Savitribai Phule Pune University

A Project Stage- I Report on

Design And Simulation Of CO2 Vapor

Compression Cycle Using Ejector
Expansion
By

Mr. Pravin Dahiphale Mr. Rahul Chipure

Mr. Abhay Sonwane Mr. Durgesh Pawar

Guide
Prof. Mrs. Shruti Vedpathak

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri,
Pune -411 018
[2021 - 2022]

Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Technology, Pimpri,

Pune -411018.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Mr. (Name of the student/s) has successfully completed the Project
stage-1 entitled “Design And Simulation Of CO2 Vapor Compression Cycle Using Ejector
Expansion” under my supervision, in the partial fulfilment of Bachelor of Engineering -
Mechanical Engineering of Savitribai Phule Pune University during the academic year 2022-
2022.

Date:
Place: Pune

Prof. Mrs. Shruti Vedpathak

Guide External Examiner

Dr.K. K. Dhande Dr. Pramod D. Patil

Head of Department Principal
Dr. D.Y. Patil Instt of Tech. Dr. D.Y. Patil Instt of Tech.
Pimpri, Pune Pimpri, Pune
Seal

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Acknowledgement
We express our sincere thanks to our guide Prof. Mrs. Shruti Vedpathak , for her constant
encouragement and support throughout our B.E project, especially for the useful suggestion
given during the course of the project period and having laid down the foundation for the success
of this work.

We would like to thank our project coordinator for his assistance, genuine support and guidance
from early stages of the project.

We would like to thank Dr. K. K. Dhande, Head of Mechanical Engineering Department for his
unwavering support during the entire course of this project work.

We are very grateful to our principal Dr. Pramod D. Patil for providing us with a positive
environment.

We also thank to our staff members of our college and technicians for their help in making this
project a success. Finally, we take this opportunity to extend our deep appreciation to our family
and friends, for all they meet to us during the crucial times of the completion of our project.

Mr Durgesh Pawar
Mr. Rahul Chipure
Mr. Abhay Sonwane
Mr. Pravin Dahiphale

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Contents

Sr. No. Topic Page

No.
Introduction 1-3
1.0 Introduction to Vapour Compression System
1.1 Problem Statement
1
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Scope
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Organization of Dissertation

2 Literature Review
Design Work
3 (CAD Model/ Drawing and their description)
3.1 Construction
3.2 Working of System
3.3 Experimental Setup
4 Simulation (CFD)
4.1
4.2
5 Possible Outcomes
6 Concluding Remarks and Scope for the Future Work
6.1 Concluding Remarks
6.2 Scope for the Future Work
References

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List of Figures (Samples)

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

1 Methodology Chart 6

2 Constructional CAD Diagram 13

3 Vehicle Suspension AC System 14

4 Experimental Setup 15

5 Air storage tank 16

6 Bicycle pump 18

7 Heat exchanger 19

8 Non return valve 21

9 Single acting cylinder 23

Coil spring
10 24

Pressure gauge
11 25

List of Tables (Sample)

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Sr.No Name of Table Page no

1 Standard component cost 41

2 Non Standard component cost 41

4 Cost of Machining 42

Nomenclature (Sample)

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Sr. No Symbols Description Page No

Abstract

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In this project we describes the development of a vapor compression cycle for refrigeration with
co2 as refrigerant for his eco-friendly nature over other convectional refrigerant. An ejector
expansion transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle is proposed to improve the COP of the basic
transcritical CO2 cycle by reducing the expansion process losses. As we compare ejector as
expansion device with convectional expansion device like capillary tube. Due to the design of
ejector as it follows the venturi effect phenomenon it was found that the COP of the ejector
expansion transcritical CO2 cycle can be improved by more than 25% over the basic transcritical
CO2 cycle for typical air conditioning operation conditions. Also the system will simulated at
typical air-conditioning operating conditions to investigate its performance improvement over a
basic transcritical CO2 refrigeration system. Different operating conditions are considered and
the cycle performance with a CO2 ejector is compared to the conventional CO2 refrigeration
cycle and a conventional R134a system.

