Name:

Medel
ynC.Per
ales Januar
y02,
2022

Cour
se/
Sect
ion:
BSBA-
2F

Subj
ect
:Hi
stor
y(Li
fe&Wor
kofRi
zal
)

Fi
nalExami
nat
ion

A.Sear
chf
ort
hedef
ini
ti
on:

a.Justpr ovi
de fif
ty( 50)impor
tantter
minol
ogies (
social
,economic,and
pol
it
icalf
rom thenov elNol
eMeTangere,andfi
fty(50)fr
om ElFil
ibust
eri
smo
wit
hashor tdescr
ipti
onofeachter
minol
ogy.

NOLIMETANGERE:

 Thor
oughar
e:

- A pat
hthatl
inkst
wopoi
nts;t
hemaj
orr
oadi
na
nei
ghbor
hood

 Bucol
ic:

- I
nani
cewayconnect
edt
othecount
rysi
de

 Casui
st:

- A sophi
stis someone who ut
il
izes smar
tbut
i
ncorr
ectr
easoni
ng.

 Pat
ri
cian:

- (n)Anar
ist
ocr
atornobl
eman;(
adj
).ar
ist
ocr
ati
n
natur
e

 Coadj
utor
:

- Abishopappoi
ntedt
oassistanotherbi
shopandi
s
f
requent
lynamedashissuccessor

 Adul
ter
ati
on:

- Theactofloweri
ngt hequal
i
tyofsomet
hingby
addi
ngsomethi
ngelse.

 Cur
ate:

- acer
tai
nsor
tofcl
ergy
man
 El
egy
:

- a solemn poet
ry, usual
l
y wr
it
ten about t
he
deceased

 Di
aphanous:

- del
i
cat
eandl
i
ght

 Super
cil
ious:

- act
ingasi
fonei
ssuper
ior

 Scapul
ary
:

- ashor
tcl
oakusedbycl
ergymember
s

 Or
emus:

- i
nacathol
icli
tur
gy,aLat
inphr
aset
hatmeans“
let
uspr
ay”i
spronounced

 Sacr
ist
y:

- achur
chchamberwher
eapr
iestpr
epar
esf
ora
l
i
tur
gy

 Temer
it
y:

- ext
remebr
avado

 Lugubr
ious:

- appear
ingorsoundi
ngdepr
essed

 Rel
iquar
y:

- ar
ecept
acl
eforsacr
edi
tems

 Edi
fyi
ng:

- gi
vi
ngmor
alori
ntel
l
ect
ual
sti
mul
ati
on

 Ser
aphi
c:

- r
esembl
i
ngorl
i
keser
aphi
m(angel
i
cbei
ngs)
  Sagaci
ous:

- shr
ewd

 Sepul
cher
:

- Tomb

ELFI
LIBUSTERI
SMO:

 Aba:

- Atagal
ogi
calexclamat
ionofawe,sur
pri
se,
orother
emoti
on,f
requentl
yusedtoi
ntr
oduceoremphasize
acontr
adi
ctorysent
ence.

 Al
cal
de:

- Governor of a provi
nce or di
str
ict wi
th bot
h
executi
veandjudi
cial
author
it
y.

 Ay
unt
ami
ent
o:

- A muni ci
pal corporat
ion or counci
l and, by
extensi
on,t he buil
ding i
n which itis housed;
specifi
call
y,t
hecapitoli
nmanil
a.

 Bal
ete:

- ThePhi
l
ippi
nebany
an,at
reesacr
edi
nMal
ayf
olk-
l
ore.

 Banka:

- A dugout canoe wi
th bamboo out
ri
gger
s or
suppor
ts.

 Bat
alan:

- Theplatf
orm ofspl
i
tbambooat
tachedt
oani
pa
house.

 Bat
ikul
in:

- Asweetmeatmadeofsugarormol
assesandr
ice
f
lourt
hatar
ewidel
yav
ail
ablei
nsmal
lshops.
 Buy
era:

- Awomanwhopr
epar
esandsel
lthebuy
o.

 Buy
o:

- Wrappingapi eceofar eca-nutwit

hal it
tl
eshell-
li
me
i
nabet el-
leaf-t
hepanofBr i
ti
shI ndi
amadet he
mast i
catory.TheAr abian jasmine:asmal l,white,
ver
yf ragrantf lower,ext ensi
vel
y culti
vated,and
wornbywomenandgi rl
si nwreathsandr osari
es-
the typicalFi li
pino f
lower .
Tit
le ofa cabeza de
banrangay ;givenbycour tesytohiswifealso.

 Cabezadebar
angay
:

- Hewast heheadandthet axcol

lect
orf
oragroup
ofaboutf i
ft
yfamil
i
es,forwhom hewasper
sonall
y
responsi
blefort
hei
r“t
ri
bute”

 Cal
esa:

- At
wo-
wheel
edchai
sewi
thf
oldi
ngt
op.

 Capi
tan:

- Theti
tl
e“capi
tan”i
susedtoaddressorr ef
ertoa
gober
nador
cil
l
ooraf or
merhol
derofthatoff
ice.

 Car
ambas:

- A Spanish excl
amat
ion denot
ing sur
pri
se or
di
spl
easure.

 Cedul
a:

- Cer
ti
fi
cat
eofr
egi
str
ati
onandr
ecei
ptf
orpol
l
-tax.

 Ci
vi
lguar
d:

- I
nternalquasi
-mil
i
tar
ypoli
ce for
ce compri
sed of
Spanishof
fi
cersandi
ndi
genoussoldi
ers.

 Cuar
to:

- Acoppercoi
n,onehundredandsixt
yofwhi
chwer
e
wor
ththesameasasi l
verpeso.
 Gober
nador
cil
lo:

- The “handsome gov

ernor
,”the chi
efmunici
pal
off
ici
alwhoi sal
sot heheadofat radegui
l
di n
Manil
a.

 I
ndi
an:

- InthePhil
i
ppines,theChr ist
iani
zedMal ay
swere
ref
err
edtoasI ndio(Indians)
,ader ogator
yter
m.
Theterm “Fi
l
ipi
no”wasgener al
lyappli
ed tot
he
chi
ldr
enofSpaniar
dsbor nintheIsl
ands.

 Kamagon:

- Atreei
ntheebonyfami
l
ythaty
iel
dsfi
necabi
net
wood,i
tsfr
uiti
sthemabol
o,al
soknownast he
per
simmon.

