reference Notes

Dostoevsky F M (1980) Crime and Punishment [print book]

Alternative/social media sources

Source Example of in-text citation Example of reference Notes

5. QUICK GUIDE TO COMMON SOURCES

Source In-text citation example Full reference example

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