A

User Guide to understand and read the

Indus Script
With a detail Comparison of Sumerian, Karen, and Indus area
Languages

Copyright © 2020 by Rajshree

All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever
without the express written permission of the author except for the use of brief quotations in a book review or
scholarly journal.

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This work is dedicated to my father- the most loving, caring and nonjudgmental person who
instilled in me a deep interest in the human past and everlasting optimism in humanity.

raghyee@gmail.com

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Abstract: This work presents the underplaying language of the Indus script and a systematic

process of deciphering the Indus script. A language is defined by its syntax, its semantics, and

possibly its phonetics. The syntax defines the set of valid sequences of symbols in that language.

The set of rules that are used to generate these valid sequences of symbols is called a grammar.

The semantics is a mapping from the valid sequences to some mental model. Phonetic rules may

map symbols to their phonetic values. The same symbol can appear in different

languages/dialects, yet have the same shared semantics, but very different phonetic value. For

example, in modern day, mathematical symbols, such as %, are universally recognized to have

the same semantic meaning, while they continue to have different spoken forms in different

languages.

Migratory words travel together with the technology, culture and beliefs. Indus traders had a

long history of trade with Sumer and Crete by land and sea routes. They exported beads, crafts,

cotton, salt, agriculture, and forest produce. Harappan civilization, during its heydays, was

spread from west to east Iran to Delhi and from north to south Afghanistan to the Narmada. This

is how word are preserved in Malva and Nimad and the business and craft communities. Karen-

a language isolate, Malvi, Nimadi, and Sumerian-a language isolate, have many common roots

and words for trade, measure, craft, and farming. They also have numerical classifiers. As a

structure,also Sumerian and Karen have common features: Monosyllabic, couplets,

reduplications, numerical classifiers, numbers.

After compering vocabularies, I made a chart of roots and words and applied phonetic

values on the Indus scripts. It turned out that the Indus Language belongs to a proto Prakrit

language, and was a language of merchants who dealt with crafts and grains as well. The

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“unicorn seal” were multipurpose seals worked as a registry and medium of communication

between the state and merchants’ guild for quarries, demand, supply, release, received receipt,

etc. A lost Tibeto-Burman Prakrit language was spoken in the region.

Key words: Indus Script, Indus Civilization, Language, Sumer, Karen, Trade, Unicorn seal

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Table of Content

Part:1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 12

Understanding the Fuction of the Seals: A house in HR area: .................................................... 16
Understanding the Nature of Indus Script .................................................................................... 17
Karen and its Similarity with other Languages: ....................................................................... 17
The Indus Script and its Connection with Sumerian: ............................................................... 17
Orthography .............................................................................................................................. 21
Logograms: ........................................................................................................................... 21
Rebus writing: ....................................................................................................................... 21
Determinatives and numerical classifiers: ............................................................................ 21
Reading Indus Script:................................................................................................................ 21
Table: Sumerian and Indus: Few Examples.................................................................................. 22
How did I read the script? ......................................................................................................... 24
Table:1 .................................................................................................................................. 25
Table:2 .................................................................................................................................. 26
Table:3 Simple Phonetic Grid Table..................................................................................... 28
Table:4 Some ex: .................................................................................................................. 32
Table:4: A name ................................................................................................................... 34
Table:5: A place, a meal ticket ............................................................................................. 34
Table:6: A designation .......................................................................................................... 36
Examples:...................................................................................................................................... 37
Reading Dholavira Signboard ................................................................................................... 37
Table 1: Dholaveera Signs .................................................................................................... 38
Table:2 Comperision with Sumerian, Karen and other languages: .................................... 40
Table:3 Sign Comperision ........................................................................................................ 41
Seal Readings: ............................................................................................................................... 42
Ex.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 42

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 Reding of the Pashupati Seal: ................................................................................................... 43
Apendics: ...................................................................................................................................... 46
Table 1: consonant Roots .......................................................................................................... 46
G:................................................................................................................................................... 46
ge: .............................................................................................................................................. 46
gi: .............................................................................................................................................. 47
gu: ............................................................................................................................................. 47
ge, gai ........................................................................................................................................ 48
K:................................................................................................................................................... 50
ki: .............................................................................................................................................. 50
ke:.............................................................................................................................................. 51
ku: ............................................................................................................................................. 51
Ny:................................................................................................................................................. 52
Gh:................................................................................................................................................. 53
ghi: ............................................................................................................................................ 53
ghu: ........................................................................................................................................... 54
gho: ........................................................................................................................................... 55
ghaw: ......................................................................................................................................... 55
N:................................................................................................................................................... 56
ne:.............................................................................................................................................. 56
ne:.............................................................................................................................................. 58
ni: .............................................................................................................................................. 60
R .................................................................................................................................................... 60
ru: .............................................................................................................................................. 60
ro: .............................................................................................................................................. 60
P: ................................................................................................................................................... 61
p: ............................................................................................................................................... 61
pu............................................................................................................................................... 63
pe:.............................................................................................................................................. 63
Pha................................................................................................................................................. 64
phaw: ......................................................................................................................................... 64

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B: ................................................................................................................................................... 65
bo: ............................................................................................................................................. 65
M: .................................................................................................................................................. 65
mu: ............................................................................................................................................ 66
me:............................................................................................................................................. 66
mo: ............................................................................................................................................ 66
Y.................................................................................................................................................... 66
V.................................................................................................................................................... 67
D.................................................................................................................................................... 67
di: .............................................................................................................................................. 67
Di............................................................................................................................................... 68
du............................................................................................................................................... 69
de:.............................................................................................................................................. 71
Kh:................................................................................................................................................. 73
khu: ........................................................................................................................................... 74
khi: ............................................................................................................................................ 74
kh: ............................................................................................................................................. 76
kho: ........................................................................................................................................... 77
S: ................................................................................................................................................... 79
su ............................................................................................................................................... 79
se: .............................................................................................................................................. 80
si ................................................................................................................................................ 80
s2................................................................................................................................................ 80
saw ............................................................................................................................................ 81
Hse: ............................................................................................................................................... 82
hsi: 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 82
su2.............................................................................................................................................. 83
hta.................................................................................................................................................. 83
hte:............................................................................................................................................. 84
hti: ............................................................................................................................................. 84
hta2: ........................................................................................................................................... 84

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 htu: ............................................................................................................................................ 84
hta2 ............................................................................................................................................ 85
hte.............................................................................................................................................. 85
hto: ............................................................................................................................................ 85
htaw:.......................................................................................................................................... 86
T .................................................................................................................................................... 86
tu: .............................................................................................................................................. 86
to: .............................................................................................................................................. 86
Tha ................................................................................................................................................ 89
th: .............................................................................................................................................. 89
thi: ............................................................................................................................................. 90
tho: ............................................................................................................................................ 90
L kl, pl, .......................................................................................................................................... 90
kl: .............................................................................................................................................. 90
lo: .............................................................................................................................................. 91
le:............................................................................................................................................... 91
la2:............................................................................................................................................. 92
le................................................................................................................................................ 92
H:................................................................................................................................................... 92
Table 2: consonant Cluster........................................................................................................ 94

................................................................................................................................................. 94

............................................................................................................................................... 96

............................................................................................................................................... 98

................................................................................................................................................. 99

......................................................................................................................................... 102
gh+ .............................................................................................................................................. 102

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 ................................................................................................................................................. 103

.............................................................................................................................................. 104

................................................................................................................................ 104
ahu ........................................................................................................................................... 104

................................................................................................................................................ 105

................................................................................................................................................ 105

................................................................................................................................................ 106

................................................................................................................................................ 106

.............................................................................................................................................. 106
pagh (human) .............................................................................................................................. 106

............................................................................................................................................... 107

.............................................................................................................................................. 108

............................................................................................................................................ 109

............................................................................................................................................... 109

................................................................................................................................................ 109

............................................................................................................................................... 110

............................................................................................................................................... 110
kh+ .............................................................................................................................................. 111

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 .............................................................................................................................................. 112

........................................................................................................................................... 112

................................................................................................................................................ 114

................................................................................................................................................ 115

............................................................................................................................................... 116
measure ....................................................................................................................................... 117
N gh ......................................................................................................................................... 118
n gh htve:..................................................................................................................................... 118

............................................................................................................................................... 120

................................................................................................................................................. 121

............................................................................................................................................. 122

.............................................................................................................................................. 123

........................................................................................................................................... 124

............................................................................................................................................. 124

................................................................................................................................................ 124
pha ............................................................................................................................................... 126

............................................................................................................................................ 127

................................................................................................................................................. 128

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The Karen People .................................................................................................................... 128
Karens ..................................................................................................................................... 128
The concept of K’la and K’sa ................................................................................................. 129
Facts, Customs, Traditions, Rituals ........................................................................................ 130

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 Part:1 Introduction

Words always entice me in various ways. Being a Marwari Jain and growing up in

different places, I came in contact with many languages, besides Hindi, Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit,

and various dialects like Malvi, Nimadi to name a few. Aravalli, Thar Maru, Kuchcha, Maya,

MAyA, MAhi, Narmada, were among the few words whose Sanskrit etymology did not satisfy

me. On the other hand, several topography village names in Rajasthan and Malwa made me think

about those ancient name givers who once dwelled there. Might be Harappan! I knew that the

Harappan civilization, during its heydays, was spread from west to east Iran to Delhi and from

north to south Afghanistan to the Narmada.

I always wondered that where would be those ancient Harappan, who left their traces, but

took the language with them? Were they illiterate only because the script could not be read? As

some prominent schoolers arduously proclaimed. Later, I did twenty years of study and research

in ancient Indian literature, World Mythology, Anthropology, world civilizations, and the Nature

of Languages, for my ambitious historical novel “Pashupati. Then, I understood ancient worlds

and their business of livelihood better. For instance, it was always the case when a race lost, so

did its gods. People who survived, blended with the new language and culture, followed old

customs, but with new meanings. Over the centuries, with the syncretism, the origin becomes

faint as a star on the evening horizon. I settled over ancients, until, I discovered the Karen people

of Burma (Myanmar) during my new writing.

They call themselves ‘Kayin’ and are oblivious to the origin of the word. The traditions

of the Karen clearly indicate that they have not always lived in their present home. They were

living with “Thaw Meh Pa," the mythical founder of the Karen race, in some unknown land to

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the North. Once a great boar ravaged their fields. The patriarch went out and killed the boar, but

when his sons went to bring in the carcass, they could find only one tusk which had been broken

off in the fray. The old man made a comb out of this, which surprised them all by its power of

conferring eternal youth to all who used it. Soon their country became overpopulated, and they

set out to seek a new and better land. They traveled together till they came to a river called in

Karen "Thi Seh Meh Ywa." The Karen name of the river means the "river flowing with sand."

They keep a record of the time. It was 739 BC when they settled in the new homeland Burma.

One ornament peculiar to a Karen is the boar's tusk comb, just like the one their ancestor,

"Thaw Meh Pa," made after he had killed the mythical boar. This is worn behind the ear, hanging

down as a sort of an earring. This is made of strips of the outer shell of the bamboo. Their story

of crossing the river of sand and boar tusk compelled me to dig more in their origin. Because the

boar’s tusk is what I felt is the horn on Unicorn seal a prized insignia.

I learned the Burmese script and did an extensive study of the Karen language from all

available material. I found significant similarities with Malvi and Nimadi dialects. Words that

my great grand mother used. Words for jar, pot etc. The striking words that I heard in various

dialects in Rajasthan and Malwa.

They call themselves we the black head people so did the Sumerians. So I compared

Karen and Sumerian vocabulary. These two languages indeed several common roots.

I was struck with awe - I felt like I am at my destination. Many traditions now clad in

philosophical and sophisticated meanings, in fact, had primitive origins that I was searching for a

long time. Besides that I found etymologies of those words in the Karen language that always

made me think about the ancients.

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 Migratory words travel together with the technology, culture and beliefs. Indus traders

had a long history of trade with Sumer and Crete by land and sea routes. They exported beads,

crafts, cotton, salt, agriculture, and forest produce. Harappan civilization, during its heydays, was

spread from west to east Iran to Delhi and from north to south Afghanistan to the Narmada. This

is how word are preserved in Malva and Nimad and the business and craft communities. It looks

like once a Tibeto-Burman family language prevailed in the Indus area because when I compared

the Karen language from Myanmar -a language isolate which is kept in the Tibeto Burman

family, I found striking similarities with regional dialects of Malva and Nimar.

After initial comparison, I compered the Karen language with Sumerian. As a structure,

also Sumerian and Karen have common features: Monosyllabic, couplets, reduplications,

numerical classifiers, numbers.

Michael Ventricle when deciphering Liner B was surprised to find the language was

Greek, so was I when I applied values, and found it was a kind of proto Prakrit with Tibeto

Burman family that still have its traces in many languages. Specially in Malvi, Nimadi and

Marathi.

It is at Kasrawad where the last vantage of Harappans were found. Harappan traders and

craftsmen were living there. They might had some resources there. Later more people migrated

from the Sindhu and the current dialects kept its trading and farming vocabulary preserved.

No wonder that all believes, current spoken languages, and scripts as well have echo of

the Indus all over Indian subcontinent- all the way to Myanmar. The traces of the language are

left in Malvi, Nimadi, Marthi, Karen and some other dialects.

The Fall of the City State

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 Indus traders had a long history of trade with Sumer and Crete by land and sea routes.

They exported beads, crafts, cotton, salt, agriculture, and forest produce. The Karen were one of

many clans who was living in the Indus valley. Later wars from the western and northern front,

economic and environmental factors, the fall of Sumer and Crete, caused mass migrations of

various artisans and craft workers from the Indus region towards the east. Frog leaping and chain

migration

Indus culture migration: My trail: Map

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Understanding the Fuction of the Seals: A house in HR area:
Various seals, that are found within AI house tell about various people, and their comminucation
regarding how trade was happening within the city. There were requirment, release, wages
instruction.

Note various shapes of the Unicorn and the pot below the neck. Various shpape indicate
different merchant guilds.

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Understanding the Nature of Indus Script
Karen and its Similarity with other Languages:
The Karen language is isolate language that is kept in the Tibeto-Burman family. Sumerian also

is a language isolate Karen and Sumerian both are monosyllabic language. Karen has several

words that exist in the north Indian languages. Specially Malvi and Nimadi trade, craft and

farming. Like Sumerian, Karen features a large number of homonyms.