 Lanet
e:

- Av
ari
etyot
imberusedi
ncar
ving.

 Mal
acanang:

- The captai
n-pal
ace:general
’
s der
ived f
rom the
popularname oft he ar
ea i
n whi
ch itstands,
“f
ishermen’
splace.
”

 Nov
ena:

- A devoti
onconsi
sti
ngofpr ay
ersr
eci
tedonnine
consecut
ivedaysto obtai
naspecialfav
or;al
so
i
ncludesapray
erbooklet
.

 Pangui
ngui
:

- Acompli
catedcardgamepl
ayedwi
thamont
edeck,
usual
l
yforsmallst
akes.

 Panuel
o:

- Astarchedcravat,f
oldedst i
ff
lyovertheshoul
der,
f
astened i
nf ront
,and t aperi
ng attheback:the
mostdi st
ingui
shi
ng f eat
ure ofFili
pino women’
s
t
radit
ional
atti
re.
 Pr
ovi
nci
al:

- Theheadofr
eli
giousor
deri
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes.

 Ti
enda:

- Ashoporst
all
fort
hesal
eofmer
chandi
se.

 Ter
ti
arysi
ster
:

- Amemberofal aysoci
etyaf
fi
li
atedwi
thar
egul
ar
monast
icor
der
.

 Teni
ent
e-may
or:

- “Seni
orli
eut
enant
,”theseni
ormemberofthetoen
counci
landsubst
it
utefort
hegober
nador
cil
l
o.

 Tampi
pi:

- Atelescopi
cbasketofwov
enpal
m,bamboo,or
r
att
an.

 Tabu:

- Aut
ensi
lfashi
onedf
rom hal
fofacocnutshel
l
.

 Sampagui
ta:

- TheArabianjasmineisasmall,whi
te,v
eryf
ragr
ant
fl
owerthatiswidelycul
ti
vat
edandwor nbywomen
andgi
rlsinwreathsandrosar
ies.
B.Giv
eal lt
hecharact
ersofNoliMet
anger
eandElFi
li
bust
eri
smowi
thashor
t
descr
ipt
ionofeachcharact
er.

NOLIMETANGERE:

 Cr
isost
omoI
bar
ra:

 I
sthemai
npr
otagoni
sti
ntheNol
eMeTanger
e

 Thecharact
er’
sful
lnameisJuanCr i
sost
omoI bar
ray
Magsal
in.Inthebook,hei
sfrequentl
yreff
eredtoas
I
barr
a.

 Cri
sostomoI bar
rai
sthemest i
zo(mixed-r
ace)sonof
Fil
ipi
no busi
nessman Don Raf
aelIbarr
a.The y oung
manst udi
edi nEur
opeforsevenyears.Hisfiancéis
thebeauti
ful
lassMari
aClar
a.

 Mar
iaCl
ara:

 Ful
lnameMar
iaCl
aradel
osSant
os

 Thedaught
erofCapi
tanTi
ago

 Thef
iancéeofCr
isost
omoI
bar
ra.

 Padr
eDamaso:

 Spani
shf
ri
arl
i
vingi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes

 Fat
herDamasoi
sanar
rogantandpedant
icpr
iest

 Despi
tehav
ingli
vedamongstFi
l
ipi
noandhear
ingt
hei
r
conf
essi
onsforovert
went
yyear
s

 El
ias:

 Anoutlaw andv agabondrevol

utionar
ywhosentt he
powert o Catholi
c Church and Spani
sh gov
ernment
havet
hePhi l
ippines.

 Healsotri
estoconvinceIbarratoj
oinhi
m andaband
di
senchanted r
evol
utionari
es who wanttor et
ali
ate
agai
nsttheabusi
veCiv i
lGuard.

 Aft
erI
bar
rasav
eshi
sli
fefrom av
ici
ouscrocodi
l
e,El
i
as
swear
stoprot
ectt
hey oungmanf rom hi
senemies,
 whi
char
elegi
on.

 Padr
eSal
vi
:

 Aseri
ousandcommi t
tedSpani
shfr
iarwhotakesover
f
arherDamaso’
sposti
nsanDiegoasthetown’
spri
est.

 FraySalv
iisamet i
culousandcunningmanwhouse
hi
sr el
i
giousstat
ureforpoli
ti
cali
nfl
uence,benef
it
ti
ng
bothhi
mselfandthechurch.

 Kapi
tanTi
ago:

 AFili
pinosoci
ali
teandwel
l
-respect
edmemberoft
he
count
ryt’
sweal
thyeli
te.

 Closewi t
hhi gh=ranki
ngcler
gymember slikeFat
her
SalviandFatherDamaso.Capt ai
nTiagoi
soneoft he
ri
chestpropertyownersinMani
laandSanDiego.

 Ei sconcer
nedwithmakingsur
ehisdaught
er,Mari
a
Clara,marr
ies an af
fl
uentman wi
th ample soci
al
capital
.

 Pi
losopot
asy
o:

 Anoldmanwhousedt ostudyphil
osophyandwho
pr
efer
ssecul
arknowl
edget
oCathol
ici
sm.

 Tasiorespect
sIbarr
aandhopesdearlythatI
barr
awill
succeedinbuil
dingaschoolt
hati
sindependentoft
he
church.

 DonRaf
aelI
bar
ra:

 Cr
isost
omoI
bar
ra’
sfat
her

 Don Rafaelperished i
n pri
son af
terf
atherDamaso
accusedhim ofheresyandsubv
ersi
on.

 Cr
ispi
nandBasi
li
o:

 Theyt
rai
nedt
obecomeasext
on

 Ther
emot
heri
ssi
sa

 Ther
ear
emal
tr
eat
edbyPr
iest
 Si
sa:

 Themot
herofCr
ispi
nandBasi
l
io

 Marr
iedtoadr
unkgamberwhoprovi
desnot
hingi
nthe
wayoffi
nanci
alorev
enemot
ional
suppor
t

 Shegoescr
azyaf
terl
osi
ngherboy
s.

 DonTi
bur
cioDeespanada:

 A Spani
ard who speaks wi
th a stut
terand l
ooks
si
gni
fi
cantl
yoldert
hanhist
hir
ty-
fi
veyears

 DonTibur
ciocamet
ot hePhil
i
ppinesasacust
oms
of
fi
cer
,butwasdi
smi
sseduponhisarr
ival

 When Mari
a Clar
af al
l
sil
l,though,Ti
bur
cioi
sonce
agai
nfal
sel
ypracti
cingmedici
ne.

