Paramveer Pce19me704 Project Report

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMOKELESS CHULHA
Project Report
on
A Project Report
submitted
in
partial fulfilment of the requirements of
the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Mechanical Engineering
Guided by: Submitted by:

Dr Rahul Sen Nidhish Pareek-PCE18ME045
(Associate Pro. Mechanical Dept.) Paramveer Singh-PCE19ME704
Atul Singh-PCE19ME701
Shailesh Katara-PCE19ME705
Shubham Yadav-PCE18ME066
(Session 2021-22)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Poornima College of Engineering
ISI-6, RIICO Institutional Area, Sitapura, Jaipur – 302022
July 2021
Department Certificate
This is to certify that Nidhish Pareek - PCE18ME045, Paramveer Singh – PCE19ME704, Atul
Singh - PCE19ME701, Shubham Yadav– PCE18ME066, Shailesh Katara – PCE19ME705 of
the Mechanical Engineering Department of Poornima College Of Engineering, has submitted
this project report entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMOKELESS CHULHA”
under the supervision of Dr Rahul Sen, working as Asst. Prof. in department of Mechanical as
per the requirements of the Bachelor of Technology program of Poornima College of
Engineering, Jaipur.
Dr Narayan Lal Jain Dr Rahul Sen

Head, Dept. of Mechanical Eng. Coordinator-Project
.
i
Mechanical engineering Dept. PCE
CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in this project report entitled “DESIGN
AND FABRICATION OF SMOKELESS CHULHA” in the partial fulfilment for the award of
the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in (specialization), submitted in the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, is an authentic record of
my own work done during the period from December 2020 to July 2021 under the supervision
and guidance of Dr Rahul Sen.
I have not submitted the matter embodied in this project report for the award of any
other degree.
Dated: 15/07/2021 Nidhish Pareek - PCE18ME045

Place: Jaipur Paramveer Singh – PCE19ME704
Atul Singh - PCE19ME701
Shubham Yadav– PCE18ME066
Shailesh Katara – PCE190ME702
SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge.
Dated: 15/07/2021 Dr Rahul Sen

Place: Jaipur Associate Prof. ME Dept.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my profound sense of reverence and admiration to my supervisor Dr

Rahul Sen, asst. prof. Mechanical Department, Poornima College of Engineering, for his
intense concern, attention, priceless direction, guidance and encouragement throughout this
research work.
I am grateful to Dr Mahesh Bundele Director of Poornima College of Engineering for his
helping attitude with a keen interest in completing this dissertation in time.
I extend my heartiest gratitude to all the teachers, who extended their cooperation to steer the
topic towards its successful completion. I am also thankful to non-teaching staff of the
department to support in preparation of this dissertation work.
My special heartfelt gratitude goes to Dr Narayan Lal Jain, HOD, Mechanical Department,
Poornima College of Engineering, for unvarying support, guidance and motivation during
this research.
I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards management of Poornima College
of Engineering including Dr S. M. Seth, Chairman Emeritus, Poornima Group and former
Director NIH, Roorkee, Shri Shashikant Singhi, Chairman, Poornima Group, Mr. M. K. M.
Shah, Director Admin & Finance, Poornima Group and Ar. Rahul Singhi, Director Poornima
Group for establishment of institute and providing facilities my studies.
I would like to take the opportunity of expressing my thanks to all faculty members of the
Department, for their kind support, technical guidance, and inspiration throughout the course.
I am deeply thankful to my parents and all other family members for their blessings and
inspiration. At finally I would like to give special thanks to God who enabled me to complete
my dissertation on time.
Nidhish Pareek - PCE18ME045

Paramveer Singh – PCE19ME704
Atul Singh - PCE19ME701
Shubham Yadav– PCE18ME066
Shailesh Katara – PCE19ME705
iii
Approval Letter
The Synopsis report of third year project of Mr. NIDHISH PAREEK - PCE18ME045, Mr.
PARAMVEER SINGH- PCE19ME704, Mr. ATUL SINGH - PCE19ME701, Mr.
SHUBHAM YADAV- PCE18ME066, Mr. SHAILESH KATARA- PCE19ME705 entitled
“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMOKELESS CHULHA.” is approved and may be
considered for final submission for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Mechanical Engineering Department, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur.
Supervisor
Dr Rahul Sen
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
PCE, Jaipur
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. / Heading Title Page No.