Malvi also have numerical classifiers. Punjabi is unusual among Indo-European

languages in its use of lexical tone. The tone could be a proof of the underplaying X Tebito-

Burman languages.) It has postposition. An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other

Indo-European languages, is that it displays inclusive and exclusive we also found in Rajasthani

and Gujarati and common to the Austronesian and Dravidian languages. In Bangla, when

counted, nouns must also be accompanied by the appropriate measure word. Like Karen.

Assamese has a huge collection of classifiers, which are used extensively for different kinds of

objects.

The Indus Script and its Connection with Sumerian:

Although unique in itself, the Indus script has many similarities with proto Elamite,

Egyptian and Sumerian. But it is the Sumerian conventions that were closely applied on the

script. New signs were generated by combining two or more signs. Like Sumerian it combines

two (or more) different signs to produce a new idea by association of ideas. It adds to a base sign

a phonetic indicator which points to the pronunciation of a word associated in meaning with the

base sign. The Sumerian called this indicator ‘gune’. I gave this sign name ‘tirra’. A word used

in Malvi to add a line here and there. (as my great grand mother used.)

In the cuneiform homonyms are written with a change of direction. It is possible to do

same thing with various Indus signs.

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GE = stylus cuneus; (piece of) writing, copy, exemplar, written; blow; wound [All called 'ge' but

then 12100 reed (stylus) is also 'ge']

1230B ge14

12038 ge15

12079 ge3

1203A ge22

12039 ge23

Indus signs: ex.

the Gunu sign:

gùnu, gùn

n., dot, spot (circle + discrete point; cf., ugun) [GUN3 archaic frequency: 23; concatenation of 2

sign variants].

v., to decorate with colors, lines, spots; to sparkle; to put on antimony paste makeup.

adj., dappled; striped; speckled, spotted; spangled; variegated, multicolored; embellished,

decorated; brilliant.

12108 GIR2, giš, gír [198x] = knife, dagger, razor, sword | ul4.gal = sword

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12109 ~ gunu | ul4 [39x] = to hasten, (be) quick; (to be) early | ul4 [12x] = terror |

át=GÍRgunû [syll.]

knife : the gir sign with gunu=terror

conclusion: the quality- gun of the knife is to cut, to terrorize, anger etc., so gun sign

represent the inherent quality of the sign.

While Gunu means the inherent quality of the thing like stone is heavy so showing

heaviness. The sun and moon are bright, white, yellow so showing expressing brightness and

whiteness and yellowness. In the Indus script same concept applies.

Sanskrit: gun : gauNa: virtue, merit, excellence, quality, peculiarity, attribute, property. Guṇa is

declared to be derived from another root Gaṇa which means "to count, enumerate"

A gun sign could be a just a stroke that indicate the symbols status in the script or while

reading.

ex:

Detrminative to use phonetic value, not the face value: like Chinese when some word has

only a phonetic value not any meaning thay are underlined.

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 kali vs th kali vs pgh+thkali

kali: boat, seed, bow

Reduplication to describe universality and plural:

ex:

sp skh, bl ka pasun v r (united)

Combination of signs

To show an idea or combination of consonants:

Number of consonants and vowels

At the intial stage, I am assuming twenty consonants and four vowels. It was a language

with tone or accent but its diffcult to estimate how many tones were there besides with the rebus

principle tone shouldn’t be a problem.

b, d, g, gh, h, k, kh, l, m, n, p,pha, r, s, sh, t, th, th, y, ny

a, e, i, o or u

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 Total number of symbols are vary from different scholars’ point of view, but atleast some

eighty symbols would be consonant + vowel symbols. Some symbol are composite, ideogram,

and also homonyms.

Orthography
The Indus script has curious combination of cuneiform and hieroglyphs, which is not

surprising, because there was a presence of an african element. The fully developed writing

system employs logograms (word signs), syllabic signs (sound values derived from word signs),

and determinatives (un pronounced logograms which help the reader choose from among the

different logographic values of polyvalent signs) to reproduce the spoken language.

Logograms: Many logograms are written with a single sign, for example a 'arrow’.

Other logograms are written with two or more signs representing ideas added together to express

a new idea, resulting in a compound sign, which has a pronunciation different from that of any of

its parts.

Rebus writing: where the sign for an object which could easily be drawn was used to

write a homophonous word which could not so easily be depicted, especially an abstract idea.

For example, the picture of an arrow, pronounced /pal/, became also the standard sign for the

verb pal 'to remit'.

Determinatives and numerical classifiers: Determinatives are logograms which

may appear before or after words which categorize the latter in a variety of ways. A

determinative is one of a limited number of signs which, when placed before or after a sign or

group of signs, indicates that the determined object belongs to a particular semantic category,

e.g. wooden, reed, copper or bronze objects, or persons, deities, places, etc.

Reading Indus Script:

In summary, any particular Indus sign may have three kinds of uses:

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 1. It will usually have more then one logographic values, each with a different

pronunciation based on the tone. A single value may itself have more than one meaning.

2. One of the logographic values of a sign may function as a determinative.

3. One or more of the logographic values may function as a syllabic sign. For example, the

sign the hand sign can represent:-the logogram an in the meaning ‘give, take, wage. The

most important was the principle of polyvalency, the association of semantically related

"many values" with a particular sign, each with its own separate pronunciation. That was

depended on the context. (tone)

Table: Sumerian and Indus: Few Examples

Sumerian etc Indus

gi-gun4(-na), gi-gù-na jin: jain, jignesh(name)
sacred building ('reeds' + 'decorated
temple').

šìr-ra-nam-en-na, šìr-re-nam-nir-ra sirinam: bhajan

song of lordship ('song' + 'lordship' +
genitive).
šìr[EZEN], šur sur, sangeet,
n., song; lament (Orel & Stolbova #2258
*sir-/*sur 'sing').
v., to sing.

gú gardan: neck, gola: circle

neck; nape; river bank; side; other side;
edge; front; land; pulse, chick pea

tar: to brake, to cut, thread,

tar
v., to cut; to decide; to determine; to
inquire; to smoke; to break,
didi de de, didi: sister
young, small.
bànda(da)
young; junior; vigorous; impetuous; fierce;

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proud.

ú-sug4 asubh, ashubh

unclean, menstruating woman (cf., úzug).

ki-in-dar ku a=a well, ku: khodana+ water

hole, crevice ('ground' + 'instance of' + 'to
split'; cf., ki-dar).
a: water
har, àr, ur5 har: necklace
n., millstone; ring; link (in a chain); coil or
spiral of silver or other precious metal that
can be worn as a ring or bracelet and was
used as money
šár, sár sanvat sar:
n., totality, all; world; horizon; ball, yuga: 3600 (year?) Purans
counter, token; the number 3600 = 602
(many, much + àr, 'ring, coil').

nam-mah...dug4/du11/e na mh: bow

to exalt ('greatness' + 'to effect').

kankal kankal: a skeleton

hard soil; uncultivated land (ki, 'earth,
place', + nu, 'not', + kal[-l], 'excellent,
valuable').

mer(2), mir(2), gùr marut, rudra

n., storm wind; violent storm; north(wind);
anger; belt, waistband; an encircling
snake (var. of gùr) v., to blow fiercely; to
get angry.
adj., fierce, angry, furious.

-ke4 ke: same porpose

often occurs at the end of a genitival
compound which functions as the actor or
agent of the sentence (ak, genitival suffix
'of', + e, ergative agent marker).

kù-babbar kuber: a yaksh, treasure

silver ('noble metal' + 'white').

23
Part:2

How did I read the script?

Assigning value to pictographic simple signs:

The jar sign was the first, where I applied a phonetic value without vowel, because it had

same word in Karen as in many dilects as well in Sanskrit. Then I found saveral words relating

through rebus and vowel

Note: All symbols and numbers are taken from : The Indus Script: Text, Concordance,

and Table: Dr. Iravathan Mahadevan.

Note: Please refer to Appendices for the detailed phonetic grid tables- consonant roots and

consonant cluster.

24
Table:1
Jar Value

Basically, it is a pot, jar whater but with

the ‘gun sign’ and from a reduplicate class:

sora sora, sr sr, gr gr

saru+r= pot+rekh(line)= entry,

Current words:

sora: collect, collected, noted etc.

jar : sr, tr, thr, gr sa: main, chief.

r : write, scrach, Associate with other roots a thara: decide, decided, determinative.

writer; rakam: money, rukka: recipt, note, roka:

thr, gr, tr: scratcher, writer stop, likh: write, kharra: letter, rekha: line,

gv, gvli: write, enter, make marks rakh: keep, kept

th:skilled in craft chhoda: release

agar: a storehouse
Sumerian ex.

dub-sar chitar

scribe ('tablet' + 'to write'). chitra

ĝadub

tablet container (ĝar;ĝá, 'to store', + dub, 'clay

tablets'; cf, lúša13[ĜÁ]-dub-ba).

25
sar, šar

v., to insert, enter; to begin; to write; to pay,

deliver punctually;

adj., driven out, pursued.

Then couple of other symbols like fish:ny, arrow: pal (pv, b), human: p,gh, and I felt comfortable

enough to figure out meanings on some seals.

Table:2
Sign Value

various pot, jar, containers

go, garu, saru, tharu

sf:1395
value: sr,gr,thr,

ny: to see, to have, consist

th ny: meat,

Value: ny, ms (masha a weight unit and also in Indus area fish is
face value: fish
called mas, macch, machali)

ms: meat, weight

th

one

26
 sf:149

ki, ka

preposion, two,
sf:365
kiwad: door, kinara: river bank,
sf:649
eki, beki: a game of odd and even

th

1. The numeral three;

sf:151
a particle

second personal pronoun, plural number

teen: three. tha: second personal, the: plural

pl: arrow, permit,

227 bl: spade, scrifice, force

face value bn: arrow, bl: spade,

an arrow, a triangle on ahu: light rays

a stick , various values: (*bn,pn, pl)

a triangle+ triangle+determinative

determinative, nt, tn

A light rays current words:

bola: speak, bol: say, remind

pl: permit

27
 panna o: make clear

nipatana: make clear

An act: kiya

kar, karo: do

nakki, ahu, ahe: direct question, force, of introgation. Yes,

permission, afirmation

nat, tan: deny, not any, none

Table:3 Simple Phonetic Grid Table

Indus symbol Phonetic root Roots that are present in various Indus area languages and
value meaning.
g+r, s+r, t+r gora, saro garu tharu: various water pots
reduplicate tha ri: a jar
grgr, srsr,trtr tha r: a teacher
jar with gun tha ro: a writer, scribe
tha ra: a register
saru, sora: collected, noted, store room, alright
d or p+gh advance, head, deposit, making, warehouse, big house,
pghadi, ghadai, ghadi,
sf:376
k of
649
ki two, after, afterwards, past time, behind, belong,
genative?
365 kivad: doors, kine, ki,
kv, ph pieces, nine, unsatisfactory, lavy, tax
kave, kate, katta (a measuring unit of half bag)
355 phte, phute,(broken)
ny:fish ny: consist, to see

381
m m: great, noble, mesure unit
279 mn man, mina, maha,
d, pn domestic, animal, bound,
216
ghe, de ghe: cut, slice, divide
188 katta: half, a measuring unit

28
 73
se hsh su,hsu the idea of parting with, or losing a portion of substance;
sf:236

gu or go note:1. Neck;
2. adv. neck-like, i.e., small
sf:232

g+somethimg? Bent, curved, inflected;

sf:88

sg, gg,skh reduplicate, joined, friends, togather

sf:53

yg, gy go, time span, hundred

sf:35

g or l as leaf? round, head, A formative, prefixed to verbal roots

sf:61

pl guard, remit, release, given

227 palla, paya, apa:
ph divide, fork
240 phad, phank,
hta, r r: respect, joy, shout, hta: stop
212 *har har: jubilation, htane
kho, khe number eight, dig, parcle, farm, run

206 khod, khet, kho kha, kho kho: game

p 1. First personal pronoun, plural number, nom. and poss. cases,

170 we, our; place, unit of measurement
peet: back, place, patta: lease, panna: measurement unit
tha three, a particle
second personal pronoun, plural number
1. Be skilled, able; to wash, cleanse with water;
sf:151

29
 kav,v carry on sholdur
kavadi

separate by sifting, a sieve or riddle; shaking with a shifting

motion; cull, pick up;
sf:92 ghu combined with words denoting increase and collection;
ghumana, ghusana, ghatti, ghisana

l, v take, bright (moon), white

136
su, de? wages, give, postposition
sula sula, dole, dihadi,
132
ko: land. time, distance, meet

35

n, ng, ngh

ru a mane, a fin awe, fear, mix, unite several substances together

Steer a boat, The implements of a blacksmith, taken together
99 rukka, rakam,
pgh human,
pag, pagh, pavane, pavi

pu?

63
pe, hto, htu

ba fence. Num. affix, to things flat, any thing broad and flat; co. to
the term for skin, bark, rind, &c.; shell, as of the turtle; brilliant
89 yellow; a spear;
bora: made of jute, bojha: weight, baat: weight bad: fence

bu, phu grain, bead both were used for wages

mu, ml original, face, sun, bright,

mukh, maal, mul,

30
 me: tooth, pointed, tusk,
d

gv to see, observe, inspect

me(two eyes)
93
kv
y five, light beam

yu? gyu, syu

d stop, fight, meet, walk?

23
khu, khi? six, pick, open disunited, keeping off, or separate, scrape,
90 bloom
khujana, khilna, bloom
hto hte

73

tu gold, push, fall. bridg?

tussi: a gold neckless
setu: bridge, join
tu, guli or tuti?
sf:78

ti water
do bund!

sf:35

to? bird

ph+su wages, profit, result

va+su vasul, vasule, phal, phasal
sf:168
variationas
g+kh? sixty complete?
sf:130

31
 p + ni trade, trademan
human+ horns pani, vani, baniya, pansari
sf:105

based on a small leather bag for gold and precious metal

variation Kasharpan: a coin . Chankya economics
gz +k name: gaj+
sf:105
gz+d elephent, unit of measurment: gaj
so so: prominent, convex, elevated, rising above the common
60 level; rise to a prominence, rise as the surface of the ground
into a hill or mountain;

li, na vi finge, seven

phu,
sa vi
sf: 29 sa gh?

kali: boat, beda, bow.

v. ro ghu?