 Dony
aVi
ctor
ina:

 AFi
l
ipi
nawomanmar
ri
edt
oDonTi
bur
cio

 Dona Consol
acion is a brut
al,v
ulgarpartnerwho
berat
estheensign,engaginghiminintensephysi
cal
fi
ghtshear
dacrossthetown.

 Rizaldepict
sDonaConsolaci
onasi ncr
ediblycr
assand
veryugly,wri
ti
ngthatherone“ster
li
ngtrai
t”isthatshe
seemst ohav e“
neverl
ookedinthemi r
ror.
”

 Capt
ainGener
al:

 Anunnamedr epr
esent
ati
veof Spai
n,andt
he
hi
ghestgov
ernmentoff
ici
ali
nthePhi
l
ippines

 Civi
lguard member s,townpeopl
e,and fr
iar
sal ike
deeplyr
especthim anddefertohi
sjudgment,
eachset
ofpeopl
ev ol
ley
ingforhi
sf avor
.

 For
tunatel
yforI bar
ra,t
heCapi
tangenerali
snotan
ent
husiast
ic support
erofthe chur
ch and i
ts ov
er-
i
nfl
atedpower .
  Li
nar
es:

 DOCTORTi
bur
ciodeEspanadana’
snephewf
rom Spai
n

 Li
nar
eshasal aw degr
eeandisthemostint
ell
i
gent
memberoft
hedeEspadanafamil
y,af
actt
hatenders
hi
mtoDonaVictor
ia.

 DonFi
li
poLi
no:

 Thedeput
ymay
orofSanDi
ego

 Don Fili
po i
s descri
bed as “
almost li
beral
” and
repr
esentst
he inf
ormalpart
yofthe younger,more
open-mi
ndedgener
ati
on.

MI
NORCHARATERS:

 Fat
herSi
byl
a:

 A priestinBinondo,adistri
cti
nMani l
a Sibyl
ai sa
skil
lf
ullandslydebaterwhoagit
atesfatherDamasaat
Ibarr
a’swelcome-homeparty.Heisanev en-t
empered,
rati
onalr el
igi
ous fi
guret hat cont
rast the absur
b
Damasoandt hecorr
uptSal
v i
.

 Capt
ainBasi
li
o:

 Sinang’sfather
,apedant i
cmanwhoi sthespeakerof
SanDi ego’sconservati
veparty
.Anenemyandr i
valof
Don Raf ael,Basil
i
of ashi
ons hi
mselfaf t
erfamous
Romanor at
ors,advocati
ngforast
rictadher
encetothe
church.

 Lucas:

 They ell
owman’ sbrot
her.Want
ingrevengei nI
barr
a,he
teamsupwi thfatherSalvit
oframet hey oungmanas
theringleaderofthegr oupofbandit
st hatatt
acksthe
mili
tarybarracks.

 Capt
ainPabl
o:

 Thel
eaderoft
hebandof“
per
secut
ed”menwhowant
 revengeont heci
vi
lguard.El
iasmeet swithPabloand
aks him t o delay hi
s plan to attacks ci
vi
li
zat
ion,
conv i
ncing him that it would be best i fIbarr
a
represented them so they can achievethei
rgoals
nonv i
olentl
y.

 Br
uno:

 Tar
sil
o’sbr
other,whodiest henightoft
heattacks.
Bef
orehisdeath,Brunorepeat
swhatLucashast ol
d
hi
m-namely
,thatIbar
rai
stheleaderoft
her
ebel
l
ion.

 AuntI
sabel
:

 Capt
ain’
sTiago’scousi
n,andthewomanwhor ai
sed
Mari
aClaraaft
erhermother
’sdeat
hdur
ingchi
l
dbi
rt
h.

 Capt
ainTi
nong:

 Af ri
end ofCaptai
nTi ago’
s.likeTi ago,Tinong onl
y
caresabouthisownimage.Wheni tseemsast hough
Tiago’
sf amil
y has been di
sgr aced because ofi t
s
associat
ionwi
thIbar
ra,hequicklyturnshi
sbackonhi s
fr
iend.

 TheChi
efSext
on:

 Themani nchargeoftakingcareofthechur
ch.The
sext
onessential
l
ydoesf atherSal
vi
’sdi
rt
ywor k,l
i
ke
beati
ngCr i
spi
norhangingLucasaf t
ert
heattackon
thebarr
acks.

 Vi
ctor
ia:

 oneofMar
iaCl
ara’
sfr
iends,
andoneofhercousi
ns.

 Andeng:

 OneofMar i
aClara’
sfri
ends.Andenghasknownmari
a
Cl
araforaveryl
ongt i
me,havi
ngev enshar
edt
hesame
wet
-nurseasaninfant
.

 Si
nang:

 OneofMar
iaCl
ara’
sfr
iendsandcousi
ns.
  I
day
:

 OneofMar
iaCl
ara’
sfr
iends.

 TheGr
avedi
gger
:

 Acementer
yworkerwho,onf
atherDamaso’
sorders,
exhumesDonRafael
’
sbody.Ibar
raint
err
ogat
est hi
s
man.

ELFI
LIBUSTERI
SMO:

 Si
moun:

 CrisostomoI bar r
ai ndisguise,lef
tfordeadatt heend
ofNol ime t angere.Ibarra has r esurf
aced as the
weal t
hyj eweler,Simoun,spor t
ingabear d,blue-t
int
ed
glasses,anda r evolv
er.Fueledbyhi smi str
eatmentat
thehandsoft heSpani ardsandhi sfuryatMar i
aClara’
s
fate,Si moun secr et
ly plans a r evolut
ion to seek
revengeagai nstthosewhowr ongedhim.

 I
sagani
:

 Basil
io’
sf r
iendandoneoft hest udentswhopl annedto
setupanewschool .Heisv eryi
dealisti
candhopesf or
abetterfuturef
orthePhil
ippines.Hisgi r
lf
ri
endwast he
ri
chandbeaut i
fulPauli
taGomez,butt heybrokeup
oncehewasar rest
ed.Despitethis,hisloveforhersti
l
l
endured.Hesabot agedSi moun’ spl ansbyr emoving
thelampt hatcontai
nedexpl osi
v esandt hrewitinthe
waters.

 KabesangTal
es:

 CabezaTel esf
oroJuandeDi os,af or
mercabezade
barangay(barangayhead)ofsagpang,abar angayin
SanDi ego’
sneighbor
ingtownTi ani
,whoresurfacedas
thefearedLuzonbanditMatanglawin.Heisthesonof
TandangSel o,
andfatherofj
uliandTano.