/ Subheading No.
Abstract 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 2
Chapter 2 Literature survey 3-4
Chapter 3 Research attempts 5-6
Chapter 4 Methodology 7-11
4.1 Proper ventilation 7
4.2 Compact Design by Using Metal 8
4.3 Multiple Stage Combustion 8
4.4 Some Snaps of Project 9
Chapter 5 Cooking Energy Technology Options 12-15
5.1 Introduction 12
5.2 Biomass Cook Stoves 12
5.3 Biomass Gasifier 12
5.4 Household and Community Based Biogas Plant 13
5.5 Piped Natural Gas 13
5.6 Electricity Appliances 13
5.7 LPG Pipe Supply and Kerosene Usages 13
5.8 Solar Water Hot Water/ Steam System 14
5.9 Comparative Analysis between different Aspects of Energy 15
available for Cooking
Chapter 6 Current Scenario of Chulha’s In India 16-20

6.1 Mud Chulha 16
6.2 Improved Metal Chulha 18
6.3 Gas Stove or Gas Chulhas 19
Chapter 7 Benefits of smokeless Chulha 21-22

7.1 Social Benefits 21
7.2 Environmental Benefits 21
v
7.3 Economic Benefits 21

7.4 Health Benefits 21
7.5 Smokeless and Traditional Chulha 22
Chapter 8 Effects of Smoke 23-24
Chapter 9 Result and Discussion 25
Chapter 10 References 26
vi
ABSTRACT
We know that, in remote areas, traditional chulhas are used for cooking purposefully using
wood as fuel. The use of this type of traditional Chulhas causes household pollution, and the
inefficient use of fuel also takes longer to cook. But our LOK SMOKE Multipurpose Chulha
overcomes all these problems and increases the heat consumption of the same weight of fuel
compared to the traditional Chulha. In short, we are trying to speed up, Eco friendly cooking,
healthy cooking. Local businesses, many goals, effective cooking and efficiency.
Solid cook fuel pollution is the largest energy-related health risk globally and most important
cause of ill-health for Indian women and girls. At 700 million cooking with open biomass
chulhas, the Indian population exposed has not changed in several decades, despite hundreds
of programs to make the “available clean”, i.e. to burn biomass cleanly in advanced stoves.
While such efforts continue, there is need to open another front to attack this health hazard.
Gas and electric cooking, which are clean at the household, are already the choice for one-third
of Indians. Needed is a new agenda to make the “clean available”, i.e., to vigorously extend
these clean fuels into populations that are caught in the Chulha Trap. This will require engaging
new actors including the power and petroleum ministries as well as the ministry of health,
which have not to date been directly engaged in addressing this problem. It will have
implications for LPG imports, distribution networks, and electric and gas user technologies, as
well as setting new priorities for electrification and biofuels, but at heart needs to be addressed
as a health problem, not one of energy access, if it is to be solved effectively.
Contamination from hard oil cooking is a major health hazard for Indian women and girls.
700 million Indians have been trapped in the trap of solid fuel with little change in the number
displayed for decades.
Efforts to clean up biomass fuel with advanced stoves have made little progress in decades.
A great new effort is needed to make cleanliness available, in the form of gas and electricity.
This will require building new partnerships and rethinking how these fuels are currently being
raised.
Conservation of cooking power used in rural areas is an immediate need, especially in areas
where traditional oil shortages lead to the sale of firewood, or the addition of wood with animal
manure and crop residues with other important uses. Among the Government's renewable
energy technologies, the upgraded chulha (cooking stove) has the highest rate of adoption and
energy conservation. An evaluation of the performance of stable and portable models of
chulhas presented in a dry farming area, a grazing area in the Telangana region, Andhra
Pradesh, highlighted the importance of close monitoring during introduction and in the early
stages of use.
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Smokeless Chulhas are widely used in homes, kitchens, hotels, etc. for cooking purposes. This
is gaining popularity in rural and urban areas where firewood is often used as fuel. Coconut
husks, leaves, firewood, coconut shell, etc., are readily available in rural and urban areas that
can be economically used in homes, hotels, etc., for cooking purposes. The great advantage of
installing a smoke-free chimney is that it does not emit smoke from the kitchen and makes the
area smoke-free unlike conventional country ovens. The design of the oven is such that all the
smoke produced during combustion is taken through a pipe and transferred to the atmosphere
at a higher level. So, air conditioning is done, and it helps to keep the fuel warmer. The ovens
are designed in such a way that the flames are not directed to the outside and therefore the extra
heat is absorbed by the vessel which provides the fuel economy.
Smoke chulhas can be made in a variety of models and sizes. A typical family unit has 3 ovens,
size 9 ", 8" and 7 ". The cutting plate is also fitted with small vessels. In this firing oven it is
only made in two ovens at a time. water, food, etc., only. Shooting can be done in one oven
and subject to use. In such cases, the unused oven can be closed using a shutter provided by
the unit. three ovens, four ovens, five oven chulhas and low clay ovens.
In the waste market of the chulha we aim to deliver our best and increase the convenience of
the people in the way that its consumption will be cheaper and economical yet it will have
lesser impact than the conventional chulha.
We aim to improve the chulha in aspect of efficiency, portability, fuel type and its
environmental impact which is significant in total contribution of humankind.
2
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
SN Title AUTHOR PUPLICATI METHOD