Table:4 Some ex:

person with
gn(count measure)+kho
stick+ mat
gnkho (gankho)

measure the land for the tax

a landlord who eats on the land or a land overseer

lavigu(go) (lego?)
four
question? Will you take?
stick+neck
pulavi?
lavi +go

32
four stick+ a basket get the thing.

lavi+pu

su+ny, de+ny
hand+fish
den, dena : possess, given, for that
de+ ny

su+ny

tha

jar+person with load

three stick+pot+load carried
tha+sr+ kav
number three+ ideogram ( a jar
thisra load (ordinal number)
+load)
varbal: tha: act

load carried or load carrier

kahar, kavad, koli

loading charges on the party

decide

fig: tha ko li: your words, your turn, oath

third time, said three times *significance of three

*de (su), ny, (*bn,pn, pl)

make a payment, payment clear

su ny (pn,bn, pl)

*suny= not any

*reading the hand sign and arrow acording to the context:

various values

33
Table:4: A name

image courtesy: Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions: Three Volumes

1 g+y 2

gy, yg sy=joined gr sr thr or sa, ga,

possibal name: (gy,sy,yg) (sa, ga,thr) or profession: worker: for domestic animals.

Very common names: gythr, gysr, etc

Table:5: A place, a meal ticket

image courtesy: Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions: Three Volumes

1: a triangle+hold 1: ni+da, da+ni, di+n day,

an ideogram meal+ to give An da

2: ki day, annada: meal giver

34
3: a foot? 2: ki meal ticket:

steps? 3: k, ph dani ki kha

pha+paw din ki bandi

bhandara

*ninda langar

bread; bakery good; food (níĝ, 'valuables', pangt

+ dar, 'to slice') [GAR archaic frequency: dihadi

409]. bandua

ba-an

a measure for bread and flour.

pIz poZI saIZ,I

kaozI jagah

tya inaNa-ya inapTara

Baugatana¸ majadUrI, idhaDI

baMdI baMQak rohna

fig: sal ki girvi: pawn for a

year

work for food

plde ki pedi: the auction,

food, meal house, query

35
Table:6: A designation

8a

image courtesy: Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions: Three Volumes

*Seal from VS area

1:baw 1:baw+ 2:(pu, bu, kali, ke)+3: sh 2: pujay: respected

2:(pu, bu, kali, ke, thah pushy: a nakshtra

gvi)+n+m navda=navth pushan: the sun(flower

3: sh n+m=that means: determinater shiny)

n+th=nath=great authority pu ru sh

m+n=mn=mahan (in Sanskrit the

terms: analogous: gani, thni, th ni, ‘r’ stopper)

greatness pujari: a preist

Karen:

me kali: an all seeing eye kul, kali, kaal,

kl or gv: see from above baw nm kali: all seeing eye

thah+kl

36
 bapusa, babusa: the head of a clan

Second sign renders several names which are more like epithets that can be still traced.

life is a boat and the god or a person who leads that.

khevanhaar: who leads your boat to the shore, who you can lean upon

Note the difference between two unicorns one with a headband and other with a kind of spoon

with their respective as a horn and a twig. Seal 8a is from the VS area and I believe that that

place should be search more.

Examples:
Reading Dholavira Signboard
The Maluhha kingdom and the City of Avanti : Reading of Dholavira Signboard

Dholavira sign in situ: courtesy to https://www.harappa.com/ and Gujrat Tourism

Dholavira is one of the main cities of Indus civilization that lies in the sunny, dry area of

Khadir belt. Dhlovira signboard is an important finding of one of a kind because it is a

signboard. This paper is about the name of the city. With the grid table, I gave value and found

37
the name of the town and the region. The region is “Maltha.” Maltha is none other but was the

one mention in the Sumerian as ‘Maluhha.’ Before the silk route, existed the salt route. Salt was

a precious commodity during the ancient world that was used in the barter system as money. Salt

also has religious symbolism in measure religions since antiquity. Multha was one of the cities or

the origin of that route.

Table 1: Dholaveera Signs

1 2 3 4

the sign 53 is
flipped th
mu mu
kh, g+kh, l+kh
ideogram:
l sh, l kh,
lg

determinative,
ajeya reduplicate place
alakh mm: mumu, ml, pure
AlaGya holy sth, sthan
lagaI mah mah =holy, divine, the star of
stars
*thr, sm, sghmu
other variations:
smuth, dumu, sayukt, ymu (twins
mu+mu)

38
5 6 7 8 9 10
the sign is
not clear,
probably
gh tu, tho, dy
mu consonant
(gi: center)
cluster m
ideogram
bearer
or le (ve m n)
lave, leh, padu

padu+umd
padum:
sign friquency:
du 42(dr.
Mahadevan)
big house white, green, piller, sun
glitering precious hammer,
mu: sprout, shoot under,
determinative shadow, sky,
for divine heart, high
beings
du+gh: fort Divine lotus like sun as lotus of th u or duymu: the center of
n+gh: city the sky? the universe or the seat of the
sun, the bearer, kingdom
Padam: a count a number t,d +m= area, city,
base 20 uttam=great, unnat: high,
count base on hand and toes exaulted
p+d=feet+ hand
padum: lotus, the king of the
flowers
other uses of the sign confirms
the reading as padumd or
padund.

The Reading: Expression:

alakh ml th ngh mu padumedo oth mu
“Undefeated Mal(u)tha fort, city Paduma as beautiful as the sun, under the sun.”
Now the signs ‘ n gh’ come in between Maltha and Padum, so it possible that fort Maluth
or fort Padma or Maltha is compered with the lotus. The lotus is considered a noble, divine
flower, the king of the flowers. The sun is also noble and seating in the blue lotus. There are
many depictions of later deities sitting in the lotus. Specially the goddess Lakshmi who is
also called Padma who is feminine of Padam-the lotus. So there is no doubt that the sun is
the lotus of the sky. It is noteworthy that Avanti was also known as Padamvati acording to
Skandpuran in the Avanti Khand. Katch was a part of Malutha kingdom.

39
Table:2 Comperision with Sumerian, Karen and other languages:
Sumerian Karen Indus Area
mul mu: the sun mu: mukhy, mahan, mh mh,
n., star; constellation; planet; padu: lotus, a post of pujya: respected
meteor (ĝi6/mi, 'night', + ul, 'star, head, sprout
ornament') [MUL archaic lave: precious stone
frequency: 6]. precious white
v., to (let) sparkle, shine, glow. la+ve: white stone stone, gliter: mani, tamal
šún[MUL] Salt: lavan, lun, khar, kas,
n., star. na, naw: true kasu, lud, namk: khatta, khara,
v., to shine brightly. l: leaf, khota,
(Indus script: leaf) unnat, uttam, udatt, kulin,
ĝi6-par3/4 bhadra, umada,mahan, uccha
residence of the en priest or Various topological names
priestess ('night' + 'to stretch out'). around
mul-mul: the star of stars dada, gadhda
nam-mah
greatness (abstract prefix + 'high,
exalted, great').
é-gal
palace ('house' + 'large').
lí
true measure; fine oil.
nanam
n., true measure (na4, 'token,
counter', + nam, 'destiny' or just
reduplicated nam).
adj., reliable, true; honest,
decent.

an-pa
zenith ('sky' + 'branch' of sun dial
?)

unug(2), unu(2)
dwelling; fortress; jewelry,
adornment; cheek; the city of Uruk
(ùĝa/un, 'people', + ig, 'door')
[UNUG archaic frequency: 206;
concatenates 3 sign variants].

40
en
n., dignitary; lord; high priest;
ancestor (statue); diviner [EN
archaic frequency: 1232;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to rule.
adj., noble.

Table:3 Sign Comperision

sign common signs words in various languages
This both sign has two common
signs joined

Compare:
and +

fourty five degree turn

en
h
da: comprtment, t w: divide, n., dignitary; lord; high priest;
section, division, section,(equal) ancestor (statue); diviner [EN archaic
oil bag frequency: 1232; concatenates 3 sign
powerful, strong variants].
v., to rule.
no, naw, beak, great, true, adj., noble.
affix for equality, true, water,
me: great

Ideogram: me do- kept inside, na do: dusara nahi ( not anybody to

consist, precious compere with)
meat, container, bladder,
(potala, pet, peti, bhishti,)

41
 no do: equal to, great, as great
as---, precious, noble
(not anybody else)

Special Note: Why Dholavira? Such a place to make a city! After reading the signboard, I
understood why.
Because that place was considered precious for two reasons, one for the house of sun and
second for the salt, salt was a valuable commodity. In Karen, the south is called ‘muksu-the
silver chin of the sun’ and north as ‘mutu-the golden chin of the sun.’ There is a word Moksh-the
heaven. Now it all depends on which direction someone is standing. I wonder if there is any
relation with the tropic of Capricorn from Dholavira to Myanmar?

There are only two months when day and night are equals, and that falls according to the Indian
lunar calendar Chaitra and Asvin, which is Spring and Shard ritu. And there are two crop
seasons, which are known as rabi and Kharif, which are Arabic. I don’t know what they are
called in various other languages. During ancient times life is governed according to seasons; so
is the calendar. Star observations were significant, and a year was calculated around those
seasons of havest. The position of Dholaveera was significant.Sign is found on the northern gate:
The sun Uttarayan to Dakshinayan
Dhanu, Meen,: The Guru or Jupiter, (Three stars of Sagitarius)
Kartik: Diwali
Falgun: Holi
Dholavira coordinates
23°52'23.8"N 70°12'16.3"E

Seal Readings:
Ex.1

right to left:
1 2 3 4 5 6
s p, th go s gh ka ko ada adi kali
p: man ghu: to crush case fight tussal keli: play
p+p=sp ghu ghu=
all joined sghu
tha go= whole
powerful

42
 clan
th go gh mu

tha gho gahw mu: a multitude, a company.

sapa, sgh , ka, ada adi, keli
ada adi keli: A game or a fight to
sp sgh: join all
**the game of Kabbadi
Reding of the Pashupati Seal:
Introduction: The seal was uncovered in 1928-29, in Block 1, Southern Portion of the DK-G
Area of Mohenjo-daro, at a depth of 3.9 meters below the surface. The seal is formed of steatite
and measures 3.56 cm by 3.53 cm, with a thickness of 0.76 cm. The seal depicts a seated figure
with horned headdress and is surrounded by animals.

Seal No: 304.

Image Courtesy: Cropus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions

Table:1
Reading: Indus: right to left, English: left to right

Detail:
Found in the DK area

symbols:

sf:1395 sf:35 sf:5

sf:381
43
 sf:90
phonetic sr, gr, thr fish gh+v khu ?
value: ny gaw sgh+n sv, skh bird
ko tu beast
p li, l
m
go+sr,gr
ko+sr gr

meanings genitive consist unalterably a

end head, . fixed, beast?
participle main topple, irreversible, eagle?
chief, area strong, irretrievable; awe, fear
force catch grip, pgh
paw, firm biyalu:meal
determinative
for a man?
reading
X Y
svsghn
svgavi gony(thr,gr,sr)
svaghin families, lord of all, sovereign; solitary
svmn
li khu sghn
itu gvi
reading X+Y
svsghin gny sr(thr)

If first symbol as bird or beast included it becomes a name

li svghin, li khuvin gnysr(thr)
current variation: svadhin or svmni, gantantra: an independent
union.
likhugvi ganythr, itugvi gnythr: name of a Gantantra. That means:
the Hawk eaater (winner) naghu (naga) Janpad.

Possible Meaning: an independent union, a winner unioun, undefeted union where all have
equal rights to move around or name of the protective deity: Likhu Naghu Ganthr

Conclusion: An elephant, tiger, wild buffalo, and boar are four fierce animals depicted around
the figure of the deity. Possibly two deer are seating beneath the pedestal that shows refuge and

44
security under the deity’s patronage. In the Indian mythology pair of deer shows harmony and
peace. In ancient India, there was a concept of “chaturangi sena, akshohani- four division army”.
Four beasts on the seal may represent four division of an army. The pair of deer could be name
of the area that is under the chief.

45
Apendics:
Table 1: consonant Roots

Sumerian, Malvi,Nimadi, Hindi Indus Script Karen

etc Indus area with possible
phonotics
G:
ga sign note: measure
words for g,p,s
A formative, prefixed to verbal roots, as,
might be
gs, gth, ght. The compound thus formed
combination of
may be a verb, or a noun; u, is used
symbols and
interchangeably with s, th,ht,p<as gth
ideograms.
thathi,
gú like gs, sg, pl,
gr, sr, pr, gth, ge: 1. Open, diverge, dilate;
neck; nape; river bank; side; 2. an instrument used for catching fish;
other side; edge; front; land; gt, sgh, pgh,
pt, gt, st,etc. 3. carve, slice up;
pulse, chick pea (for 'land, 4. feel malevolence;
district' cf., gún; for 'load; talent' 5. one kind of ear ornament;
cf., gun; gún, gú) (circular + u5, 1. break, bead;
'on top of'; cf., Orel & Stolbova 2. num. aff. distance of a tree's length;
#982, *gun- "occiput, neck, 3. divine, presage;
nape") [GU2 archaic frequency: 4. broken in mind;
sf:232
34]. 5. adv. descriptive of a cackling noise;
gu or go
*griva, gardan: neck 6. aff. indicative of probability or
note:1. Neck;
gù permission
2. adv. neck-
n., noise, sound; voice.
like, i.e., small, 1. Attach to;
v., to exclaim; to utter a cry (said 2. bind together;
of an animal) (throat + u(3,4,8), 3. cling to;
'cries, screams'). 4. interweave;
*gun gun 5. creep, over-run, as creeping plants;
gùr, ga6 sf:88 6. gripe, as the bowels;
to bear, carry; to be full, loaded, g+somethimg? 7. block up, obstruct;
laden (Umma reading for íla sign, note: . Bent, 8. webbed;
cf., mir) (circular container + er, curved, 9. befall;
'to bring'; cf., gur, kùr, 'basket'). inflected; 10. design, have in mind;
gal, ĝal 11. with neg. exceed;
n., a large cup; chief; eldest son. 12. num. aff. the quantity grasped by one
adj., big, large; mighty; great sf:53
hand;
(chamber + abundant, numerous) sg, gg, 13. a small copper coin, a pie;
[GAL archaic frequency: 1004; 14. a family name for several kinds of fish;
concatenation of 2 sign variants]. 15. sulphur;
ĝá sf:9 16. aff. denoting connection;