 DonCust
odi
o:

 Cust
odi
odeSal
azarySanchezdeMont
eredondo,a
 famous“ j
ournal
ist
”whowasaskedbyt hestudents
abouthisdecisi
onfortheAcademiadeCast
ell
ano.In
real
i
ty,
heisqui t
eanordinar
yfel
lowwhomarr
iedarich
woman in orderto be a memberofManila’
s high
soci
ety
.

 Paul
it
aGomez:

 The gi r
lfr
iend of Isaganiand t he niece of Dona
Victori
na,theoldI ndiowhopassesher sel
foffasa
Peninsular,who ist he wif
e oft he quack doctor
Tiburci
o de Espadana.I nthe end,she and juanito
pelaezar ewed,andshedumpsI sagani
,beli
evi
ngt hat
shewi l
lhav enofut
ur eifshemarri
eshim.

 Macar
aig:

 OneofI sagani
’
sclassmat esatt
heUniver
sit
yofSant o
Tomas.Hei sarichstudentandser
vesastheleaderof
the st
udent syearni
ng t o bui
l
dt he Academia de
Castel
l
ano.

 Fat
herFl
orent
ino:

 Isagani’
sgodf at
her,andasecul arpriest;wasengaged
tobemar ri
ed,butchoset obeapr iestafterbei
ng
pressured by his mot her
,t he story hint
ing atthe
ambi val
ence of hi s decision as he chooses an
assignmentt oaremot eplace,li
v i
ngi nsolit
udenear
thesea.Fl orent
inoalsohar borsgreatwhent helat
ter
washi dingfrom hi
swi f
e,Dony aVict
or i
na.

 Hul
l:

 Juli
ana de Di os,the girl
fr
iend ofBasi l
i
o,and t he
youngestdaught erofKabesangTal es.Toclaim her
fat
herf r
om t hebandits,shehadt owor kasamai d
under t he super vi
sion of Her mana penchang.
Eventual
ly,shewasf reedbutcommi tt
edsuici
deafter
FatherCamor raatt
empt edtorapeher.

 Juani
toPel
aez:
  Afavori
test
udentoft
heprofessors.Theybel
ongtothe
nobleSpani
shancest
ry.Aft
erf ai
l
inginhi sgr
ades,he
becamepaulit
a’snew boyf
riend and theyevent
uall
y
wed.

 DonaMat
uti
nay
:

 Vict
orinadelosRey esdeEspadana,knowni nNol iMe
TangereasTi burci
odeEspadana’ scr uelwi
fe.Shei s
theauntofPaul it
aGomez,andf av
or sJuani
toPel aez
overisagani
.Hei ssearchi
ngf orherhusband, whohas
l
eftherandi si nhiding.Al
thoughofI ndioher
itage,she
considersherselfasoneoft hepeninsular.

 Fat
herCamor
ra:

 Thelustf
ulpari
shpri
estofTiani
,SanDiego’sadj
acent
townwhohasl ongti
medesiresforyoungwomen.He
rapedJul
icausi
ngthelat
tert
ocommi tsui
cide.

 Ben-
Zay
b:

 Thepseudony m ofAbraham I
banez,ajour
nal
istwho
bel
ievesheisthe“onl
y”onethi
nkingint
hePhil
i
ppines.
Ben-zaybis an anagram of Ybanez,an alter
nat
e
spell
ingofhi
sname.

 Pl
aci
doPeni
tent
e:

 Ast udentoft heUniversi

tyofSantoTomaswhowas
veryint
elli
gentandwi sebutdidnotwant ,
ifnotonl
yby
his mot her
’s plea,t o pursue hi
s studi
es.He also
control
shi st emperagai nstpadreMill
on,hisphysi
cs
teacher.Duringhi shighschooldays,hewasanhonor
studenthail
ingf rom Batangas.

 Her
manaPenchang:

 Sagpang’
sr i
chpusakal(gambl
er)
.Sheof
fer
sJulit
obe
hermai d so t
he latt
ercan obtai
n money t
of ree
 Kabesang Tal
es.Di
sbel
i
ev i
ng ofJul
iand herclose
fr
iends,
sheconsi
der
shersel
fasanall
yoft
hefri
ars.

 Fat
herI
rene:

 CaptainTiago’sspi r
it
ualadv i
ser.Alt
houghr eluct
ant,he
hel
ped t he student sto establish the Academi a de
Castell
ano af t
erbei ng convinced by giving him a
chestnut.Theonl ywitnesstoCapt ainTiago’sdeath,he
for
gedt helastwi llandtestamentoft hesoBasili
owi l
l
obtai
nnot hingfrom theinherit
ance.

 Qui
roga:

 AChinesebusinesswhodreamedofbei
ngaconsulf
or
hi
s countryint he Phi
l
ippi
nes.He hi
de Si
moun’s
weaponsinsi
dehishouse.

 DonTi
mot
eoPel
aez:

 Juani
to’
sf at
her
.He i sar i
ch busi
nessmen and
arr
angesaweddingforhissonandPaul i
ta.Heand
Simounbecamebusi
nesspar
tner
s.

 TandangSel
o:

 FatherofKabesangTalesandgr andfat
herofTanoand
Juli.Heraisedthesi
ckandy oungBasil
ioaft
erheleft
theirhouseinNolimetangere.Hediedinanencounter
ont hemountai
nswi t
hhi ssonTal es,whenhewas
kil
ledbyabat t
ali
onthatincludedhisowngr andson,
Tano.

 Fat
herFer
nandez:

 Thepr i
est
-f
riendofIsagani.Hepromi
sedtoIsagani
thatheandtheotherpr
iest
swill
giv
eint
othest
udents’
demands.

 Sandov
al:

 The vi
ce-
leaderof Macar
aig’s gang classmat
e of
i
sagani
,hecoerceshiscl
assmat estoleadalongsi
de
hi
m openi
ngoftheSpani
shlanguageacademy .
 Her
manaBal
i:

 Anotherweal
thygambl
eri
nTi ani
.ShebecameJuli’
s
mother-
fi
gur
e and counsel
or; hel
ped to r
elease
KabesangTal
esfr
om t
hehandsofbandi
ts.