O.
/ YEAR ON /TECHNOLOGY/
METHODOLOGY/MATE
RIAL
1 Making the clean Kirk R. ELSEVIER Needed is a new agenda to
available: Smith make the
Escaping India’s , “clean available”,
Chulha Trap, AmbujSaga
r, 2014
2 Assessment M. Baqir International The present study evaluates the
of an energy‑effic S. K. Bhart Journal of performance of a newly
ient metal chulha i Environmental developed improved metal
for solid biomass R. Kothari Science and chulha (IMC) over available
fuel R. P. Singh Technology traditional.
and evaluation , mud chulha (TMC) as an
of its 2018 energy-efficient nonsmoking
performance cooking appliance for the rural
households.
3 “Smokeless Shiv Sankar
International This paper analyses the
Chulha- A Way Das Journal of challenges of adoption of
for Enhancing Haribandhu
Research and smokeless chulha and suggests.
Quality of Panda, Scientific implementation strategy for
Life” 2017 Innovation large scale use of it.
(IJRSI)
4 SOME FIELD GITA Energy Effective operation of the
EXPERIENCES DENDUKU Convers. Mgmt chulhas by users resulted in
WITH RI Vol. 34, No. 6, decreased fuel consumption of
IMPROVED J. P. pp. 457—464, the order of 19.5.
CHULHAS MITTALZ, and 27.7% with fixed and
(COOKSTOVES portable models. The annual
) INTRODUCED 1993 energy savings in a 5-member
IN RURAL household averaged.
HOUSEHOLDS 284 and 507 kg, respectively.
OF ANDHRA
PRADESH,
INDIA
Design and 1 Mahesh V International we are trying to accelerate, Eco
5 fabrication of low Rawlani, Journal of friendly cooking, Healthy
smoke 2 Research in cooking. Rural
multipurpose Vinaykuma Advanced entrepreneurship,
chulha r B Muley, Engineering Multipurpose, fuel effective
3 Aniket Y and and efficient cooking
Aware, Technology,
3
4 Ashwin P
Thakkar,
5 Mahesh S
Teli,
6 Ankit K
Shirsath,
2017
4
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH ATTEMPTS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5
6
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In order to improve the efficiency of the chulha, there are some techniques which are being
used, we have adopted and integrated some of them.
1. Proper ventilation
2. Compact and portable design.
3. Multiple Stage combustion
4.1 Proper ventilation-

The traditional chulha are made from mud and are earthen with large opening in the side and
top for loading fuel and heating purpose, respectively. This setup does not take account for the
entry of fresh air and results in improper combustion due to lake of air.
To counter this limitation of traditional chulha, we provided stand for the chulha this facilitates
an opening below the chulha chamber through which fresh air is sucked due to low pressure
hot gases of the fuel and their momentum upwards. This fresh air is then used in combustion
and gets exhausted of oxygen, thus becoming hot and low pressure, then it triggers the same
effect as previous one and this process continuously repeats itself.
Proper ventilation ensures the combustion is taking place efficiently. The Proper combustion
has benefits like-
a. Less pollutants produced.
b. Less Carbon-monoxide is produced.
c. Efficiency is improved.
We did not used fan, which was also an alternative to us for use, due to reasons like- additional
cost, maintenance, electricity consumption and charging problems, fan might generate more
than enough pressure that the ash will fly all over the place and cause suspended particulates
in air which are harmful for health.
7
The air circulation in this design is lower than fan-based design, but all the advantages does
not worth the sacrifice with the air quality.
The design also comes handy when there is a thin door at the gateway of the combustion
chamber, which seals off the chulha completely but top and bottom for ventilation This will
improve the efficiency of the chulha by preventing the heat from going out via chamber
gateway. The suction effect also increases by shutting off the door, the air enters from the
lower section below the stage for combustion of the fuel and exits from top only, this improves
the air flow direction and less turbulence in air is there.
4.2 Compact Design by Using Metal-