46
basket; house; stable (cf., ĝar) sg(leaf or 17. interpret, surmise.
[GA2 archaic frequency: 125; tooth) sagwan 1. Scarce;
concatenation of 5 sign variants]. tree? 2. bear a high price;
3. trade;
4. throw over the shoulders, as a shawl,
sf:35
&c.
yg, gy or
1. a scarce article;

sf:11 2. an article of trade;

couplet? 3. scarcity.
ga ht: trade, traffic: sf:124
ĝu10
my, mine.
gi4, ge4
gi: 1. Tie around, gird;
sf:61 2. a band, ligature;
to return, come back; to send
gu: 3. convoluted;
(back) (with -ši-); to reject,
g or l as leaf? 4. having short bends;
dislike; to restore; to answer
5. winding;
(person to whom answer is given
6. marrow;
resumed by dative prefix, and
7. pith;
with -ni-) (circular motion + to
8. the pistil of flowers;
go out, send) [GI4 archaic
9. midst, center;
frequency: 37; concatenation of 3
10. cordiality, sincerity;
sign variants].
11. corrugated, furrowed;
12. worms of the grub family;
g, half ingot? 13. grating to the ear;
note: . break, 14. adv. qualifying yellowness.
as the rim of a a steep bank;
pot; 3. lop, or break so as to make the part hang
down;
4. lopped, pendant;
5. break, as the rim of a pot;
6. a cover, a projecting or shelving part
10. row, with oars;
g ga de: 1. Back a boat by reversing the
oars;
2. row back again;
ge ga: 3. return, come back.
note. row, with g ge: 2. opposite, over against, as fruit
oars; growing on opposite sides of the stalk;

gu: 3. cover with a cap, hat, umbrella;

4. a slave, a debtor or bond servant.
1. Clothe the lower part of the body, put on
garments which fasten around the waist;
2. full, complete, wanting nothing;
3. convex, prominent;

47
 4. curved;
5. adv. as imitative of certain sounds.
gu gu la la: adv. fully, completely.
gu gaw: full, complete.
3. num. aff. denoting a number or party
taken as a whole;
4. uprooted;
5. adv. sparsedly;
6. adv. descriptive of certain sounds;
7. favor, profit, advantage;
1. Chop, fell as trees;
gu:cover with 2. num. aff. a division, part, section, half;
hat, cap 3. adv. used to describe certain sounds.
a slave, a 1. Cough;
debtor or bond 2. cut, slice;
servant 3. cut around, notch;
4. reap.
2. an article of trade.
a gu o. have discernment, discrimination
gah ? g: 1. Bent, crooked;
2. slice up or 2. a bend, crook;
divide into; 1. Return, revert, recur;
2. die;
1. Become;
ge, gai
3. live, revive, recover;
4. succeed, produce something;
gu (ganth, 5. be well and strong;
guthana) 6. be practicable;
7. aff. denoting practicability or physical
power;
8. aff. and couplet of another affix,
indicating the completion or finishing of a
matter;
gl, la, sila,
9. adv. descriptive of sounds; as
1. Shine; 2. blaze.
go:
the word in the following significations
1. A clan, the people or subjects belonging
to a chief;
2. a body of reserve troops;
3. the eldest brother or sister in a family;
4. an affectionate appellation given by the
elder brothers and sisters to the younger
ones;
5. the stock of a cross-bow;

48
 6. relief from pain, &c.;
7. the long feathers in the tail of a cock;
8. the raising of one's self standing;
9. substantial earthen ware;
10. short thick vessels as certain jugs, &c.
11. the combining or adding of numbers;
12. the assembling together of persons or
things;
13. the lowering down of projecting parts,
as the cock of a musket;
14. the taking apart of machinery,
furniture, &c. to bring them into a more
compact form;
15. splitting or severing short, thick
articles, (Maul.)
16. adv. descriptive of certain sounds;
17. the name of a person noted in Kar. fab;
18. a nucleus, a beginning.
1. Neck;
2. adv. neck-like, i.e., small,
inconsiderable;
3. fall so as to bring the chest or neck to the
ground;
4. that part of an upright thing which is just
between the top and trunk, applied to the
arms and legs, it denotes the wrists and
ancles;
1. Cry out, halloo, scream;
2. call, summon, invite;
3. name;
4. complain of any pain or particular
symptom when indisposed;
5. an island;
6. every;
7. all without exception;
8. be of an even number;
9. connect with or attach to one's person;
10. be strongly indicated, seem to be near
at hand;
11. adv. repeatedly, every little while;
12. a species of charm or amulet.
gaw: 1. A delineated space or area;
2. a country, province;
3. appropriate a female to one's self for a
wife;
4. affixed to another noun, the region or

49
 superfices pertaining to the thing denoted
by that noun;
5. with w prefixed and cg affixed, at once;
6. affixed to a word for time, afterwards;
7. adv. in sweeping manner;
8. clear a small space in clearing jungle,
chop the small trees partly off, over the
space of ground on which a large tree is to
be felled;
9. adv. of motion, to and fro through a
wide space;
gaw g: a council.
1. Restrain, check;
2. uplifted;
3. be upheld, as a ponderous body on a
slender column;
4. adv. plainly, prominently;
5. the sea on which the sky seems to rest;
6. in weaving, a yarn beam;
7. poles tied under the rafters and sleepers
of a house;
8. Maul. prop to fishing stakes;
9. the props thus used;
10. to bear, suffer, a reef of rocks;
11. pawn, mortgage;
12. adv. securely;
13. beat with a flat surface;
14. the duties &c. pertaining to one's state;
15. co. variegated;
K:
122F0 TAB, MIN [0x!] = 2 ["2" /
two numeric] | TAB [740x] = to double;
to repeat; companion, partner, friend |
ki: 1. Two;
sf:365 2. bottom;
ki: 3. the posteriors;
cf. more used 1222B [959x] | True
Etym.: tab (key); tabulate
broken two 4. the top, a sprout;
bars: ko: head 5. the extremity;
m k: I said 6. end opposite the point;
7. tip;
8. the part of a building where the floor is
121A0 KI (gi5) [32379xxx!] =
constructed;
foot: kaw 9. after, afterwards; past time;
cosmic (under)world (cf ABZU) earth,
land, place, ground, toward, country, du: animal 10. behind;
lower, down below | determinative &ki; 11. remnants;
after place names | 12. the heel, the elbow;
13. the head of a stream;
sf:649 14. the first or preliminary chopping;

50
122F0 MIN “2″ (TAB) 15. three sheaves reaped preliminary to
harvesting; also the first days work in
thrashing;
kisti: boat(urdu) 16. the stern;
kah (to say) 17. the eaves;
klah(fight) 18. the outer corner of the eye;
ka: name of a Brahma A general term for ticks
ka: soul(egypt) k: the relations, or bearings of things
kavad (foot root: ka) m k a l: on what acount?
ko:head
kala, ansha (a part from whole) kaw: feet
kasu: the silver chin k: 1. Chin, or something pertaining to it;
kansa (lead) 2. bitter, acrid;
3. fig. acrimonious, bitter;
kala: soul
ke: 1. Step or pass over;
2. with the term for feet prefixed, die;
sf:59 3. left behind, fig. survive, pass safely
human feet: through;
kaw: u kav 4. the time or season of any thing;
deposit: rehan 5. step over an obstacle; transgress;
land 6. abandonment, spit out;
7. num. aff. applied to gins and traps;
8. used in the names of certain things.
35
ku: 1. Elated, buoyant, rejoiced;
2. diligent, active, stirring.
ko: land
ku du: undisturbed tranquility
time
ku: kh: borders of a field
distance
ku la: become cool, cool down
ku: 1. Raise somewhat by putting a
supporter underneath;
2. bold, courageous, confident;
3. a city;
ko na 4. with an affix, secretly;
gh ko 5. roar, as a lion.
ht ku: place something underneath a thing
to raise it
ku: 1. Medusa;
2. a ball (kanduk: Sanskrit)
ke gav: hereafter (various adv of time)
ke m: tin ore
ke le: introgative
ko hsgho: temple
ko htaw: 1. Applied to a field, denotes that
part which is last cleared;
2. increase, interest.

51

nayan: eye
particle:anu ANau
grain: ann
ny: consist of
I looked for ny as fish in many
langues only Tibeto-Burman
languages have it. Besides it min:
Tamil, god Annki: fish god
Fish as food> grain of the water:
ann
machali: is from meat-mans, mas
a small piece of meat
goddess: Inann: Anna
ḥn-(from ḥni)
is-(from isw)
Determinative for various
plants or flowers;
vi ko do: the wall of a city
ko do nav hto: fig. having great authority
or influence
kaw: 1. A side, co. under-part;
2. a shred, fragment;
3. num. aff. applied to sides, pairs,
opposites, and fragments;
4. the side teeth;
5. pass to the opposite side;
6. explain words or sentences;
7. the meaning of a figurative, deep,
intricate word or sentence;
8. aff. in a figurative, ambiguous manner;
9. adv. from side to side;
10. raise, as troops;
1. Foot, leg, of any kind;
2. base, foundation;
3. commencement, beginning; in presence
of, under the auspices of;
4. applied to time, instance, period, crisis;
5. adv. once, when, &c.;
6. an outlet;
kav lav: travelling without a load,
unburdened, a track
kl ki: the back, behind one
u kav: save, deliver by becoming security
for, or suffering as a substitute for.
Ny:
fish, to see,
meny: fresh water fish, fisher man
nyu: particle
ny Internal, occult, as opposed to ko external
and visible.
Close relation to ,y tear, rend, it is found
only in combination with other roots, as
. The texture, tissue or substance of a thing,
the material of which it consists, as
of paper
nyo: Throw, toss, employing both hands in
the act;
2. cast away, reject, abandon;
3. process of coloring black of a certain
kind;
Stretch out, extend, as the arms, legs, &c.;
2. point at;
3. stick out, as the lips;
52

ĝárza, ĝárzu, ĝirza[PA.LUGAL]
office, duties; rules.
saĝ...ha-za
to attach securely ('head' + 'to
hold, grasp, retain').
sandasi, snghasi, pakad, jakad
Diamond:
token money, gho, ghaw, sghaw,
sahyog, hundi, handi,rakha,
agrim,
rehan, pagdi, agadi, takun, token,
lo gah lo gah: liquidate, cancel as
a debt
*gumana, gurnan, chanana: sift
1. Having a pommel at the end;
2. elevated in a curve;
3. adv. in a bounding manner, curve in
bounding;
4. a cluster;
5. num. aff. applied to clusters;
6. strike with the under part of the fist;
1. Split, sever;
2. slice up or divide into;
3. a small rod, stick;
4. a shred or fragment, as of a pot;
5. a narrow channel between rocks;
6. debilitated;
7. unhealthiness;
8. adv. qualifying and imitating certain
sounds;
9. work, business.
Gh:
. Cross to the opposite side;
2. pass from end to end;
3. cross out of one year into another;
4. approximate, assimilate, resemble;
5. pass from one to another;
6. fig. surmount, overcome difficulties;
1. Person;
sf:92 2. num. affx. applied to persons;
ghu: 3. another, a different person, animal, or
thing.
ghi: 1. Origin, source;
2. root;
3. strength;
4. adv. confusion, perplexity, hither and
thither;
5. count, number, a number;
a ghi a gh:
adv. in a 6. the ratan plant.
decided, stern 1. Triturate, levigate;
manner 2. compress by wriggling and shoving;
3. penetrating, pungent;
4. names of different peppers;
5. creeping sensations of cold, adv.
rigorous;
6. reduced, compressed;
7. pressed, straitened in circumstances;
53
 8. press into or by wriggling;
9. certain feats which require bodily
contortions;
10. adv. spiteful, rancorous.
.ghah: Still, firm;
2. applied to conduct uniform, steadfast;
3. serious, sober, dejected;
4. adv. firmly unchangeably, sober, steady,
steadfast;
5. a small insect destructive to timber;
6. a small kind of mud fish or eel.
hta gh: something firm, steadfast,
immoveable.
1. Enclose, surround;
2. a yard, small enclosure;
3. applied to the sun and moon, a halo or
corona;
4. plant or sow in a little patch with a view
of transplanting;

ghu:
1. Use force, take by violence or extortion,
do with effort, defend, protect;
2. the ribs;
3. box, chest, and the like.
1. Cleaning grain by shaking it round in a
fan;
2. separate by sifting;
3. a sieve or riddle;
4. shaking with a shifting motion;
5. cull, pick up;
6. combined with words denoting increase
and collection;
7. recoil;
8. step or move backwards;
9. co. disconnected, apart from;
10. be shy, diffident;
11. disconcerted, displaced, as hair after
being done up, a knot;
12. adv. rough, dishevelled;
13. taking from by force, or injustice.
see vi rub, chafe, reduce, wear away by
attrition;
2. reduce to a powder or moist paste by
rubbing;
3. worn away, as by the action of water or

54
 fire;
4. co. to the term for destroy;
5. fig. tease, annoy.
1. A range, line, row;
2. cause, reason, occasion;
3. series of facts and events;
4. dispute;
5. name for the ratan plant;
6. strength;
7. num. aff. applied to ranges, rows, causes,
&c.;
1. Fit, proper, just, consistent, good,
becoming, handsome;
2. something fit, useful, good, &c.
3. and fit, suitable, ought, obligation;
4. with the negative denotes prohibition, or
expostulation;
5. reduplicated may be rendered by the
term either, or whether.
ghe:
1. Gash, slit, slice off;
2. having a form as if a segment had been
cut off;
3. a slit, cleft, cleavage;
4. affixed to nouns to denote a cleaving
instrument or agent.
1. Stir, move about;
2. readily moved, light, unsubstantial;
3. applied to the mind, ardent, excitable,
excited;
4. co. of the term for sleep;
5. adv. in a changing manner.

gho: 9. fig. inform, apprise, tell;

10. fig. of no use, to no purpose;
11. retch;
1. Elongated, oblong, ovate, or elliptical;
2. applied to time, awhile hence, not used
alone;
3. applied to persons, that which extends
one's sphere of action, influence, &c. i.e. a
companion, associate, not used alone.

ghaw:
1. A multitude, collective body;
2. co. to words denoting many, adding, and