 Fat
herMi
ll
on:

 ADomi nicanf r
iarwhoserv
esast hephysi
csprofessor
oftheUni ver
sityofSant
oTomas.Heal waysbecomes
vi
ndicti
vewi thPl aci
doandalwaystauntshim during
cl
ass.Mi ll
oni sbasedon/inspi
redbyani l
l-
manner ed
Domi ni
canf r
iarwhowasRi zal’
sanat
omypr ofessorin
SantoTomas.

 Tadeo:

 Macrai
’s cl
assmate.He,along withthe otherthree
member softhei
rgang,supposedl
ypostedtheposters
that“
thanked”DonCust odi
oandFat herIr
enef orthe
openi
ngoft heacademi
adeCast el
lano.

 Leeds:

 AnAmer i
canwhoholdsst
ageplay
sstar
ri
ngsev
ered
heads;
heisgoodf
ri
endswi
thSi
moun.

 Pepay
:

 DonCustodi
o’ssupposed“gi
r l
fr
iend”.Adancer,shei
s
al
waysagit
atedofher“boyf
riend”plans.Sheseemsto
beacl
osef r
iendofMacarai
g.

 Gober
nadorGener
al:

 Thehi ghest -
rankingoffici
alinthePhi l
i
ppinesduring
the Spani sh col onial period, this unnamed
charact erpret
endst hatwhathei sdoi
ngisforthegood
oft hei ndios,thel ocalcit
izensofthecount r
y,butin
reali
ty,hepr i
orit
izestheneedsofhi sfel
lowSpaniards
l
ivingint hecount r
y.
  Pecson:

 Classmate who had no i dea on t

he happeni
ngs
occurr
inghi
m.Hesuggest edthatt
heyhel
dthemock
celebr
ati
onatthepanci
ter
ia.

B.Answert
hef
oll
owi
ng:

A.Nol
iMeTanger
eisaf
orei
gni
nfor
m,butwhatmakesi
tnat
ive?

 Thebooks“ NoliMeTanger e”waswr i

ttenf orust ohav epower ,tof uelpeopl e’
s
desiref orchangesandl iberation.Thebooki saf i
ctionalstor y,butitcont ainsthe
hidden t rut
h aboutt he col oni algov ernment ’s and t he Cat hol i
c Chur ch’
s
corrupt i
on and abuse.I n hi s book,Ri zalexpr essed t he gr owi ng nat i
onal
consci ousnessofmanyFi li
pinoswhof oughtagai nstSpani shcol onialruleand
soughtdemocr ati
cr ights.I tal sor ev
ealedt hehei nousr eal i
tyofhow we,t he
Fili
pinos,havel ongbeensubj ect edt oslavery, corruption,andabuseatt hehands
oft heSpani ards.Itindirectl
yf uel edthef l
amesofr evolution,andi tservedasa
wake- upcal lforal lFili
pinost obr eakf reef r om t heirtranceofasupposedl y
“harmoni ousandpeacef ul”r elationshipwi tht heSpani ards.Nol iMeTanger e
gav euscour age;i
twast heseedt hatinspiredust ost opbei ngi gnor ant,andi t
reawakened ourdesi ref ori ndependence and f reedom.Ri zal
’s wr iti
ng was
createdt of uelthegr owingnat ionali
sm t hatwi l
lai dFi l
ipinosi nbr eakingf r
ee
from thebondsofabuse.

Af amouslinefr
om thebookwasdiscoveredatt heend,andi
tcamef rom El
i
as
whenaddr essi
ngthesewor dstoBasil
i
o:“ Ishalldiewit
houtseeingthedawn
breakuponmyhomel and.You,whoshal
lseeit,salut
eit
!Donotforgett
hosewho
havefal
lenduri
ngthenight
.”

Thesewor dsareamessagenotonl ytoBasi lio,butt

oallofuswhol i
vedinat i
me
oflibertyandindependence.Itwasast atementaskingusnott of orgetthe
sacri
f i
ces,
li
ves,deathsmadebymanyFi l
ipinosf ort
hefreedom wehav etoday.I
t
remindsusofourobl i
gati
onandr esponsibili
tyasanew gener ati
ontof i
ghtfor
ourcount r
yinthesamewayt hatthosewhohav egonebeforeushav e.We,as
Fil
i
pinos,shouldbepr oudofwhatourcount r
yhasaccompl ished,andwewi l
l
continuetostr
iveforabetterf
uture.
B.Nol
iMet
anger
eisapol
it
icalnov
elofDr
.JoseRi
zal
,butwhatmakesi
tpol
it
ical
?

Nol iMeTanger e,wr ittenbyDr .JoseRi zal,cont ainshist or

icalandsent i
ment al
element st hathav ehadasi gni fi
canti mpactont henat i
on.I topenedourmi nds
andey est oourcount ry ’
st r
uev i
llains.I twaspr imar i
lyaimedatFi lipinos,buti t
also senta message t o ot hercount ri
es.Thi s book pr ovided us wi th an
oppor tunityt ot rulycompr ehend and l earnagr eatdeal .Thebooknotonl y
demonst rat ed how t heSpani sh gr adual lyeroded ourr ightsand posi t
ion as
Fil
ipinos, butal sohowt heygr adual l
ydr ewourf ell
owFi li
pinost ot heirsi de.Some
ofourFi lipinol eader shadgr ownt i
redoff ame,money ,andpower ,whi chhad
blindedt hem.DonaVi ct ori
ai saspeci ficexampl ef r
om t hebook:shedi sowned
hercount ryandchoset obe“ oneoft hem” ,whi chsi mplymeanst hatFi li
pinosin
thepastwer eunawar eofhow bl essedt heywer ei nvariousar eas.Howev er
,in
thisdayandage, l
istener sorr eader smayi nter
pr etsomeoft hebook’ scont entto
beal labouthowcor ruptandabusi vet heSpani shar e.Rizalpor trayedFi l
ipi
nosby
emphasi zingt hei rposi tivequal it
ies,suchast hei rdev oti
ont oaFi l
ipinaandher
i
mpactonaman’ sl i
fe,t heirdeepsenseofgr at i
tude,andt heirsol idcommon
senseundert heSpani shr egime.Fi l
ipinoscanl earnmor eaboutt hepastby
readingt hebook.I tmakesusr eal i
zet hattherear esomepar all
elsbet weent he
pastandt hepr esent .Becauset hepr ev iousgov er nmentwascor ruptandabusi ve,
peopl e’
sv iewsonourcur r
entgov er nment ’ssy stem hav eshi f
tedasar esultof
l
ear ningaboutt hepr obl emsandpot ent i
alformsofcor ruptionf rom t hebook.I t
alsot aughtust hatourenemi esi nt hepastwer enotonl ySpani ards,butal so
Fil
ipinoswhodeni edourcount ry.