We have used metal sheets (iron sheets of 3 mm) which gives superior strength to chulha walls
with less wall thickness. This gives more strength to weight ratio than the tradition earthen
chulha. Thin walls give more space in chulha making it compact.
The compact and portable design facilitates the use of chulha according to the needs and
conditions. One might be using it outside in sunny and normal day reducing but will be able
to take it inside house in rainy day.
With weight of approximately 1.5 kg this is handy to lift with its handles, which are insulated
for the protection, but it is still advisable to wear the heat gloves before touching it just after
use. When compared to the mud based chulha which weights greater than 12 kg for same
capacity, it is much less.
This design will endure greater shocks and vibration than traditional one. We applied a thin
insulation layer on the chulha to protect it from corrosion and prevent heat dissipation dur to
the convection of the side walls of the chulha and door. There can be some accessories attached
to it like chimney and detachable fan in addition, this can be optional without compromising
with weight.
All these advantages outweigh the minor cons in the iron based chulha, there might be
corrosion when it is not maintained and cared properly. For the safety and long lasting chulha
we used metal coating which would prevent the contact of moisture to the surface hence
preventing it from corrosion.
4.3 Multiple Stage combustion

In order to accommodate the different fuels at same time there are two stages in which fuel is
burnt, when fuel is like coconut waste, wood or agricultural waste, it is placed in lower
chamber, and fuel like coal and cow dung which have lower flame height are placed on upper
plate, this setup will help in burning the uneasy materials in upper stage easily, also only coal
will also be able to cook the food properly because it is challenging when the difference in
height between utensil and flame is greater.
The heat from hot air also can be extracted when hot air is passed through another chamber on
which a utensil Is placed for preheating. This setup will require another accessory which can
be mounted on the chulha top.
8
The multi stage chulha improves efficiency of the chulha by reducing the heat waste with air,
although it is not possible to extract all of the heat from the hot air, but acquiring an significant
amount of that heat will also improve the efficiency to a next level.
4.4 Some Snaps of Project-
Waste Boring Pipe
9
10
11
CHAPTER 5
COOKING ENERGY TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.1 Introduction
Here the cooking technology options are categorised into two parts.
A. Technology used for Cooking.
1. Biomass Cook Stoves
2. Solar cook stove
3. Electricity appliances
4. LPG Cook Stove
B. Technology used for Transforming Energy.

1. Biomass Gasifier
2. Household and community-based biogas plant
3. Piped Natural Gas (PNG)
4. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) pipe supply
5.2 Biomass Cook Stoves
Biomass cooking stoves are basically a combustible material that heats biomass fuel well with
impurities and provides clean cooking solutions. Biomass Cookstoves are of two types: fixed
and portable type. Portable cooking stoves are also of two types; Environmental drafts and
forced drafts. Advanced cooking stoves that use fans are very efficient cooking stoves
compared to natural recipes. Biomass cooking stoves are mainly wood burning, except for a
few compulsory fuel-efficient modes. Although biomass is considered a freely available
resource, more than 70% of biomass consumption in rural households is commercially
available, as suggested by data from the NSS consumer cost survey over the years.
5.3 Biomass Gasifier