55
 increase;
3. question;
4. in behalf of, one's advantage;
5. on account of, in consequence of;
because;
6. adv. jumbled, shifting in many
directions.
1. Red, reddish;
2. spoiled, destroyed;
3. features, form;
4. moral features, character;
5. size, presence, space occupied;
6. gripe, grasp, confine;
7. be in one's possession, have about one;
8. (from def. 3.) delineation, likeness,
image, picture, limbs, members;
9. co. of the word denoting heat, and fig.
trouble;
10. reduplicated adv. rudely, perplexedly,
confusedly;
11. early, unstable, irresolute, fickle,
tending to destruction, or failure;
12. the red sand-fly;

sgha

agreement: ulaulaw

N:
ní-zu 1. n: Pronoun, second person, Nom. or
yourself ('self' + 'your'). Poss. Mas. or Fem. singular number;
ko no
e-zé 2. Formative particle, see Gram. sec. 19,
nu
you. 262.
na as an suffix
for verb ? ne: A generic term for witches, or things
na4-šag4-túg having certain occult, mysterious or
stone weight for cloak ('pebble, unaccountable power generally bad, to act
weight' + 'inside' + 'cloth on other things; co. the term for face or
garment'). eyes, nose, projecting point or end; affix,
an-ta-sur-ra n (second
personal witch-like, as if by witchcraft; co. of the
a stone ('heaven' + 'from' + term for smell, have the sense of smelling;
'boundary marker' + nominative). prounoun)
co. extreme end, or edge; co. of the term
za(2) for breast, pap; co. of the term for palace,
precious stone, gemstone; bead; or kingly power;
hailstone; pit; kernel [ZA archaic A basket, of the low, round kind, generally
frequency: 9]. about three pecks; hence a measure of
na4nír[ZA.GÍN] na: woman?
about this quantity; to believe, trust or have

56
a precious stone with black and
white flecks.
na4, na
pebble, rock, ordinary stone;
stone weight; token; hailstone.
naĝar
adze, wood-chisel; carpenter;
craftsman (na4, 'stone', + ĝír,
'knife') [NAGAR archaic
frequency: 168; concatenation of
2 sign variants].
munus[SAL], nunus[Emesal]
female; woman (this
pronunciation found in absolute
inflection, cf., mí) (mí, 'woman',
+ nuz/nus, 'egg') (cf., mí/mu10,
nunuz, and etymology of nitah).
naw: women: karen
Tantra: traingle: female force
Circle: male: go, saw
en
n., dignitary; lord; high priest;
ancestor (statue); diviner [EN
archaic frequency: 1232;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to rule.
adj., noble.
saĝtag, santak(2,3,4)
triangle; (written) wedge; single
(saĝ, 'head', + tag, 'to hold').
confidence in; num. affix. applied to
baskets; used as a particle; defectiveness as
to belief, and implies defect in knowledge,
for we do not say we believe what we
positively know;
ko: head? 1. Sec. pers. pron. sing. num. Obj. case;
n gh; pngh voc. case; sometimes used and in the nom.
phgh and poss. cases, see Gram. sec. 19 and 262;
A preson 1. Laugh; day, in distinction from night; a
shore, not used in approaching the land
from the water; num. affix. applied to days;
triangle into a
*(nisha) ni: night, darkness; co. of the
square
term for field;
*(nak) n: 1. Have a smell, stink, perceive
the odor of any thing; co. of the term for
distorted, out of shape; the uterus; brush
sunu? sharp,
fence;
good ,
Deriv. a desolate, uninhabitated
pha naw hto:
wilderness; used to denote the separate
divide into
parts or intervals of things, as the bends of
equal parts
streams, the joints of bamboos, &c.; hence
used as a num. affix., divide into stripes or
parts, by painting a part one color and a
navi=seven part another color.
celibrate, ** n: 1. A horn, antler, also certain things
festival resembling horns; overcome, overpower,
new beginning be able; co. of the term for subdue,
fring: pnni conquer, be vanquished, subdued &c.;
panne: a affix, in a way to overcome, get the
determinative advantage of; particle, in regard to,
gr: a determi. respecting; demonstrative adj. pron.
including both this and that; (Gram. sec.
264.) this, that, or with the preposition,
here, there; affix, by force;
2. with other roots; horn of the head, that
by which the head overcomes; be
overcome, suffer a defeat, be victorious, or
the conquering party; eat by force, or when
one has no appetite;
3. Deriv. a dowry, or that given by a man
to the parents of a female, in order to
obtain her to wife; nausea, feel nausea;
other uses, see Dic. strong; firm.
**nu: 1. Particle, as to, in regard to; this,
that, Gram. sec. 31, 50, 264;
2. with other roots prefixed, again, another
57
 occasion, another time, or instance;
throughout, as to all kinds, tribes, &c.
baID,a baID,a ]zanaa according to the connection, what, what
ijammaodarI kind; with an interogative, why,
wherefore? what? thus, thus and so.
kù-ĝál (napana) nu 1. Measure, compare with; a
inspector ('silver' + 'to have'). measure; pattern, custom, rule to be
followed; sometimes used for the breast, or
giving suck;
A palace;
(len)**1. Another spelling for get, obtain,
used as an affix to other verbs, applied to
kona smells, smell like a boar, he-goat, &c.;
na ki: certain (naki: pakka) affix, applied to males, unemasculated;
pointed : nukila 2. with other roots, obtain, obtain by
nose: seeking, by observing, attending to; obtain
nahar: canal by crying; appropriate to one's self, that
nala: streem which belongs to another;
kua: a well 1. Sometimes N obtain, get, procure, come
upon, overtake, happen to; affix, be
overtaken, caught, in behalf of; for
नग m. naga number 7 another's interest; affix, used to express the
comparative degree; often where it is
affixed to a verb, the verb before it
becomes a noun, as obtain sleep; as an
affix, it often has the signification of can;
2. with other roots, reach through; put
down, destroy, crush; obtain without the
consent of the owner; higher, longer;
conquer; have to do with, have connection
with; applied to females, take advantage of
a man so as to oblige him to marry her;
purchase, obtain by purchase; act for
another, step into one's place, to do or
suffer for him; deceive, succeed in
deceiving; run away or go off with.
1. Particle, that, sometimes this, as to, in
regard to; reduplicated to give emphasis or
excite attention; with other roots it often
forms adverbs, as there, yonder, &c. see
Gram. sec. 98;
ne: Lean upon, trust in; co. of the term for
bruised, crumbled, &c. adv.; indicating to
one's full satisfaction, satiety;
1. An emphatic particle;
2. with other roots, affixed, slight

58
 displeasure or impatience; affix,
permission;
(hto?) no : projecting, pointed, 1. A bill, as
of a bird, fishing stakes; the point of the
upper lip;
naw: A herbaceous plant, resembling
sesamum, producing an oily seed from
which oil is sometimes made; name of a
tree, "of the family Apocynanceae;"
measure a surface by comparing one thing,
with another, wide as this or that; particle,
used with a negative and is equivalent to
nothing, no time, nowhere, &c. according
to the noun to which it is connected; with
the affix, for up, raise or lift up, as in
helping a person to ascend a tree; affix.
name of a Kar. month;
1. Prefix, to the names of females person,
the body, applied to grain denotes the
embryo fruit, while in the spathe; the
duration of a thing or its power to
continue; applied to stipes, the fleshy
internal part; affix, really, truly, actually;
real, true, genuine; co. of the term for a
long time; affix, superior; genuine,
essential, most useful or important part of a
thing; a fetus; (Maul.) used to denote the
comparative degree;
A generic name for grass and weeds;
prefixed to verbs, instrument to perform
the act indicated; remember; interfere, as
between contending parties; be self-
convicted; wake out of sleep; affix, in the
signification of marking, observing,
noticing, for future recollection;
** ( a sign with hills and slab) 3. look at in
order to mark, distinguish or recollect, or
in order to learn or understand; measure, so
as to know the quantity; make boundaries,
as between two fields;
1. **Divide, apportion, distribute; a part, a
portion, some, somewhat, some degree,
partly; naw do, naw pha (nafa: gain)
be elevated, rise above the common level,
as the heads of standing grain.
divide, make a boundary between, draw a

59
 dividing line, distinguish things,
distinguish the bearings and relations of
things. of equal parts, divide equally
navi: A fringe; seven;

ni: Infold, inwrap, 1. Petticoat; a year,

because it embraces the seasons; affix, in a
reflexed, recurvated manner; co. to the
term for corner or elbow;

na ki: angle between two. ki+n, n+ki,

(angle): two + slinting:
nu: horn, pointed
tha na: corner, angle

rù R
to be equal in size or rank.
namešda [ŠITA.ĜIŠ.NÁM] ru: Mane, fin; praise, laud
ur-saĝ An ancient term for kingdom, province
hero, warrior ('young man' + r, ru
(Devnagari ‘r’ The implements of a blacksmith, taken
'first, in front'). together
ur : n., dog; carnivorous beast; progression)
y? sail? Pull down, destroy, as an old building;
servant; young man, warrior; Break out anew, as an old sore;
enemy (cf., téš) [UR archaic yu kha(hand
down) Associate with other roots, a writer; a
frequency: 114; concatenation of saurian reptile, do. large species; sound as
3 sign variants]. of a scream from fright; noise made by
v., to tremble. du
small children at play.
adj., humble. Eloquent, fluent in speech;
top warrior, king (lit., 'the power ro: Assemble together
of the mace'). Mix, unite several substances together
gúdibir: war (gud(2), 'warrior', + r or tha
Steer a boat;
bir, 'to wreck, murder').
Applied to very large animals, fearful,
awe-inspiring; co. of the term for save,
ro, pe extricate;
rudra, rakh: raksh:(a guard), 2. with other roots, revile, abuse; neg. not
warrior yukha: reach saved, not delivered; salvation, came down
parshu, pharsa an article to to save; dull, heavy, guttural sounds;
another kingdom.
yutha: reach or
hand up a
thing to
another (rkha,
rukka)

60
durga, durghash,
*ukha, yup,
pharsa:
1227D PAP, KUR2 [607x] = unit
of capacity based on a vessel size; PAP
= [86x] relation; first and foremost, pre-
eminent; father; male, virile; brother |
PAB = protect | PA5 = canal | cpd
DIM [13x] = to check; to
approach
*paw, pona,pawwa
patta: lease
potala, potali
punt: Egypt.
barag, bára, bár, bara5,6
throne dais; king, ruler; cult
platform; stand, support; crate,
box; sack; chamber, dwelling
(container plus ra(g), 'to pack') [?
BARA2 archaic frequency: 69;
concatenates 2 sign variants; ?
ZATU-764 archaic frequency
21].
pà-da
an occupation ('to find; to
declare' + nominative).
pab, pap, pa4
father; brother; man; leader [PAP
archaic frequency: 501;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
pà
pàd, pà
to show, reveal; to choose, call;
to seek; to find; to declare; to
swear, take an oath; to choose out
of (with ablative prefix) (pà-dè in
sing. marû; pà-pà-dè in plural
marû) (sprout, branch + to go
out; cp., pa...éd, 'to show; to
make appear'; cf., ér...pàd) [PA3
archaic frequency: 30].
1227A PA | ugula = [9794x]
foreman, overseer | bá [293x]=
wing; branch, frond | gidru / gidri
P:
1. First personal pronoun, plural number,
sf: 170 nom. and poss. cases, we, our; in this last
p case, it often denotes, pertaining to us as
the human eye, the human hand, &c.;
2. a formative particle, see Gram. sec. 276.
3. Often used as a mere contraction.
pa su: the human hand or arm, be
energetic, do with dispatch; with other
g+p? roots, adv. with energy, haste;
shine, solid p ny: high land
many signs p d: load, as an animal of burden, cart,
boat, &c.
p: do:. a ruler, magistrate, chief, governor;
co. of the term for shun, avoid; affix. in a
loose, bulky bundle, or manner;
** sign nu.136,136** p ni: buffalow, trader
pl:sign211: remit, an arrow; dismiss, let
go, remit, forgive; announce, promulge, as
an order or
all p: **the general signification of this root
variations is to put, place, assume, as a data, adjust,
dispose of, assign;
copulate applied to animals; applied to the
mind, resolve, determine, dispose the
mind; prefer as a charge, lay to one's
charge; leave out, except; adjust one's
p th: road? person, order one's behavior in any
pu: middle of particular manner; take as a rule to go by;
the road? assume appearance or character, pretend,
pu: meet, seem to be this or that; applied to time,
collide postpone, procrastinate; offer an offering;
applied to the mind, be prejudiced, set
against, have an aversion to;
2. affix, beforehand, preparatively, for a
time, awhile; leaving the thing behind; laid
pe, hto, htu by, laid aside, laid up, as by indisposition;
laid up, as for future use; with other roots,
predetermination, having the mind made
up;
3. attach one's self to as a disciple; give
61
= [129x] sceptre | sìg = to beat | one's word, promise; foretell, forewarn;
garza = office | SIG hit e.g. cpd step beyond, transgress; put on the top or
SIG-UZU ~ TUD beat whip head; jump or skip over or beyond;
displaced, turned up as the fibre of cloth,
&c.; give an order for future observance;
lay aside for some future use; the whole
Reed mat or stool, /p/ ~ face of the earth.
/pʰ/ 1. Bail as a boat;
2. prefix, much the same in sense as
pall: a boundry regard, consider in the way indicated by
palli: village the term follow;
pali: turn, received
palo: permit
3. with other roots, regard as valuable, with
do: permit respect, consider as a favor, be thankful,
treat with consideration, as worthy of
respect; a pot of water, placed at the head
of a grave with a fence of short stakes
around it; a post set up as a guide; turn up,
as the bottom of a garment; short and
thick, do.; attach one's self to one as a
disciple or follower; a species of paddy;
thing to be avoided, used with care, or,
treated with great respect; take heed to
one's self; short, low, chubbed, basket-like;
butter; a small basket used to bail boats
with.
reign, own, possess, hold by authority or
right, govern. 1. Brace, prop; a brace, a
prop; reach to, arrive at; co. of the term for
shape, features; come quite through, as a
hole; applied to different acts, nerve one's
self, exert force in the act; stiffen, make
rigid, tense;
1. Even, level surface; square, and even at
the end; watch, guard, for the purpose of
safety; a large jungle tree, leaves broad,
timber used sometimes for canoes; prefix,
compress, as in order to express the juice
of a thing; prefix, leveled as trees broken
down, but not off; applied to dyeing
thread, go through a process of infusing,
squeezing, &c. in order to saturate the
thread with the coloring matter, applied
only to coloring with indigo; a weight of
half a tickal, a coin of half a rupee;
happily, comfortably, the allusion is to
dwelling in a level, feasible region;

62
 Increase, enlarge as a sloughing sore;
middle, as of a road; affix, swelled,
increased, as grain from moisture, and as
news in passing from one to another;
1. Rub, grind, file, saw; adv. with care,
caution, and precision; adv. effectually; co.
to the word for basket;
pu 1. To pass by, go beyond, be liberated
from, escape; a place within any given
limits; in this signification used as an affix,
to signify in, within; see Gram. sec. 45,
281; affix, merely, as the moon just seen
above the horizon; with a co. a man or
woman kept secretly, without marriage; a
hole, cavity; affix, used to qualify words of
falling, in the signification of on: the spot,
within, as within the hand; num. affix,
applied to places; with a co. a container, as
a dish, basket, box, &c.; with the feminine
prefix before it, was anciently used to
signify wife;
2. with other roots, used anciently, for
paint or stripe with colors; only, nothing
but a wound, open sore; the mouth or
throat, the anus; fall on the spot;
throughout, one neighborhood, in every
place; place or time; lap over as the edges
of things; hearth, fire-place; die suddenly;
pe:
1. To chop, as limbs or small trees, cut
with a chopping motion; be oblique,
askew; prefix, indicates short, chopping
motion, applied to walking, &c.; strike as
with the edge of the hand, cut slash, as
with a sword;
2. with other roots, throw as a stone so as
to make it skip on the top of the water; to
perform the labors of husbandry; pass and
repass as persons do each other in
travelling; the wooden knife used to strike
up the woof in native weaving;
3. Deriv. meet each other as persons in
travelling;
4. Reduplicated, adv. indicates tumultuous
collision, applied to fighting, disputing,
&c.