C.ElFi
li
bust
eri
smoi
sar
eli
giousnov
elofDr
.JoseRi
zal
,butwhatmakesi
trel
igi
ous?

 Itiswel lknownt hatdur ingt heSpani shper iod,t hefri

arsint hePhi l
i
ppi neswer e
cruelandt yrannical.Thi si mageofabadSpani shfri
ari sbestcapt uredi nt he
nov elsofnat i
onalher oJoseRi zal,par t
icularl
yElFi li
busteri
smo.Themonksgav e
ust hebl essing when wef ounded ourcount ry,especiallywhen i tcamet o
urbani zation.Theyt aughtuspr operet iquette,suchashowt ospeak,talk,andeat .
Thef r
iarswer eresponsi blef orthef oodweeatt oday .Theyal sotaughtushowt o
becul turall
yandmor al
lysophi st
icated( goodmanner s).Inot herwor ds,they
wer eresponsi bl
ef ort hecr eationoft heFi li
pinobecauset heywer eabl etospr ead
theChr i
st i
anf ai
tht hroughoutourcount ry.Asi def r
om theirreli
giousact ivi
tiesas
nativef aitht eacher s,t hey wer e also f armer s,architects,wr i
ters,sci entist
,
doct ors, andsoon.Thef ri
ar swer eal soi nchar geoft hecol ony’
sadmi nist
ration.
Themonksdepi cted ashav i
ng negat i
vequal iti
esin Ri zal’
snov elsNol iMe
Tanger eandElFi li
bust erismoar emer elyficti
onalchar act er
s.Butwhywoul d
Rizalt hinkt hef ri
arswer ecr uelatt het i
me?I t
’sbecausehewasaf reemason
 whenhewaswr i
ti
ngthenovel
s.Freemasonsareanti
-Cat
holi
c,whichexplai
ns
whyRi
zaldi
spar
agedt
hefr
iar
s.Fort
unatel
y,bef
orehi
sexecuti
on,heconv
ertedto
Cat
hol
ici
sm.

C.Expl
ainandDi
scusst
hef
oll
owi
ng:

A.Cav
ityMut
inyandGomBur
Zaexecut
ion

 On the nightofJanuary20,1872,appr oximatel

y200 Fili
pino soldi
ers and
l
abor er
smut ini
edattheCavi
teAr senal
,ledbyacer t
ainLamadr id,aFili
pino
sergeant.Themut i
neer
shad secretl
yagr eed t
o ajointinsurgencywi t
ht he
Fil
i
pinosol di
ersinmanil
a,wi
tht hesignalbeingt hefir
ingofr ocketsatt he
Int
ramur oswall
s.

Unfortunatel
y,themanilasuburbofSampaloccelebr
atedi
tsf
iestathatnightwith
spectacularfi
reworks.TheCav i
teconspi
rat
orstookuparmsaf terbeli
evingthat
thefireworkswer esetof fbymani l
at r
oops.Theyassassi
natedt hei
rSpani sh
off
icersandt ookoverthearsenal
.

Thenextmor ni
ng,governmenttroopsledbyFeli
peGinovesrushedt oCavi
te.A
bl
oodbath ensued.Dur i
ng the fight
ing,many oft he mutineers,i
ncl
uding
Lamadri
d,werekil
led.Thesurv
ivorsweredef
eatedandimpri
sonedi nmanil
a.

TheSpani shi nf
latedthemut inyi ntoa“ revolt
”inor dertoincri
mi natetheFilipi
no
pri
est-patri
ots.I
nr eali
ty,i
twasamut inyofCav it
eandl aborer
swhower eenr aged
bythegov ernment ’
sr emov aloft heiroldpr ivi
l
eges,par ti
cularl
yt heexempt i
on
fr
om t ri
buteandf orcedl abor.Howev er,Spanishwr i
tersclai
medt hatitwasa
sedit
iousi nsurgencyagai nstSpani shwr iter
scl aimedt hati twasasedi ti
ous
i
nsurgencyagai nstSpani sh r ule,insti
gated byf athers Burgos,Gomez,and
Zamor a,aswel lasot herFi lipino leaders.Thiscl aim wasf alse,buti twas
acceptedbygov ernmentof ficialsbecausei tpr ovided anexcuset or emov e
Fil
i
pinol eaderstheydidnotl i
ke.

 Foll
owingthesuppressi
onofthemut i
nyinCavit
y,manyFil
ipi
nopatr
iotswere
arr
estedandimpri
soned.Amongthem wer
ethreepri
est
s,Fat
herGomez,Burgos,
andZamor a,whoadvocatedf
orFil
i
pinopr
iestwhoweredenieddueprocessby
theSpani
shauthor
iti
es.

Theirmovementwaspopul
arl
yknownast heFi
li
pini
zati
onorsecular
izati
onof
thecler
gybecausei
tadvocat
edforequal
i
tybetweennat i
vesecul
arpr i
ests–
pri
estswholi
vedamongthepeopl
e–andSpanishpriest
swhol i
vedinreli
gious
 communiti
esseparat
efr
om thecit
ies.Becauseoft
hei
rbrownski
ncolorand
Asianancest
ry,Fi
l
ipi
nopri
estswer
enotper mi
tt
edtohol
dhighandlucr
ati
ve
posit
ioni
nthechur
chatt
hetime.

FathersBur gos,Gomez,andZamor awer esent encedt odeat hbygar rote,a

strangul
ati
on machi ne,afteran absurdt r
ialin a mi li
tar
y cour t
.The court
sentencewasappr ovedbyt hesternGeneralIzquierdo,whot heni mmediatel
y
requestedthatAr chbishopGergori
oMel i
tonMar t
inezofmani laremovet hei
r
pri
estlyvestmentsbefor et
heywereexecuted.Thear chbi
shopr efusedbecause
hebel i
evethethreecondemnedpr i
estswereinnocent.

Thet hreepriest
swer estranglest odeathatBagumbay anonFebr uary17,1872.
TheSpani shauthori
ti
esmadeaf at
alerrorincarr
yingoutt hisexecuti
on.The
Fil
ipi
noswer eoutr
agedbecauset heysawt het
hreepri
estsaspubl icmar ty
rsof
theirfatherl
and.Intheirout rage,Fili
pinossetasider egionaldiff
erencesand
bandedt ogetherasaunifiednat iontofightSpanishinj
usti
ce.Thus, t
hebl oodof
the1872mar tyr
ssowedt hef ert
il
egr oundf orFi
l
ipi
nonationali
sm.