Chapter - 1

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Introduction

Vapor compression cycle uses a circulating fluid refrigerant as the medium which
absorbs and removes heat from the space to be cooled and rejects that heat
elsewhere. The VCC refrigeration system comprises of a compressor, a condenser,
thermal expansion valve also known as throttle valve and an evaporator.
Circulating refrigerant enters the compressor and is compressed to a very high
pressure resulting in a high temperature. The hot, compressed vapor is then in the
thermodynamic state known as a superheated vapor and it is at a temperature and
pressure at which it can be condensed with either cooling water or cooling air
flowing across the coil or tubes. This is where the heat is transferred from
circulating refrigerant to an external medium allowing fluid refrigerant to cool and
condense. This condensed fluid refrigerant then passes through an expansion valve
where its pressure reduces results in temperature drop. The cold refrigerant liquid
and vapor mixture is then routed through the coil or tubes in the evaporator. The
selection of working fluid has a significant impact on the performance of the
refrigeration cycles and as such it plays a key role when it comes to designing or
simply choosing an ideal machine for a certain task. One of the most widespread
refrigerants is Freon. Unfortunately, chlorine- and fluorine-bearing refrigerants
reach the upper atmosphere when they escape. In the stratosphere, substances like
CFCs and HCFCs break up due to UV radiation, releasing their chlorine free-
radicals. These chlorine free-radicals act as catalysts in the breakdown of ozone
through chain reactions. One CFC molecule can cause thousands of ozone
molecules to break down. This causes severe damage to the ozone layer that
shields the Earth's surface from the Sun's strong UV radiation and has been shown
to lead to increased rates of skin cancer. The chlorine will remain active as a

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catalyst until and unless it binds with another particle, forming a stable molecule.
CFC refrigerants in common but receding usage include R11 and R-12.

Carbon dioxide is an eco-friendly natural refrigerant with no ODP (Ozone

Depletion Potential) and very low GWP (Global Warming Potential). Moreover, it
is cheap, least toxic and freely available in nature. It has potential to be ideal
refrigerant. Hence CO2 can be used as a refrigerant in Vapor Compression Cycle.
However, this phenomenon used to be unpopular couple of decades earlier,
because of very high operating pressure and low coefficient of performance due to
lack of development. The enhancement in performance in CO2 transcritical cycle
has been attained through optimization of the parameters, modification of basic
cycles, by adding and replacing of the components in the system. Through
replacing capillary tube as an expansion by Ejector Expansion can improve the
coefficient of performance of the cycle. Ejectors expansion has low cost, it has less
maintenance and offers better COP. Ejectors can be used to recover the expansion
loss as known as throttle loss to increase the performance. A transcritical CO2
refrigeration cycle with an ejector expansion device is analyzed here using a
constant pressure mixing model for the ejector expansion device. The system was
simulated at typical air-conditioning operating conditions to investigate its
performance improvement over a basic transcritical CO2 refrigeration system.
Different operating conditions are considered and the cycle performance with a
CO2 ejector is compared to the conventional CO2 refrigeration cycle and a
conventional R134a system. In addition, an ejector is designed for given operating
conditions.

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1.1 Problem Statement

To analyze the system performance depending upon various options for the parts between the
ejector and attached components and also to improve the coefficient of performance of the
vapor compression system working on CO2 as a refrigerant by the method of iteration along
with the simulation through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) softwares like AutoDesk
CFD, Powerflow, OpenFOAM. To study the parameters coming from using the newest
Ejector expansion valve rather than using conventional Capillary tubes.

1.2. Objectives
1. Literature study of ejector systems in transcritical vapor compression cycle.
2. Selection of compressor for 1 TR capacity.
3. Design and simulation (CFD Model) of ejector system for Vapor compression cycle for 1 TR
capacity.
4. Comparison of Ejector Expansion system with the conventional Vapor compression cycle
using capillary tube

1.3. Scope

The intentions of governments worldwide to prohibit the use of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and
HCFCs (Hydrochloroftuorocarbons) has forced refrigeration engineers to search for new fluids
to perform the cooling of enclosures such that there is no degradation of performance compared
to that of the proven CFC and HCFC technology. In particular, HFCs are presently used in newly
produced refrigerating/ air conditioning systems. HFCs are substances which are not reactive
with ozone but retain thermal and transport properties similar to CFCs andHCFCs. Hence this
new class of fluids (CO2) may be used with machinery already designed for CFCs and HCFCs
with minor modifications.