Biomass gasification is the process of converting biomass gasoline into a combustible gas
(called the manufacturer's gas) in a thermo-chemical contact sequence. Gas is a low-
temperature fuel, with a caloric value of between 1000- 1200 kCal / Nm3 (calories per standard
cubic meter). 2.5-3.0 Nm3 of gas can be obtained by gasification of about 1 kg of dry air in the
air. Production gas can be used for cooking at home and institutional level. Since the
manufacturer's gas contains CO, it must be handled with care at home level. Other safety
precautions include additives that may warn in case of gas leaks will be helpful.
5.4 Household and Community Based Biogas Plant
Plenty of biogas plants in India individually, plants at home level. However, as only relatively
wealthy residents have enough cattle, most smallholder farmers and landowners and rural
artisans cannot afford biogas plants. Common household needs such as organic fertilizer,
lighting and water supply will not be available for individual crops as private proprietary plants
are used for cooking and composting in the fields. Sanitation: With proper animal control and
other farming / waste / district cleanliness will lead to better health and hygiene in rural areas.
Energy security: The conversion of natural waste into methane and its use as fuel will lead to
12
energy security because residual fuel will not last forever. Pollution control: Often aerobic
decomposition of organic waste leads to the release of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide
or carbon monoxide. The methanation process reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps to
trap the depletion of the ozone layer. This is possible to get carbon bills. Job production: Such
plants can be easily set up and operated at the village level and can be managed by self-help
groups of women or local entrepreneurs with little personal investment. As the product has a
captive market this plant will be economically viable and generate many people for
employment.
5.5 Piped Natural Gas
Natural Piped Gas (PNG) is used for Domestic, Commercial and Industrial Use. PNG has
several divisions in its debt-free debt, savings and safety savings as some of them, other
benefits Uninterruptible Sales: PNG is always supplied by pipeline. PNG always provides an
opportunity to ensure continuous and adequate supply of PNG, without problems storing gas
in cylinders. Preparation: As PNG discovery continues, local buyers are relieved of the task of
booking the LPG cylinder and waiting for the delivery person to deliver. Safety: Natural gas is
a safe fuel. In the event of a leak, PNG is lighter than air, dispersing in the air. Economy: PNG
saves on LPG and any other electrical power. In addition, in the case of PNG, billing usually
follows a two-week / monthly / quarterly cycle after consumer consumption and consumers
pay in advance for any other fuel they use. There are therefore savings due to the outsourcing
of trade in the commercial and industrial sector and the reduction in the cost of the domestic
sector. Eco-friendly fuel: PNG is one of the hottest fossil fuels and helps improve air quality.
When natural gas burns completely, it releases carbon dioxide and water odours. These are the
very parts we exhale while breathing.
5.6 Electricity Appliances
For electric-based cooking, the high cost of electric hot plates varies depending on the amount
of water (wattage), the brand, the coating of the heating elements and whether it is a single or
double temperature model. The cost can be between Rs. 1,500 / - and Rs. 2,500 / -, depending
on demand. Electricity costs make up the bulk of the total cost, in addition to stove life. The
amount of electricity used (driven by efficiency and measurement) and its price determine
operating costs.
5.7 LPG Pipe Supply and Kerosene Usage
Liquid gasoline or petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), also called propane or butane, is a
combustible component of hydrocarbon gas used as fuel for heating, cooking, and automotive.
It is increasingly being used as an aerosol propellant and refrigerator, instead of
chlorofluorocarbons to reduce ozone depletion. According to the Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas, India has 181.9 million LPG connectors as of 31 March 2015. With 246.7 million
households according to the 2011 Census, 73.74% were connected to LPG. There are wide
variations in the use of LPG in provincial and urban cooking in rural and urban areas. All the
Eastern and North Eastern provinces (except Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram) have very low
LPG entry rates. Among the major provinces, Punjab differs by having the highest LPG
connection rate (139.55%). The five lowest countries are Jharkhand (33.1%), Bihar (33.7%),
Chhattisgarh (35.7%), Meghalaya (35.1%) and Odisha (32.3%). Poor access to LPG
distributors, poor road connectivity, low capacity to cover initial connection costs and revenue
are some of the reasons for the low level of LPG use. The use of LPG in rural areas in 2011/12
13
varies greatly from province to province. More than a quarter of rural households in Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Haryana and Punjab use LPG in cooking. 10 to 20 rural families
in Assam, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka use LPG in cooking. In contrast, LPG cooking
in rural areas is limited to less than 10 percent of the total value in some provinces. More than
70 percent of urban families in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra,
Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab use LPG for cooking. In addition to Odisha and Chhattisgarh,
in some provinces, 50 to 70 urban households use LPG for cooking. The use of paraffin for
cooking in urban areas is high in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
Due to the easy availability of biomass (firewood, chips, plant residues and dung cake) and low
cost (including low purchasing power), its use is important in rural and urban areas of Assam,
Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh
and West Bengal. The use of electricity and paraffin for lighting in rural areas in 2011/12 varies
greatly from province to province. Due to the unavailability of electricity and the unavailability
of access to it, approximately 30% of rural households in Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha,
Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal use kerosene for lighting. The situation is worse in Bihar when
about a third of rural households turn to paraffin for lighting. Similarly, among all the
provinces, Bihar (17.2%) and Uttar Pradesh (10.8%) have the highest number of urban
households using kerosene lamps.
5.8 Solar Water Hot Water/Steam System

The solar steam system based on this technology contains steam used for cooking and other
units for a variety of applications including laundry heat, sterilization, cooling air etc. Sales in
2009 are estimated at 0.55 million m2. Accumulated deposits in 1995-2000 were 8.23%. It rose
to 20.6% between 2000-04 and 24.6% in 2004-08, representing 16.8% overall from 1995 to
2008. The residential sector will remain the largest sector and will contribute to 84% of the
combined inclusion. It is estimated that by 2022 the solar water system would reach more than
18 million sq. Km. M2 (P. Veeraboina 2012). The cost of these programs depends on the
capacity of the system, which ranges from Rs. 15000 / - to Rs. 85000 / - including collector
costs, hot water storage tank, plumbing, electrical installation, installation, etc. 5-year warranty
on the technical specifications set by MNRE.
5.9 Comparative Analysis between different Aspects of Energy available for Cooking
Parameters Biomass Solar LPG Conventional
Electricity
Availability For one day it No limitation Certain extent- Not in rural areas
is OK, but not depends upon
for longer Govt Policy
period
Cost Less Cost Initial Limited, High price
Investment is availability to
high certain extent,
Till Govt
subsidy is there
Ease of Risky Difficult due to Difficult to Handling difficult
Handling weak supply handle, in rural areas
chain precautions
needed to be
taken
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Health Hazardous Absolute Clean Moderately No impact on