63
 **to give the price of a thing in advance,

words with: p g, p ht, p s, p r, p l

phali: pod Pha

phl: fruit pha hta: quicksilver as pd (parad or
phad: a part, slice, piece para)
phad: tear torn 1. Crack, burst as grain in parching; to
ph or phal blossom, as a flower; fig. applied to the
stars when they come out in great
numbers; sparkle;
2. with other roots, split, cut in halves;
flowers; 'goat antelope;' co. to the term for
a grass or weed, flower, bud, open, expand,
as flowers; parched rice; co. to the term for
procreate; fermented rice; applied to
infants and young animals, begin to
distinguish objects; prevent, break off, as a
courtship, or marriage, which is considered
unlawful; divide into straight portions;
hpli people, separated for a season; pull apart,
hp: large separate by force, as two persons fighting;
ba wise, discerning, set a time; open, as a
book, split;
*pha phaw: half, midway
1. Put on a turban
with other roots, space between two roads,
or distance between two branches of a road
phu: 1. Chaff, husks
phe gha: red beads
phe: 1. Cut, as a field; as, according to,
there, in that place; with the interog. affix,
when, or where;
phaw: a granary; a flower; to cook;
pha ve(gh): Diverge, spread open, split
open or apart, as a bamboo; name of a tree;
. Be separated
pha gho: 1. Shove, push, thrust,
horizontally;
1. Collect together; pour out water; take
aim in shooting;
1. Ringworm; tear, rend; book-muslin;
pha l:
1. Chop, as wood; bite, sting, strike the
fangs into, as a snake; small earthen pot;
plant, as seeds;

64

barag, bára, bár, bara5,6
throne dais; king, ruler; cult
platform; stand, support; crate,
box; sack; chamber, dwelling
(container plus ra(g), 'to pack') [?
BARA2 archaic frequency: 69;
concatenates 2 sign variants; ?
ZATU-764 archaic frequency
21].
bàd
n., (city) wall [? EZEN archaic
frequency: 114; concatenation of
3 sign variants].
v., to climb, ascend.
*bora jute bag
fence: bad, bagd,
gir15, gi7 [KU]
noble; domestic, civilized;
belonging to the native in-group
(circle + city) [ŠE3 archaic
frequency: 152].
me, mì, ĝe
n., function, office,
responsibility; ideal norm; the
phenomenal area of a deity's
power; divine decree, oracle; cult
[ME archaic frequency: 363;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to be; the Sumerian copula; to
1. To be round; the whole of any thing;
num. affix to things round, with the word
for wood prefixed, the whole log.
B:
1. Hit in shooting, hit, in general; be
suitable, proper; co. to the word for ability;
in thrusting, hit, skillful, ingenious; with
the neg. not hit, do. there is none;
bu grain
1. The rice plant;
phu: bead
1. Num. affix, to things flat, any thing
both were used
broad and flat; co. to the term for skin,
for wages
bark, rind, &c.; shell, as of the turtle;
1. The cotton plant; relish, as food;
2. with other roots, rude, disrespectful, in
manners i.e. pass a person without due
attention to one's attitude and clothes;
weed cotton; a species of
two signs? bo: 1. Num. affix. to trees, grass, bamboos,
d+d =s d= das reptiles &c.
? see Gram. break by striking; co. to the term
for roots;
baw: 1. Yellowish in color, brilliant
yellow; a spear;
2. with other roots, adv, now and then;
*with gunu sign* ba ghe: 1. Liberate,
ba, baw, bo extricate, free from, to blossom; tame,
wi: city, domesticate;
mo: high, 1. Profit, advantage;
somo: hign Straight, not crooked; immerse
seat ble: 1. Pulverize, reduce to powder, pulp,
by pounding, chopping, chewing, &c.;
commit to memory; be full, satisfied, have
enough;
words: bl, bgh
M:
1. A prefix;
1. Brace one's self, as to prevent falling;
m mu:the observe, take particular notice of; enter
sun,face names in a register; because, on account
mal:goods of; intense, see Gram.;
baw: yellow 1. Wild, a name;
six division: 1. To send, order, direct; a species of trap
65
say, tell.
poss. suffix, our.
maš, máš
interest (of a loan); rent; profit;
produce, yield (of a field) (ma4,
'to leave, depart, go out', + šè,
'portion') [MAŠ archaic
frequency: 133].
ahm, me: I
mu-X
year X (indicates a date
according to a notable event that
occurred during the year).
mu-dù-ù-bi
all year long ('year' + 'to work' +
'after' + 'it').
mas, mahina : month
mul: origin, maal: goods
a mun( the sun) Egypt.
ahm: I
maya m y: fire, the god of death
yama=maya
the gun of the blades struck in the ground;
circle: kh: light mu: 1. The sun; creeping plants;
six, sun 2. with other roots, of a tree or river, the
e m: how main branches, &c. applied to persons,
many? possess power, wisdom, consequence, &c;
the main road; of the toes, time about;
show the road to the dead; marry
unlawfully, i.e. a near blood relation.
1. Pleasant, agreeable;
1. A female of the human species;
me: tooth,great 1. Be alive, live; sky, firmament;
ni: horn 1. True; is; if; used in asking questions, as
how is it? other uses, see Grammar;
1. Fire
me: 1. A tooth, tusk;
1. A tail, of animals, of birds
m: great 1. The eye;
du: bold mo: 1. A cigar; crown of a hat; rise to the
surface, as fish for food; gaze at intently,
as something wonderful; appear, as a
prophet;
maw: 1. A hot spring, or a place where
me: eye wild animals assemble; a bamboo cup from
gv: see which spirit is poured in making offerings;
1. The hammer of a musket; a well-sweep;
*words for direction, time, month, “ma,
mu,”
mal: glitter etc.

mu:
ya ya ti : a king Y
undra: rat y g s: first personal pronoun.
yug: time period 1. Pronoun, me;
y th: my property
b yaw: marriage(mix) join y ve: pos. pron. mine.
ye: 1. Roll up a cud of betel;
1. A sail stop; cease,
be indented, concave (devnagri Y)
Yu: 1. A rat;
2. with other roots, give a name, very
bitter, very dark, very cool; a species of
tiger or lion, large inner muscles of the calf
of the leg; much soiled; the Pole star; a
ygs species of erysipelas; species of deer; act

66

ve: an address to a husband
Imp: note
ve: like svi, hsve, etc I figured
out that the triangle upright is
you pronoun and triangle turn
ninty digree facing something is
‘ve’ third person.
. It is a c.cluster of kh+v,
s+v, sh+v
‘V’ in Devnagri, Brahmi, Roman
compare with N and Y
122EB TA (dá) [85x] = what? |
as much as (math./ quantity), from
[preposition]
te, de4, ti
v., to approach, meet (someone:
dative); to attack, assault; to be
frightened (alternating class,
hamtu stem; cf., te-ĝe26).
12072 DI (de, did) [452x] = right,
justice, law, lawsuit, trial; legal decision
| cpd di-kud = judge,
judgement; lawsuit [ ~ + 122FB decide]
proudly, haughtily; species of bat, a
species of the ginger family, said of long,
pendant, beautiful yellow flowers; King of
Hades; be lonely; send by the hand of
another.
1. Point, show with the finger; the period
of a man's life; lay aside, put away;
ye: beaming light, rays of light; five.
yo: 1. Carry with a neck-yoke, or with a
stick across the shoulders; pray for the
success of an incantation;
yaw: 1. Mix, mingle, as different
ingredients; co. to the term for meaning,
interpretation;
V
Paddle, as a boat; slap, strike with the palm
of the hand so as to throw down; push
v su? aside or away with the hand;
Wind around, as a cord in tying a bundle;
the plat of ground around a house;
va g r: a fenced enclosure.
Encompass, surround, as beseigers a city,
encircle with a ring, band, &c
D
d: 1. inclose, confine to a space to prevent
escape, besiege, beleaguer, blockade,
inclose by putting on a bottom, as of a box;
used as a particle, in a degree, partially; in
the signification of hindered, confined, as
by business; num. affix, stage, loft, story,
d: *hand sign degree; 1. it is combined with other roots
with extra to indicate the ideas of even, self, per se,
daw: wages: to own, &c. see Gram. sec. 252;
give 2. gives an adverbial signification to the
(vasul, va sula verb with which it is connected; the
na) following examples will sufficiently
illustrate its uses;
di: 1. Be dissipated, borne away, as by the
wind, flying, as sparks of fire; hence
67
| sa2 (sá) [452x] = to equal, compare,
compete, be equal to, rival; [91x] to tie
(shoes); [46x] advice, counsel;
resolution, intelligence | salim, silim
[228x] = well-being; healthy,
prosperity; completeness, favourable |
syll.: ti4
1212D HI [2735x]
[pron.throaty h] I ( a4), TÍ (dí), I (
) = mix | dug3(du10) [1587x] = (to be)
good, good thing, goodness, sweet |
dub3 [55x] = knee | cf. hul,
hulu [13901x; uQQ] = bad
121A0 KI (gi5) [32379xxx!] =
cosmic (under)world (cf ABZU) earth,
land, place, ground, toward, country,
lower, down below | determinative &ki;
after place names |
jj
unug(2), unu(2)
dwelling; fortress; jewelry,
adornment; cheek; the city of
Uruk (ùĝa/un, 'people', + ig,
'door') [UNUG archaic
frequency: 206; concatenates 3
sign variants].
é-gal
palace ('house' + 'large').
ur5-tuku
debtor; creditor ('debt; loan' + 'to
have').
duh, du8
n., residue, by-product; bran
(motion + plant, grass +
numerous times) [DU8 archaic
frequency: 29; concatenates 3
sign variants].
v., to crack, loosen, open; to
untie; to adorn, clothe
(reduplicated); to spread; to caulk
a boat (with pitch); to gouge
(eyes); to bake bread/bricks; to
prepare the threshing floor; to
applied to things that are easily moved, or
borne away, light, small; do up for
temporary purposes; move out of a straight
sf:73 course, obliquely; the scales of a fish, or
the gall-bladder;
d: womb 2. dissipated, fly up, as dust, fog, smoke,
vault, keep &c.;
death: . 1. A wing, feather; the side fins of fish;
kind of trap for rats and squirrels,
resembling a wing; thus, so as, in like
manner, in order to, see Gram. 253. yet,
still; hair, beard, and the like; co. to the
term for tail, the cover of a book, straw,
sf:216 &c.;
d: domestic
2. reduplicated, short, lively motion;
pn, gu?
3. any thing worn in the ear as an
ornament; the wing of an arrow, lightning,
it lightens;
5. the part of a wing in which the feathers
are inserted; twitching and pulling; press
d: aa da: half upon a thing with quick, forcible motion in
aa da masa: order to crush or reduce it, as a garment in
weight washing it, to erase or efface; insert an
unfinished ornament in the ear; a species of early
ghe: cut, slice paddy.
Di
1. An egg: to lay eggs;
** fish sign with inside a dot? di kave:
testicles which have their position within
the abdomen, as those of the cock, turtle,
&c.
di htaw: lay eggs: fig. leave a work
unfinished, compared to laying an egg
without hatching it.
d: the general signification is, to screen,
house, shut in, protect, defend by
inclosure; a place for purposes of do.
1. conceive, be pregnant; a nest, hive, as of
ants, bees, &c. where the animal lives as its
house; be pregnant with an embryo of
flowers and fruit, as grain, grass, and other
plants; a drum and similar instruments
which are hollow; put into, as into a
basket, box, or bottle, &c.; the body of a
thing, its main or principal part; the
internal cavity of the ear; a hamlet, village;
68
remit (a debt).
adj., free.
lá-ìa[NI]
remainder of debt left over,
difference, arrears ('to weigh;
minus' + 'oil'; may be a
connection to ia4, 'counter'; cf.,
lalla).
tuku, tuk, dúk, tug, du12 , tu12
n., creditor [KAB/TUKU archaic
frequency: 105].
v., to have, own; to marry; to
acquire; to receive, get (in marû
reduplicated form); to have a
claim against somebody (with -
da-); to sing, to play music (da,
'with', + ku, 'to build; to lie
down').
da
v., to hold; to be near; to protect.
prep., comitative suffix, 'with';
copula, 'and' (mainly in Sargonic
date texts).
šu-du8-a (sagun)
guarantee ('to hold' +
nominative).
The name for "Country
of Ur" on a seal of King Ur-
Nammu.
69
maturate,
a constellation called the seven stars; *the
womb.(daun: the earth)
this root, in some of its significations
resembles 'X, in some 'd; and in others 'D;
** (the house sign?)1. An apartment, as of
a house, a room, inclosure; in some
locations it is used for house, place of
habitation; to mount upon, ride as on the
back of an animal, on a boat, &c.; particle,
with, and, together with, by, by means of,
Gram. 261.; a brick, or brickbat; seize,
possess, come upon, as a familiar spirit
upon a person;
2.
** with jar variation: dubana? d: 1. Dip up
as water; 2. group together, be many in one
place; thump, pound upon, as with a
cudgel or other heavy instrument; at once,
without delay; energetically, diligently; at
the same time, on the same day,
simultaneous; be of the same age or nearly
so; the commencement, beginning, as of
any piece of work, or the continuation of it
from the commencement to the
completion; hurriedly, energetically;
du: has the general signification of
obscured, shaded darkened,
1. hold it; num. affix, applied to
quadrupeds, things unknown, Karen
baskets, to anything when contrasted with
other things; used after a case absolute, and
after a subjunctive clause, see Gram. 255.;
matted together, entangled, co. to the term
for person;
du**the hand sign(du to give):du
1. Act as agent, influence, cause, be the
means of, shut up, yard, confine as in a
yard, coop, prison, &c.; attack, fight,
encounter, as a foe; short and thick, short,
as the distance between the parts of a thing,
low or short between joints; cover, as the
head with a mantle; bring into contact
with; bring together, hide, skulk,
disappear, as the moon at the time of
change; coagulate, as blood; have children
 fast, or at short intervals;
du2:: 1. Abstain, fast, avoid business; with
a co. appropriated labor, business, duty; an
enemy, foe, an opponent, something to be
avoided as hurtful or adverse; the thick,
bulging, succulent, or fleshy part of a
thing;