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1.4 Methodology

Flow Chart

Finalization of topic by literature Surveys

Defining problem statement and doing calculation for setup

Designing of CAD model

Simulation on CFD software

Result validation by comparing with basic transcritical

vapour compression system

Conclusion

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1.5. Organization of Dissertation

(Summary of each chapter in one para)

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Chapter - 2

Literature Review

1. Paper title: A comparative study of CO2 refrigeration systems

Author: Evangelos Bellos, Christos Tzivanidis
Publication Details: Energy Conversion and Management, Elsevier, Received 25
November 2018; Accepted 26 December 2018
Findings: This detailed literature review shows that there is a lot of interest in the
investigation of refrigeration cycles with CO2 as the main or the only refrigerant. There
are different examined ideas with the main goal to increase the COP.
Year of Publication: 2018

2. Paper Title: Compressive experimental study on a transcritical CO2 ejector expansion

Refrigeration System.
Author: Yinhai Zhu, Conghui Li, Fuzhen Zhang, Pei-Xue Jiang
Publication Details: Energy Conversion and Management, Elsevier, Received 7 June
2017; Received in revised form 19 August 2017; Accepted 21 August 2017
Finding: In this paper, a comprehensive experimental study on the performance of an
ejector and a transcritical CO2 ejector-expansion refrigeration system is presented. The
ejector performance is in terms of the entrainment ratio, pressure lift ratio, efficiency, and
coefficient of the liquid mass balance were investigated.
Year of Publication: 2017

3. Paper Title: Thermodynamic design and simulation of a CO2 based transcritical vapour
compression refrigeration system with an ejector
Author: Md. Ezaz Ahammed, Souvik Bhattacharyya, M. Ramgopal
Publication Details: ScienceDirect, Elsevier,Received 24 March 2017, Received in
revised form, 9 June 2017, Accepted 12 June 2017
Finding: This paper supplements a thermodynamic approach to design an ejector for a
given operating condition employing variable properties of the working fluid along with
detailed system simulation. Furthermore, effects of varying operating conditions on the
system simulation have been comprehensively evaluated for the given geometry of
ejector.
Year of Publication: 2017

4. Paper Title: Heat Transfer Process Within The R744 Twophase Ejector: Numerical And
Experimental Study
Author: Michal Haida, Jacek Smolka, Armin Hafner, Mikolaj Mastrowski, Michal
Palacz
Finding: This proper proposes the numerical model of the R744 two-phase ejector
simulated the two-phase supersonic flow behaviour together with the heat transfer
process occurred between the fluid flow and the ejector walls. In addition, the different
ambient conditions were considered in the proposed model. The CFD model approach
together with the computational procedure was described.

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Chapter - 3

Design Work

3.1. Construction

Fig .1 : CAD Diagram of Ejector

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3.2. Working of System

Fig. 2 :Ejector

3.3. Experimental Setup

Fig. 3 : Experimental Setup

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Chapter - 4

Simulation (Analytical/Numerical/FEM/CFD)

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Chapter - 5

Possible Outcomes

➢ The design condition of the ejector valve as per the range of application requirement

➢ Performance comparisons between two systems.

➢ Optimization studies including energetic analysis.

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Chapter - 6

Concluding Remarks and Scope for the Future Work

6.1. Concluding Remarks

6.2. Scope for the Future Work

References

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Papers from Journal or Transactions:

[1] Ersoy, H, Bilir N, Performance characteristics of ejector expander transcritical CO2

refrigeration cycle, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers,Part A: Journal of
Power and Energy, 2012; 226; 623-635.
[2] Liu, Y.; Sun, Y.; Tang, D. Analysis of a CO2 Transcritical Refrigeration Cycle with a
Vortex Tube Expansion. Sustainability 2019, 11(7); 2021.

Papers from Conference Proceedings:

[1]Deodhar D, Prabhu V, Iyer K, Experimental and Numerical Investigations on two-phase flow

through (adiabatic and heated) and helically coiled (adiabatic) capillary tubes, in: 18th National
& 7th ISHMT- ASME Heat and Mass Transfer conference, 2006, IIT Guwahati, India
[2]Eggen G, Aflekt K, Commercial refirgeration with ammonia and CO2 as working fluids.
Proceedings of the Third IIR: Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids, Oslo,
Norway, 1998; 281–92.

Reference Books:

Bansal P, Yang C, Reverse heat transfer and re-condensation phenomena in non-adiabatic

capillary tubes. Appl. Thermal Engg., 2005, 25(17–18), 3187–3202

Reports, Handbooks etc.:

[1]American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta,Georgia,

from the 1994 ASHRAE Handbook—Refrigeration, Chapter 36,“Environment Test Facilities,”
Chapter 37, “Cryogenics,” and Chapter 38, “Low Temperature Metallurgy.”
[2] CIBSE Guide B3, 2016. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration. Internet :
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc Patent : 6,112,547, “United States Of America”, Sep. 17, 1998,
Reduced Pressure Carbon Dioxide Based Refrigeration System, 2000.

Patent :

Patent no, Country (in parenthesis), date of application, title, year.

Internet :

www.(Site) [Give full length URL] accessed on date.

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