Clean health
Sources Abundantly Open Market Restricted/Regu Regulatory sources
available in latory sources
rural arears
Efficiency Very low Efficiency is Efficiency is Very high
efficiency high because reduced as the efficiency
here heat is heat gets
intact disseminated
Sustainability Is sustainable Sustainable More study is Questionable
required
Regeneration Not possible Already Questionable Not possible
but takes lot of regenerated
time energy
Operational Minimum Less Amount It is required, High
Cost filling and
maintenance of
Gas Chulha and
Cylinder
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CHAPTER 6
CURRENT SCENARIO OF CHULHA’S IN INDIA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.1 Mud Chula
The Clay Stove is also known as "mud chulha" or "mitti ka chulha" which is an old way of
cooking food with firewood. Cooking a clay stove is an ancient method of cooking that gives
a natural taste to food without the influence of chemicals. Pottery is one of the best ways to
cook food that has been preserved for all time and is truly beneficial for health. In the case of
junk food and dangerous food products, cooking food on a clay stove is healthy and very tasty.
http://gastroutes.com/traditional-indian-mud-chulha/
IMPROVED METAL CHULHA
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Upgrade the metal drill (IMC) over traditional drill (TMC) as a non-smoking energy saving
tool for rural households. A comprehensive study of 90 authors revealed that most families use
cooking wood in inefficient TMCs. TMC has released many toxic substances, which can affect
a person's health through direct exposure. To overcome this problem, we have developed IMC,
which significantly reduces energy loss and cooking time compared to TMC. In this study, we
measured the level of air pollutants emitted from the fuel wood used in cooking. In addition,
we have also learned the effectiveness of the IMC through TMC. Significant reduction in
household pollution i.e. PM10 (45%), PM2.5 (73%), CO (51%), SOX (22%), NOX (36%) were
recorded IMC by TMC. Boiling water tests also show the effectiveness of high temperature in
all three phases: cold start (37%), hot start (41%) and simulation test (46%) of IMC over TMC.
The fuel consumption rate (g min - 1) was recorded at 23, 16.6, 14 and 32.2, 25.1 and 20.6 for
IMC and TMC, respectively. Compared to TMC, the IMC reduced the use of certain fuel fuels,
increased efficiency and low emissions including PM10, PM2.5, NOX, SOX and CO. A social
survey that included a questionnaire revealed that most families felt that IMC would be better
than TMC in terms of management, air quality, easy cooking and efficiency.
17
6.2 Improved metal chulha (IMC)
Two-pot rectangular metal chulha was developed and tested in present study. Based on the
survey results of the study area, majority of the households use TMC-like U-shaped chulha,
with an opening in the front to feed the fuel. The IMC was developed with a metal foil
18
consisting of the inlet to load solid fuel and door, the combustion chamber, two potholes and
an outlet connected to the chimney system.
The mean size of IMC is with the dimensions of65 cm × 35 cm × 40 cm length × width ×
height. For cooking,
diameter of the pothole is different in size: first pothole (25 cm) and second pothole (20 cm) to
adjust the
small- and medium-sized container. The distance between two potholes is 10 cm. Inside the
chulha, a plane inclined between two holes was developed and this structure was intended to
direct the heat flame from the combustion chamber of the first pot hole to second pot hole. The
gateways developed in the floor of the combustion chamber to filter the ash to the bottom of
the ashtray to facilitate removal of ash that is collected in the tray for the safe disposal after
combustion. Alternatively, grate has been used for charcoal as fuels in the absence of solid
biomass fuel. Just below the second pothole, there is another drawer developed for the
preparation of cakes and bread during the cooking process. Chimney connected in IMC to
facilitate.
the elimination of smoke from the interior environment. The chulha has a safety lid to minimize
the risk of
fire spark during cooking. The combustion chamber was designed in such a way that the
minimum distance between flame and pot during the cooking processes to minimize energy
wastage.
6.3 Gas Stove or Gas Chulha’s
A gas stove is a stove that burns combustible gas such as syngas, natural gas, propane, butane,
petroleum gas or other combustible gas. Before the advent of gas, cooking stoves relied on
solid fuels such as coal or wood. The first gas stoves were built in the 1820's and a gas stove
factory was set up in England in 1836. This new cooking technology had the advantage of
being flexible and can be closed when not in use. The gas stove, however, was not
commercially successful until the 1880s, when gasoline was widely available in major cities
19
and towns in Britain. Stoves became widespread in Europe and the United States in the early
20th century.
Electric stoves became more common when the oven was attached to the base and the size was
reduced to better fit all kitchen furniture. In the 1910's, manufacturers began filing their gas
stoves for easy cleaning. The initial gas strike was a match, and this was followed by a very
simple driver light. This made it worse for me to continue using gas. The oven still needs to be
lit with matches and accidentally turning on the gas without burning it can lead to explosions.
To prevent these types of hazards, oven manufacturers built and installed a safety valve called
flame failure device for overhead windows and ovens. Many modern gas stoves are equipped
with electric heaters, automatic oven timers, and exhaust fumes. Gas stoves are an important
source of indoor air pollution and require little air.
20
CHAPTER 7
BENEFITS OF THE SMOKLESS CHULHA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.1 Social benefits:
a. 1. Less time spent cooking and collecting wood.
b. 2. Reduction in indoor air pollution means healthier women and healthier families.
c. The slow cooking chulha fits the lifestyle and nutritional needs well.
d. More living space up as less firewood stored.
7.2 Environmental benefits