5. 1. Bold, fearless, brave, dauntless,

defying, fierce; a spot in a jungle selected
for cultivation, so called while still in its
wild, uncultivated state; co. of the term for
village or city considered as a place of
safety; a city, (derived from the Pgho and
Taleing); assume a bold, fierce, defying,
forbiding, or threatening manner of acting
or speaking; oppose, forbid, censure; used
to denote the abodes of misery, the present
world; the abodes of happiness; 4. with
affixes, act contrary to authority, oppose,
restrain;
something fierce, savage, as savage beasts;
a long pole, bamboo, the whole pole; be
obstinate, disobedient, self-willed; wall,
rampart, as of a city, same as;
this root, Cog. is found as an affix and co.
1. Affix, fine, comminuted, thoroughly
reduced to minute particles, exceedingly
extended; rub and press with a
reciprocating motion; to crush or reduce;
diffusing, as oder; producing an agreeable
effect, as a chaste, virtuous demeanor;
**house sign (had: limit): 1. Divide into
compartments, inclose; a wall or partition;
a circle of relatives, family, tribe; num.
affix, applied to tribes; beat or play on a
dulcimer;

3. with affixes, turn the back upon; fig.

enter into a compact, take what is spoken
for a solemn promise or agreement;
a collateral part, division, or branch of a
thing.
1. Cut off an end, part or member of a
thing, strike or touch a particular part, as of
a string in playing a harp; the small part of

70
 a thing which marks a division between the
parts on either side, as the wrist, ankle,
waist, &c.; on one side; spokes of a wheel;
a hollow, gap, break, or dell in mountain
ranges; detached parts of a discourse; a
stem, as of grain, which bears the fruit and
flowers; ramifications, sides, extremities,
as of the sky, slice, section, &c.
**dadur: da1. A frog, other significations
with some allusion to frogs; applied to
debt, unpaid, implying that payment is
shunned or avoided; put into, as into an
aperture or vessel; co. to the term for fish;
2. with affixes, name of a month including
parts of April and May; with the term for
flower, plants of the genus Crinum;
3. with prefixes, shining, glistening, in dark
colors; evenly extended; a duck, because
its feet resemble those of a frog; name of
Kar. Fab. No. 65. Vol 2.;
**des: from a same country: connection*:
de: 1. A slightly made building for
temporary use, a tent, tabernacle; slap,
strike, as with the palm of the hand; with
the term for fall prefixed or affixed, flat,
compact, close down;
3. with affix, evenness, flatness; even
surface, as fractures of glass, steel, &c.;
oblong or oval with an even surface; in a
severe, overpowering manner; thoroughly
reduced, or demolished; diminutive, small
of its kind; disconnectedly, by one's self,
independently, compulsively;
4. Deriv. interchangeably, mutually
connected; with a co. slowly; small species
of deer, the chevrotain;
de: Nip off, pluck, as fruit, flowers, &c.;
species of plant resembling that of the
sweet-potatoe, root long and viscous;
spring-tide; of little account, excrescent,
dependent;
2. with affixes, co. to the term for confine,
cut off the means of retreat, render
dependent; have an excrescence, or
incumbrance; a useless member, as a claw
on the side of the ankle; injure, harm, sin

71
 against another's rights; n. injury, evil,
calamity, punishment;
3. affix. in speaking of every one or every
kind without exception; 5. Reduplicated,
adv. motion, short, quick, reciprocating;
untidy, light, flickering.
do: 1. Collide, knock, thump; bring
together to compare, use a similitude; 2.
with affix, listen,
bare, bald; the sloping poles of a roof;
excelling in strength, tact, or other quality.
**hand sign*: do: receive, bear, enjoy or
endure;
1. set, as a trap, net, &c. to catch animals;
strike upon, as an iron on the anvil, a tool
on a grindstone, 2.
1. Large, great; relatives by marriage, 2. 3.
5. Reduplicated, quite large, considerable
degree;
6. Cog. a bundle of a large, bulky kind.
daw: this root indicates correlativeness,
close relationship,
the whole, throughout, every part or
portion of the thing spoken of; be 2.
completely, wholly, alike throughout;
opposite points brought into contact, as the
upper and lower teeth; nothing but, only
that; parts not entirely separated; knife-
like, as the foreteeth or incisors; in a direct
manner, as when the affections tend
directly to an object;
3. prefix, indicates the whole or every part
of the thing, as throughout the whole
country, person, &c. correlative as the
relation of brothers and sisters, uncle,
child, &c.
4. with other roots affixed, the top, as of a
mountain; shove or push back a thing; hold
up one thing to ward off another; joined,
united, double, as two plantains, "a
compass;"
6. Reduplicated, throughout;
1. Conjunction, a connective particle, with,
together with; and, likewise, also, both, by,
by means of;
2. sometimes, than, forming with the verb a

72
 comparative, as more than, better than, still
more, &c.;
3. sometimes it may be rendered to, or in,
as trust to, or trust in; see Gram. sec. 261.
in general, crosswise, breadthwise.
1. A silver plate or band anciently worn
around the head as an ornament; cut
crosswise; shallow; 4. co. prawns, short-
necked, or short-waisted,
**dave: observe and count, reckon,
calculate
**(dekho and gino) da vi g naw:
enumerate or reckon figures, do a sum.
*hand sign with extra wedge: daw: to give
(vasul, vasulana)
a species of Ficus or banyan.
**3. Deriv. form, buy or borrow, and keep
from the owner for a long time.
1. A generic name for insects of the
grasshopper family; light, as a candle,
cause to blaze, as fire, fire;

ki: land, Kh:

gána-íl
taxable land or field ('land' + 'to kh, khu, khe 1. Callous, indurated;
carry'). khi (s v, kh v) 2. hardened, desiccated, concreted;
sve: because 3. mix, combine;
kid6, kad6,8 conunting 4. applied to the voice, vehement;
to weave a mat (ground/floor plus based on six,
5. scold, threaten with anger in a loud,
motion). ends on six. shrill voice;
káb...dug4 s gh: 6. scare, frighten with outcries;
to measure or count commodities hti
7. hardened, compacted, as a road by
for accounting or taxation s gh: numerical constant travel;
('string' ? + 'to do'). affix 8. block, or fasten up, close up;
ku5
9. co. to words of hardness, fixedness,
kud, kur5, ku5
pungency;
to cut off (with -ta-); to breach (a
10. reduplicated, adv. thoroughly,
dike); to separate; to levy tax or
a small mat vehemently, fixed, completely, entirely;
tribute; to curse (regularly
11. superior powers, perfections;
followed by rá; cf., gur5, kìr, and khet: field
12. disunited, keeping off, or separate,
gur10) (base with motion away
mutually repelling each other.
from).

khal, kh,

73
 go(animal) du
121A4 KID, lil2, ge2 (gé), ke4 = *two bar
open field, steppe | gikid [509x] = (reed) crossed d and khu: Seek, in searching for a thing that is
mat | lil2 [92x] = wind; ghost; female ZaMZo: dande: lost, searching for food;
demon, Lilitu / Lilith of "Bilgames animal 2. unalterably fixed, irreversible,
(Gilgamesh) and the Netherworld"
irretrievable;
akha: compleate, whole, note: kho kho: 3. irregular, obstinately incorrigible;
unbroken, all game 4. number six.
akha vs adha run and persue khu hsi: sixty
with eagerness, hsi khu: sixteen
hard after. sa ghaw: seize, grasp, take up with the
hand, talon or claw as the case may be,
clutch
s kh: friendship

khu: Seek, in searching for a thing that is

ĝešta, ĝeš2,3,4, ĝiš2,3 lost, searching for food;
sixty (ĝiš, 'tool', + tar, 'to cut; to 2. unalterably fixed, irreversible,
determine' ?). irretrievable;
3. irregular, obstinately incorrigible;
sandasi, sakhath, 4. number six.
khu hsi: sixty
khona, khojana hsi khu: sixteen
sa ghaw: seize, grasp, take up with the
hand, talon or claw as the case may be,
clutch
s gh: 1.seize, grasp, take up with the hand,
talon or claw as the case may be, clutch;
2. num. afx. applied to quantities, as much
as may be grasped with the hand;
khi: 1. comely, handsome,
unexceptionable;
2. clear, genuine;
3. cheerful, blithe, buoyant, exhilerated;
also scattering, incoherent, &c.
1. Griped, pinched, crowded together,
jumbled, redundant;
2. double;
3. twins, two or more children at a birth.
5. measure the circumference of a body
with a string, or the like;
6. a measure of a hand's breadth; applied
only to the measuring of circumferences. It
is doubled, previous to measuring, so that
the number of khi indicates only half the

74
 circumference;
1. Heavy, burdensome;
1. Edge, side, border, outskirts;
2. contiguous;
3. appendages;
4. append to one's person, articles of use or
ornament.
khu: 1. Seek, in searching for a thing that
is lost, searching for food;
2. unalterably fixed, irreversible,
irretrievable;
3. irregular, obstinately incorrigible;
4. number six.
verbal aff. together, in company, combined
with, in connection with, as
1. Be even, square, uniform, coincide, be at
peace, be on agreeable terms with;
2. aff. even, smooth, in unison;
3. applied to plants, have the leaves rot off,
as caused by excessive rains;
4. applied to the end or ends of things,
square or straight and even across.

5. tie, bind down together. The ends of a

band, twisted and secured;
10. a fence made of poles tied together;
11. construct do.;
12. aff. connected intervals, one after
another;
13. deriv. form, in striae, elevations and
furrows, scratches;
15. aff. haggled, rough, ragged surfaces;
16. aff. nicked here and there;
17. a range of things as traps, stakes, &c.;
18. num. aff. applied to fences, and ranges
of things;
19. co. to the term denoting a trap;
20. applied to textures, mats, baskets, and
the like;
21. aff. checked, spotted;
22. aff. sleazy;
23. disease, particularly fever, headache,
&c. chronic, intermittent;
*24. a small mat, wove as def. 20, and used
instead of a plate;
25. a kind of offering;

75
 26. ask for, entreat, supplicate, implore;

kh: 1. Flee;
2. run;
3. move along with speed, running;
4. decline, as the sun;
5. a kind of basket;
6. co. going or departing;
7. co. naming and calling;
8. num. aff. quantities measured in the
basket; 5. about two common baskets.
6. untie, liberate any thing tied, tangled, or
bound;
7. aff. loosened, untied, unbound. (kholna)
khe: . Strong, pungent;
2. sound, harsh, shrill;
3. co. destitute, afflicted;
4. affx. severely, painfully, penetratingly;
odors, strong, pungent;
5. adj. wretched, afflicted, forlorn;
6. acute as pain in the bones;
7. severe, heavy rain;
8. rain water;
9. carry on the arms, hence;
10. num. affx. applied to loads thus carried;
11. an armful;
12. harlotry;
13. an animal resembling a squirrel with a
strong, unpleasant scent;
14. an insect of the beetle family. It
appears in the early part of the rains;
15. a place for offering to demons with
allusion to the ills which they inflict on
mankind.
1. Increase in extent, widen, spread, as a
hole, and as things which extend or spread
over a surface;(khichana)
2. adv. spreadingly, tearing, rending;

hti: Pinch, compress, squeeze;

2. pull out, with tweezers, forceps, &c.;
3. cut, with scissors, snuffers, and the like;
4. hinder, obstruct, straiten, annoy, perplex,
press upon; be brought into straits;
5. close, near, as being closely related;

76
 6. close, be completely united, as the
eyelids, &c.; filled up, made tight as a
hole, door, or orifice;
7. the axil or armpit;
8. see derivative forms;
9. affix. jammed, wedged in; obstructed, as
the sight by an intervening object; hinder,
obstruct;
10. affix. to the names of animals, with
forceps, or other means of pinching.
kho: for the sake of, on account of,
because of;
16. a smith's bellows; the working of the
bellows, a forcible blowing or blast;
Pursue with eagerness, follow hard after;
kho: 1. Confine, press, as with the hand or
a weight;
2. block up, obstruct;
3. in traveling, a stream;
4. raise up, as stones, in order to find frogs,
&c.;
5. a weight;
6. a prison or place of confinement;
7. co. tracing a subject;
8. aff. carbonized, reduced to coal;
9. aff. discoursing impressively, by
pressing the subject in its various relations;
10. reduce by heavy blows or force;
11. adv. obstructively, cumbersomely,
troublesomely;
12. adv. weightily, impressively;
13. adv. time or continuance of a thing;
while, during; indicates that the thing
spoken of is of paramount importance
during its continuance.