B.Nat
ional
ism i
nElFi
li
bust
eri
smo

 Thesemi nalnov elsoft hePhi l

i
ppi nes,“Elf i
l
ibusteri
smo”( 1891),ar ewr i
tt
eni n
Spani sh,al anguaget hatbegant of adef rom thear chi
pelagoaf tertheUni t
ed
Statesdef eatedSpai nintheSpani sh-Amer i
canwari n1898andi mposedEngl ish
ast hel inguaf ranca.Ri zalhadbeenout spokeninhi soppositiontot heSpani sh
gov ernment ,buti napeacef ulandpr ogressivemanner .Tohi m,“ t
hepenwas
might iert hant heswor d,”andheex posedt hecor rupt
ionandmi sconductof
gov ernmentof ficial
saswel lasSpani shf ri
arsthroughhiswr it
ings.Rizalsharply
cri
ticizedSpani shcol onialruleint hecount ryandexposedt hei l
lsofPhi li
ppi
ne
societ yatt het imei nbothnov els.Becausehewr oteaboutt hei nj
usticesand
brutaliti
esper petratedbySpani ardsi nthecount r
y,theaut horit
iespr ohi
bit
ed
Fil
ipinosf rom r eadingt hedi vi
sivebooks.Theydi dnot ,howev er,compl et
ely
prohibitt hem. asmor eFi l
ipi
nosr eadt hebooks,t heireyeswer eopenedt othe
factst hatt heyhadbeensubj ectedt ounspeakabl eabuseatt hehandsoft he
fri
ars.

Thesenov elsbyRi zal,now consideredl iterarymasterpieces,ar esaidt ohav e

sparkedthePhi l
ippi
neRev oluti
oninadv ertent l
y.ElFi
li
buster i
smo,Ri zal
’
ssecond
andmor eperplexingnovel,i
sambi guousaboutt henecessar yconditi
onsf oranti
-
coloni
alrevoluti
on.Thear ti
clecont endst hatt heseambi guit
ieswasdel i
berate
andserveasani nvi
tat
iontoacol l
ect i
ver eflecti
ononrev ol
ut i
onaryresponsibil
it
y.
Itisdemonst rat
edt hatRizal’
snov elnegot iat
esthet ensionbet weeni ndivi
dual
responsi
bil
it
yandcol lecti
veact i
onusi ngDer ri
da’sconceptoft he‘apor i
aof
responsi
bil
it
y.’Rizalcr
eatedaspacef orthedemocr ati
cnat ionali
sm byinvokinga
 col
l
ect
ivei
mpasse.

These nov elwer e writ

ten t
or eali
ze the aut hor’
s desir
ef orf reedom and
i
ndependencef orhi
speopl einreal-
li
fesituati
ons,dur i
nghundr edsofy earsof
oppressionandt hedarkestdaysofimper i
alism.Theyal soser veasl essonsf or
fut
uregener ati
onswhor eadthebookandt akeev erythi
ngfrom nat ionali
sm and
patr
ioti
sm t oresponsi
blesocialandpol i
ti
calact i
vism andt hewayt of ightfor
whatisr i
ghttoheart.Author
it
ari
anf i
guresfrequentlytrytoeli
mi nateidealistand
i
ntel
lectualsbecausetheyseethem asat hreat.Pickingupapen, readingabook,
andonlyr esort
ingtoviol
encewhenal lbureaucrati
canddi plomat icopt i
onshav e
beenexhaust edisonewayt orebelagai
nstsuchoppr essi
vesy stems.

C.Ri
zalasf
il
ibust
ir
o.

 Aguilar,Fi
lomenowr oteanar ticl
et it
ledf i
li
bust er
,rizal,andt heMani l
amenoft he
Nineteenthcent ury.Rizalhadt odef i
net het er
mf i
li
buster,whichhassev er al
meani ngs.Thenov el’
st i
tl
e,f il
ibusteri
smo,i sder iv
ed f r
om t hesi mplerter m
“Fi
li
bust ero”,whichmeansr omanCat hol i
candi sdedi cat
edt othet hreepr iest
mar tyrs,Mar i
anoGomez,JoseApol onioBur gos,andJaci ntoZamor a,whoar e
beli
ev edtohav ebeenv ict
imsoff ai
rnessandcr uelty,butf orj
ohnLi pski,i
tisa
Flyi
ngBoat .TheNol iMeTanger edescr ibest hesit uati
onofFi li
pinos.Fil
ibust er,
ont heot herhand,meansr ev oluti
onar y,rebell
ious,andr ati
onal.Rizaldedicat ed
thebookt othememor yoft heGombur za, thr
eepat rioti
cFilipi
nopr i
estwhower e
accusedoff il
i
busteringandt husexecut ed.

ElFil
ibusteri
smoi smuchdar kerandmor ebr utal
.Thisnov elhast hepot enti
alto
makemeabet t
erpersonbecauset henov el
’
smessagei sthatviolencei snever
theanswer .Fi
nall
y,withSimoun’ sdeat handf at
herFl orenti
no’slament ati
ons,
JoseRi zaldemonst rat
edt hatviolencei snev ertheanswer .Themostr ecent
i
ncidentdemonst r
atedunequivocallyt hatv i
olenceisnev erthesol uti
ont oany
problem.Iti ssi
mpl yamet hodofr eplacinganol dpr oblem wi t
hanew one.El
Fil
i’
smi ssionist oeducatethepubl icandbr ingFili
pinoscl osertot het r
uth.In
thi
s nov el,societ
yi s ur
ged tof ace r eali
ty and rebelagai nstt he Spani sh
governmentf oroppressi
onandmi streatment .