a) . Lower fuel wood consumption. It uses up to 50% less firewood than traditional
chulha.
b) 2.Less need to cut trees for firewood, therefore increased green cover.
c) 3.Reduced carbon emissions and indoor air pollution levels
d) 4.Its design is such that adequate oxygen is supplied in the cooking area
continuously. This results in efficient combustion, which in turn results in: a)
higher temperatures b) up to 80% less smoke.
7.3 Economic benefits

a) Its fit with all types of biomass fuel makes the chulha an economical cooking
solution.
b) No recurring or running costs.
c) Modular construction gives chulha a longer life.
d) Less indoor pollution means healthier families and less spending on medical
care.
e) Entrepreneurs earn significant supplementary income making and selling
chulhas.
7.4 Health benefits
a) 1.Healthier indoor air quality benefits young children and women who spend
maximum amount of time in and around the kitchen.
b) 2.Easy cleaning option reduces risk of injury.
7.5 Difference between smokeless chulha and traditional chulha
7.5.1 Smokeless Stove (Chula)

a) It uses less fuel because it is designed and there is enough air supply so burning of
fuel happens almost completely.
b) It has high efficiency.
c) Due to better fuel combustion, it emits less smoke. In addition, it has a smoke
removal system with a long chimney and therefore helps maintain a clean
environment and ensures a better life for women and children.
7.5.2 Traditional Stove (Chula)

a. It uses a lot of fuel because in it, the fuel does not heat up properly due to the lack
of air.
b. It has very low efficiency
21
c. Due to insufficient fire, it emits a lot of smoke, which causes a lot of respiratory
problems for the people living in those areas.
22
CHAPTER 8
EFFECTS OF SMOKE
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A study published in scientific journal Lancet in 2018 claimed that household air pollution
takes the lives of 4.8 lakh Indians every year.
https://www.sandoz.com/sites/www.sandoz.com/files/Artwork_smoke-that-kills_2.png
–Respiratory diseases and lung infections are common consequences of exposure to fumes
from cooking in rural households. Tuberculosis, stillbirths, low birth weight, heart diseases are
also increasingly being connected pollution caused by burning solid fuels.
–Women and children are especially affected. More than 800 million people in India are
affected by indoor air pollution, which is largely caused by the smouldering smoke, according
to a report by the Global Alliance for Clean Cook stoves.
23
– About one million deaths occur annually in India due to household air pollution, according
to a report by The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Commission.
– About 25% of the 4.3 million global premature household air pollution (HAP) deaths occur
in India every year, according to World Health Organization estimates. The main contributor
to household pollution is the smoke released by cook stoves.
– Nearly 39% of early neonatal stillbirths were attributed to cooking fumes, according to a
study by the National Canter for Biotechnology Information that examined the relationship
between biomass fuel-use and stillbirths in India.
– Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, black-carbon particles are all products of
incomplete combustion of solid fuels.
– According to a report by the United Nations Environment Program, more than half of the
black carbon in South Asia comes from incomplete combustion. Black carbon is a serious threat
to the melting of glaciers and of significant concern in South Asia due to its potential impact
on the Himalayas.
24
CHAPTER 9
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Portable
• Providing different areas for air provision
• Can utilize different types of fuels.
• Changed to 3 stage or 2 stage chulha as per choice and fuel availability.
• Utilize instant burning naturally waste materials like coconut hairs, wheat or rice husk
at bottom section.
• Cow dung as primary cooking material gets initial heat from the bottom section fuel
material.
• Third section can be developed for coal or charcoal provision for heat developed.
• Easy to manufacture, utilizing waste materials, smokeless, environment friendly in