It
’sent i
cingtoseeRi zal
’
sdupl ici
tyapproachingtheFil
ibuster
oi saf i
gur eofboth
corruptionandcr iti
cism i
nt henov el.Her i
desthetasksofgr iefandv engeance,
transformingone’ sdemandsi ntot hepoweroft heother.But,aswe’ l
lsee,the
fi
gur eoft hef i
li
busterisexact lywhyRi zalneedst oconj ureupi nor derto
renounce.Andbyr enouncing,hecl ar
if
ieshisstatusast heaut horoft hi
stext
,
whi chisr enouncing;hecl ari
fi
eshi sstatusast heaut horoft histext,whichis
any thi
ngbutcl earinthetroubledcondi t
ionsofthelat
eni net
eent hcentury.
D.Ot
herwr
it
ingsofDr
.JoseRi
zal
:

a.ToMyFel
lowChi
ldr
en

- JoseRi zalwr otethepoem “MyFellow Childr

en”toencourageyoungpeopl
eto
use theirt alent
s and make the mostoft hemsel
ves.He also wr
oteitto
encouragey outtobeproudofwhot heyare,andthefir
ststept
owardthati
sto
communi cateorspeakinthei
rnat
ivelanguage.

From thef i
rstst anza,iti
sclearthatRi zalwantsustolov eourownl i
nguisti
c
communi cationandt oseei tasagi f
tf r
om above,forwhi chweshoul dbe
grat
eful.I
tisar ecognit
iongi
ventousi nthesamewayt hatanyothernati
onality
i
s.Weknow t hatRizalwasinspiredt owr i
tethi
sversefor
m dur i
ngthetimeof
Spanishrulebecausewewer esubj ecttothem.Heencour agesust oval
ueour
l
ingui
stic communi cati
on because iti s a measur
e ofouraut onomy.Ri zal
compar esittoaf ree-f
lyi
ngbi
rdint hesky.

b.Tot
heFi
li
pinoYout
h

- Dr.JoseRizal’
spoem “TotheFi l
i
pinoYouth”i
samessaget hatemphasizesthe
i
mpor tanceofy outhandt hei
rabili
tyt
oshapet hefutureofourmot herl
and.
Despitethetur
moi lt
hatourcountrywasexper
iencingattheti
me,Dr.JoseRizal
expressesopti
mism.

Thepoem “ ToFi l
ipi
noYout h”
, l
ikeallotherpoemsbyournat i
onal
heroDr.JoseP.
Rizal,isunquestionabl
yamast er
piecewor threadingandcomprehendi
ng.AsI
exami nedeachl i
neoft hepoem,Iwascompl etelyblownawaybyt hethree
component st hatmakei tup:t hewayi tiswritt
en,themessageitatt
emptst o
emphasi ze,andt hepoem’ssi nceri
ty.Imustsayt hatthesear
ethepoem’smai n
strengthsandt hereasonitdrewmyat tenti
on.

c.Hy
mnt
oLabor

- JoseRizal
’spatr
iot
ism shi
nesthroughi
nthispoem,“hy
mnt oLabor,
”inwhi
chhe
exhor
tshisfel
lowment ofightf
orthei
rcountr
y,whet
herinwarorpeace.

Themensi ngthef i
rststanza.Thishymni denti
fi
est hef i
rstoff oursocialgroups.
Itrepresentstheideat hatallmember sofsoci ety,regardlessofgenderorage,
shouldsuppor tandhonort heircountry
.Inthemi dstofst renuouswor k,menf i
nd
i
nspi r
ationandmot iv at
ionintheirfamil
iesandt hel and.Farmi nghasl ongbeen
thepr i
mar yoccupationofmeni nthiscountry
,par t
icular
lyint heearlyy ear
s,and
thi
sv erseisat ri
butet othefarmerswhor i
sebef oredawnt ot i
llt
heirland.They
doi tnotforthemoney ,butforthecommongood:t hefami l
y,thehome,andt he
fat
her l
and.
d.Tot
heYoungWomenofMal
olos

- I
nt hislett
er,JoseRi zalexpr esseshiscer taintythatonedayhewi l
lavenget he
Spaniardswhoexpl oitedt heFi l
ipinowhower ev i
cti
msofabuseandcr uel
ty.
Rizal
’s writ
ings,par ti
cul arl
yhi st wo nov els,depi cta wi de r
ange ofabuses
perpetr
atedbySpani ar dsagai nstFilipi
nos,andhepr omisest hatthosewho
makemi st
akeswi llbepuni shed,imprisoned, andexecut edastheydeser ve.Jose
Rizal
’slegacyt oFili
pinowomancanbef oundi nhisfamousessay“ tothey oung
womenofMal olos,”inwhi chheaddr essesal ltypesofwomen-mot hers,wives,
unmar r
ied,etc.–andexpr essesev ery
thinghewi shestour geonthem.

e.ThePhi
li
ppi
neaCent
uryhence

- “ThePhili
ppineacentur
yhence”i
sanessaywr i
tt
enbyPhi l
ippinenati
onalhero
JoseRizalthatpr
edict
sthecount
ry’sf
utur
eahundr edyearsint hefutur
e.Rizal
fel
titwast i
met oremindSpainthatt
hecircumstancesthatledt otheFrench
revol
uti
oncouldhaveanimpactonthePhil
i
ppinesaswell.

WhenRi zalwrotethisfour
-par
tsociopolit
icalessay,hewassi mplyremi
nding
Spain ofthe consequences ofcont inui
ng to mi st
reatt he nati
ves i
nt he
Phil
ippi
nes.Heal sodepict
edthecount ry’
sdi r
esituati
onandhow t henati
ves
werekeptinthedar kbecauseSpainbel i
evedthatFili
pinoswereonlymeantt o
servethei
rmot herl
and.Peopl
elikeRizal,Jaena,delPilar,andother
s,mucht o
Spain’
schagri
n,woul dnotsett
leforlessandknew t hatt herewasmor etoli
fe
thanbeingcol
onized.

f
.MyLastFar
ewel
l

- “Mylastf
arewel
l”byJoseRizalisapoem abouthisimpendingdeathwri
tt
ento
honorhi
shomeland,t
hepre-
HispanicPhi
l
ippines,
forwhichhewasgivinghi
sli
fe.
Healsousedthepoem t
obidfarewell
tofr
iends,f
amil
y,andlovedones.

Fighti
ngf orourcountryissimil
artofightingforwhatwecar eabout.Fi
ghti
ngf or
ourcount r
ymeansf ighti
ngforourf r
eedom, aswellasthefr
eedom ofourfami l
y,
fri
ends,andlov edonesDr .JoseRizali sregardedasournat i
onalherobecause
hedemonst r
atedthatfighti
ngdoesnotr equi
retheuseofaswor dorany thi
ng
thatcancausehar mt oothers.Evenaf eathercanstri
vefori
ndependence.I
nt his
poem,hedemonst r
atest hatwewi l
lf indf r
eedom afterallofourt r
ial
sand
tri
bul
ations.