nature, reducing dependency on LPG and trees wood etc.
Despite decades of effort, the widespread acceptance and long-term use of advanced stoves in
developing countries remains elusive. Common forms of energy conversion emphasize social
and economic development as the most important driver for energy conversion. However,
previous work has shown that homes continue to use old cooking stoves or fuel stoves even if
they use new technology. In a case study in India, this paper emphasizes the social and political
processes of permanent removal of the traditional chulha stove. Newly discovered gas stoves
and advanced biomass stoves, which are thought to replace chulha, lead to a variety of low-
and high-level household access. Inferior people seem to be able to get rid of cocaine easily
because of their sensitivity to the heavy ticks that contaminate their dishes, kitchens, and
clothes. We say that by adopting clean stoves and removing traditional ones, those who have
been disadvantaged can break free from practices that perpetuate their social stigma.
25
CHAPTER 10
REFERENCES
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Mohan, Kumar. Enhancement of Thermal Efficiency of Traditional Indian Cooking
Furnace (Chulha) Current World Environ. 2011; 6(1):61-66.
2. Hanbar RD. International Meeting on Indoor Air Pollution, Fuel-Efficient Stoves and
Sustainable Development 16-17 Oct. 2006 Brasilia, Brazil National Program for
Dissemination of Improved Cook stoves A Case Study of India and Commercialization
project By R.D.HANBAR Appropriate Rural Technology Institute (ARTI) Pune, India.
3. Pushpa. KS. Smokeless. Chulha for National Programme on Improved Chulhas (NPIC)
in. 1999.
4. Kishore VVN, Ramana PV. Improved cook stoves in rural India: how Improved are
they? A critique of the perceived benefits from the National Program.
5. Arora P, Jain S, Sachdeva K (2013) Physical characterization of particulate matter
emitted from wood combustion in improved and traditional cook stoves. Energy Sustain
Dev 17:497–503.
6. Balakrishnan K, Sambandam S, Ramaswamy P, Mehta S, Smith KR (2004) Exposure
assessment for repairable particulates associated with household fuel use in rural districts
of Andhra Pradesh, India. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 14:15–25
7. Mahesh V Rawlani, 2 Vinay Kumar B Muley, 3 Aniket Y Aware, 4 Ashwin P Thakkar,
5 Mahesh S Teli, 6 Ankit K Shirsath, “Design and fabrication of low smoke multipurpose
chulha”, International Journal of Research in Advanced Engineering and Technology
ISSN: 2455-0876, Volume 3; Issue 1; January 2017; Page No. 92-95
8. S. K. Bharti, R. Kothari, R. P. Singh, ” Assessment of an energy‑efcient metal chulha for
solid biomass fuel and evaluation of its performance, International Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology, Springer Publication, September 2018,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-2028-9
26

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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMOKELESS CHULHA

partial fulfilment of the requirements of

the award of the degree of

Guided by: Submitted by:

Dr Narayan Lal Jain Dr Rahul Sen

Dated: 15/07/2021 Nidhish Pareek - PCE18ME045

Dated: 15/07/2021 Dr Rahul Sen

I would like to convey my profound sense of reverence and admiration to my supervisor Dr

Nidhish Pareek - PCE18ME045

PARAMVEER SINGH- PCE19ME704, Mr. ATUL SINGH - PCE19ME701, Mr.

SHUBHAM YADAV- PCE18ME066, Mr. SHAILESH KATARA- PCE19ME705 entitled

“DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SMOKELESS CHULHA.” is approved and may be

Mechanical Engineering Department, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur.

Chapter No. / Heading Title Page No.

Chapter 6 Current Scenario of Chulha’s In India 16-20

Chapter 7 Benefits of smokeless Chulha 21-22

7.3 Economic Benefits 21

SN Title AUTHOR PUPLICATI METHOD

4.1 Proper ventilation-

4.2 Compact Design by Using Metal-

4.3 Multiple Stage combustion

4.4 Some Snaps of Project-

Waste Boring Pipe

B. Technology used for Transforming Energy.

5.2 Biomass Cook Stoves

5.3 Biomass Gasifier

5.6 Electricity Appliances

5.7 LPG Pipe Supply and Kerosene Usage

5.8 Solar Water Hot Water/Steam System

Health Hazardous Absolute Clean Moderately No impact on

6.2 Improved metal chulha (IMC)

6.3 Gas Stove or Gas Chulha’s

7.2 Environmental benefits

7.3 Economic benefits

7.4 Health benefits

7.5 Difference between smokeless chulha and traditional chulha

7.5.1 Smokeless Stove (Chula)

7.5.2 Traditional Stove (Chula)

• Providing different areas for air provision

• Can utilize different types of fuels.

• Changed to 3 stage or 2 stage chulha as per choice and fuel availability.

• Easy to manufacture, utilizing waste materials, smokeless, environment friendly in

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