1. Segments, parallel ridges;

2. notched, serrated;
3. segments of similar size;
4. num. affix. number of such divisions;
5. adv. in ridges, streaks, prominent angles,
notches, serrations, &c.;
6. affix do.
7. a pagoda;
8. name of a river represented in Karen
fable as being one of the largest in the

77
 world;
1. Even, square and smooth off the end of a
thing;
2. even and reduce the edge of a tool which
is blunt or nicked;
3. aff. smooth, even;
4. a generic name for several oil trees
distinguished for being tall, straight, and
having smooth bark; the dammer oil tree
may be taken as a type;
5. generic name for several snakes,
distinguished for sleekness; the rat snake is
a type; most of the varieties not poisonous;
6. stairs, ladder;
7. floor;
8. with an aff. lay a floor;
9. co. bridge;
10. co.;
11. adv. alone, only;
12. aff. peculiar or singular of its kind;
13. aff. cause for separation;
14. aff. single, without family; forsaken,
solitary, abandoned, despised, come to
nought;
15. be solitary, deserted;
khaw: 2. measure with a measure of
capacity; names of vessels used as
measures,
6. assess, levy a tax;
7. poor soil, unproductive
1. Coax, aid, treat with care, the weak and
feeble, or heavily laden;
2. evenness, directness;

kho, khu, : eight, mat, coarse, rough, land

assess, levy a tax

number eight
*ko: taxes, land
a ko po: head colletor of taxes
khi:
1. Prostrated, laid flat along the ground;
2. aff. laid along together, extending along
each other, as the fibres of a cord;
3. stick-lac;
4. fasten, seal with lac, wax, &c.;

78

12253 ~ x AN, ŠAM3 = buy,
price ; 12254 ~ x ASH; 12255
~ x ASH + ASH;
genitival suffix: of' (cf. also, aka).
122B9 SHAR2 / šar2 [245x] =
3600; totality, world; (to be)
numerous
*sar: total, sum
aka, ak, ag, a5
to do, act; to place; to make into
(something) (with -si-) [AK
archaic frequency: 149;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
šu-tag...dug4/du11/e I (tankna,
tanka lagana)
to adorn; to decorate (with -ni-);
to sprinkle; to paint ('hand' + 'to
weave, decorate, strike' + 'to
effect').
gúr
n., sphere; circle, ring; loop;
hoop (circle + ur, 'to surround').
v., to bow down, submit; to curb,
subdue; to die (cf., gam).
šár, sár (sar, sat, pura, baat ka
sar)
n., totality, all; world; horizon;
ball, counter, token; the number
3600 = 602 (many, much + àr,
'ring, coil').
v., to be many; to multiply or mix
5. measure the circumference of a body
with a string, or the like;
6. a measure of a hand's breadth; applied
only to the measuring of circumferences. It
is doubled, previous to measuring, so that
the number of kh indicates only half the
circumference;
a khi a l: in the signification of firmness,
decision, accuracy, and stability of
character.
S:
1. Pers. pron. I;
sf:236 2. preceding pos. adj. pron. my;
se hsh su,hsu 3. formative prefix, often used
interchangibly with g, th, ht if therefore a
word beginning with this formative is
not found, let the corresponding word be
sought under ‘g, ht, th
afx. real, true, genuine, original nature
1. Go from one to another, as a monkey
su
squirrel, &c. from tree to tree;
2. unite one to another, join, as the leaves
of a Burman sail;
Mutual connection;
su se: Say, speak, tell;
a quarter,
jump, skip; run
Tie, bind, fasten with a string, cord, &c.
. Succession of the same race, kind,
descendants, successors;
su
Arm, hand, and of animals, the fore legs
so: high Attach to, fasten upon the under side as
d+t: rise bees do their comb to the underside of a
limb;
2. a swing, swinging cot, cradle, and the
like;
3. adv. in a hanging, pendant manner;
? 1. Macerate, digest in a liquid, saturate;
Reduplicated, submerge, soak, dip,
adv. each one, su law:
each submerge in a liquid for the purpose of
separately, one maceration, decoction, infusion, saturating,
by one; dyeing,
Reduplicated, adv. each one, each
79
(with -da-); to make abundant; to
slaughter; to request, implore
(reduplication class).
adj., numerous; innumerable.
gú-za
a jewelry (?) ('neck' + 'precious
stone').
sina :chest
si, su, sa, sa5v. : to fill up; to fill
with (with -da-); to survey a
field; to inundate; to be full; to be
sufficient, enough; to increase; to
compensate, repay, replace; to
grow weak (probably
reduplication class) (cf., sum,
sug6, rúg, sig, sig5).
adj., suitable, fit.
1230B U “10″
1230B U (vowel, basic cuneus);
“10“; BUR3 = hole | U 7 = curse,
bewitch | 121E5 NÍGINxU) = PÚ
= well (encircled area+hole) | šu4 [24x]
= totality, world | burudx(U)(bur3,
buru3)[49x] = breach, hole; depression,
low-lying area, depth; to perforate /
penetrate; (to be) deep | šu4 = anus | šuš2
(šu4)[74x #2 behind 122D9 šu2] = to
cover, to spread over; to envelop,
overwhelm; covering; to sink down; to
cloud over; surface; to raise | bur3 [54x
#2
sug4, sù, su
v., to strip naked, lay bare; to
empty (su, 'body' + ig, 'entrance';
cp, mug(2),'nakedness').
adj., empty, destitute.
kal-la-kal-la
barren, empty ('to be rare').
da
n., arm; side; nearness (to
someone) [DA archaic frequency:
227; concatenation of 4 sign
variants].
separately, one by one;
Sharp, peaked, pointed;
sf:4 figuratively, acute, penetrating intellect,
s? aptitude to learn
taper, converge, tend to a point;
sf:73 2. coffin, from its tapering form;
3. suck up, draw up, or in, by suction, or,
sf 188
absorption;
?se hse or si
1. Be close, compact, huddled together,
his?
assemblage of persons or things;
2. blend, mix, or add to; put together;
su: attach,
3. num. aff. applied to heaps and
assemblage;
4. reduplicated, adv. indicating succession,
one after another; time after time; also,
here and there in particular locations;
hand, su la: 5. agree, correspond, as different things
wedges with each other in respect to numbers,
h: to give dimension, &c.
(Hindi: hath: be modeset, virtuous, agreeable in
hand) manners, opposed to loose licentious
habits;
**The idea of exchange; from one person,
state, position, &c. to another; silver and
gold;
se: Reduplicated, adv. inconsiderable,
small in size, in degree or quality; slightly;
2. adv. motion, short, quick, changing;
3. move with a quick motion from side to
side;
4. adv. one sided, side wise,
Suspend, hang down, be pendant
so: Prominent, convex, elevated, rising
above the common level; rise to a
prominence, rise as the surface of the
ground into a hill or mountain;
pinch up, nip, or pick off, with the nails or
extreme ends of the fingers;
a general term for bear, carry;
A peak, summit;
si
1. Say, speak, tell;
1. Indicates distance between given points;
s2
1. Tie, bind, fasten with a string, cord,
&c
80
v., to hold; to be near; to protect.
prep., comitative suffix, 'with';
copula, 'and' (mainly in Sargonic
date texts).
šu :
n., hand; share, portion, bundle;
strength; control [ŠU archaic
frequency: 360].
v., to pour.
šùde, šùdu, šùd, šu12 : n., prayer,
blessing [ŠU12 archaic
frequency: 1].
v., to pray, bless (šu, 'hand', + dé,
'to hail').
á-šita4, á-šu-du7
parts, components (of the plow);
equipment ('arm' + 'to join'/'to
complete').
šita5, šit, šid, šed
n., measure; number (šè, 'portion',
+ ta, dá, 'nature, character').
v., to count; to consider; to
calculate, figure out; to
memorize; to recite; to read
aloud.
šákan
official in charge of expenditures
- comptroller (šu, 'portion', + gan,
'to bring forth'; cf. also, šaggina).
šu...ĝál
to hold by the hand ('hand' + 'to
place in').
ŠU+NIĜIN
grand total ('hand' + 'circle,
whole') [? ŠUNIGIN archaic
frequency: 1].
Hindi: hath: hand
si, su, sa, sa5
81
retain a fault, not forgive, hold responsible;
saw: Clean, unsullied, pure;
elevate, stretch up, as the head upon a long
slender neck; as the arms overhead, &c.;
5. weigh, as with scales, &c. or suspend in
weighing;
6. scales, balances;
7. prefixed to the names of the male sex to
distinguish it from the female;
words: sgh, sv,sr
sgho: Beveling, inclinging, oblique;
2. puckered, contracted, or narrow at the
orifice;
3. angles, or corners, acute, sharp;
4. aff. narrowed down, oblique, &c.
see pSHmpSdR the mouth of a bag;
5. take up by contracting the thumb and
fingers upon the article;
6. num. aff. quantities which are thus taken
up,
su: attach
su la : remuneration of wages.
su law: mark ,print signature
su naye: directly, in front of, confront
hereafter, forward , towards,
su nu: angle between finger and thumb
v., to fill up; to fill with (with -
da-); to survey a field; to
inundate; to be full; to be
sufficient, enough; to increase; to
compensate, repay, replace; to
grow weak (probably
reduplication class) (cf., sum,
sug6, rúg, sig, sig5).
adj., suitable, fit.
da
n., arm; side; nearness (to
someone) [DA archaic frequency:
227; concatenation of 4 sign
variants].
v., to hold; to be near; to protect.
prep., comitative suffix, 'with';
copula, 'and' (mainly in Sargonic
date texts).
šu...ĝál
to hold by the hand ('hand' + 'to
place in').

pa(4)-har
wages ('small canal' + 'coil of
silver', cf, a-pa4).

** su( hand, arm) sule:(wages)

supada(winnowing-fan),
saupa(handover)
panja (hand)

Hse:
the idea of parting with, or losing a portion
sf:236 of substance; (shesh hindi)
se hsh su,hsu soundness, completeness, free from
defects;
1. applied to as seeds and fruit, fine,
plump, well filled, not defective;
zu, sú 2. applied to persons of sagacity, with
n., wisdom, knowledge. ability ; a person of sound mind;
v., to know; to understand; to hsi: 1. Take up, one by one from a dish,
inform, teach (in marû basket, &c.;
reduplicated form); to learn from Little, small, few, sparse
someone (with -da-); to recognize changed from a natural state or order,
someone (with -da-); to be 1. Acid, sour, acrid;

82
experienced, qualified. la hsi: acid stone, alum, an acid weed
adj., your (as suffix). growing on rocks and stone, resembling
pron., yours. sorrel;
Direct, straight, a direct line, course, or
sila, sil, síl, zil, si-il rule;
to cut into; to divide (si, 'long and mortars of all kinds;
narrow', + lá, 'to penetrate, 2. grinding, mills for grinding corn or
pierce'). paddy;
su2
si, su, sa, sa5 *Applied to the sun,
v., to fill up; to fill with (with - has no: denotes partial, or half rising, a
da-); to survey a field; to position between rising and lying, that is,
inundate; to be full; to be sitting;
sufficient, enough; to increase; to hse: Thrust, stab;
compensate, repay, replace; to beat, pound with the end of a thing;
grow weak (probably 3. punch, ram, force in with a rod;
reduplication class) (cf., sum, 4. pierce, stab with a spear;
sug6, rúg, sig, sig5). 5. fig. produce a quarrel, provoke, traduce;
adj., suitable, fit. Extend or occur in series, articulations,
save: to empty, lofts, or stories;
sava: full hsaw: Shove, push, press;
words: hsawe
A succession of companies, assemblages,
series, classes, kinds;
su: suraj: the sun many collections, varieties, &c.;

sauda: gracery si: 1. Take up, one by one from a dish,

basket, &c.;
2. tha si, ki si ten twenty, and so on;
3. small

4. put together as stock in trade, collect

contributions;
5. compact, put together in a compact
manner
ten or ninty or thirty?
tha sa: three fold
hsa tha: use, employ, make available, turn
to some account;

taka, taga, tak, tag, tà hta

to touch, handle, hold; to weave;
to decorate, adorn; to strike, hit,
push; to start a fire; to fish, hunt,
sf:149
catch (can be reduplicated) (te, 'to
ht
approach' + aka, 'to do, place,
Help, aid, come to one's assistance; strike,
hit against, thump; strike as the rays of the
sun,
ht: 1. A numeral, one; 2. a negative
particle; when the verb is reduplicated

83
make') [TAG archaic frequency: before ht, and reduplicated as
48 ?; concatenates 7 ? sign htaw: 1. True; exact, unvarying; not
variants] deviating from rule, not deceptive,
šu...tag sf:91 unimpeachable;
to cover; to adorn, decorate 2. carry on the head, place upon, as on
(often with -ni-) ('hand' + 'to thetop of rollers;
weave, decorate'). 3. obstruct, bound, limit, as with a fence,
stake around;
*sutali 88 hte:
odan: Veda Qualifying words of hardness,
completeness, &c. thoroughly, intensely;
htokana, pitana: pound, beat, hta 2. obstinately, perversely, wilfully;
hte ra: carpanter, hthoda: hammer 73 3. all within one's jurisdiction, power,
hto? or gah: authority or influence; usages, customs of;
hto: an ordinal affix 1. A thing, subject-matter, goods, property,
htunhta: stump or what belongs to a thing;
2. used instead of a noun indefinite,
sf:43 something;
3. prefixed to form substantives, or verbal
nouns.
hti: 1. Closeness, compactness,
sf:33 thoroughness, exactness, perfectness;
hta?
2. cut or break quite off,
3. 1. Pinch, compress, squeeze;
4. 2. pull out, with tweezers, forceps,
sf:20 affix. to the names of animals, with
forceps, or other means of pinching.
hta2:
equality, sameness, evenness;
affix. in an upright position
sf:3
htu:
1. Pierce, pierce through, perforate; as the
ear or the nose;
1. Arrive, reach, as any place, period or
sf:50 event;
(ta ng, la 2. when, until, unto,(grammer)
tkana) 3. with la the term for down affixed, come
into place, be to the point, exact, precise:
be reduced, abated;
sf:7 4. come to the same point, i.e. be equal,
htu like, &c. reduplicated, thus much, thus far,
&c.
1. Cut or broken off, or across, crossed;
liquidate, pay off, as a debt;

84
 1. Bind or tie together, as the hands or feet;
sf:51 1. A partition, wall, as of a house;
tha or hta? hta2
o tha, o hta 1. Create; form, make an image, perform,
as any kind of work;
1. Cast away or down a large or heavy
object, be decided, settled, steadfast,
unwavering manner, condition,
sf:8
1. Insert, put into, as into a basket or
htu:
vessel;
2. light, strong, very bright;
1. The pinching claws of a crab, prawn,
and scorpion; a kind of snare or noose used
in catching wild fowls; num. affix. applied
hto: convey? to bunches, or clusters of fruit;
a scorpion; a kind of pan or platter,
generally of brass
hte
1. Make smooth or even by hewing, hew;
spread, flatten, as dough, or any plastic
carry on the
substance; 2. carving or cutting with the
head: htaw
point of an instrument; interpret something
co. of the term
said;
for record,
1. A bag, such as is used for grain, hence
catalogue, a
num. affix, applied to such bags;
2. with unequal, irregular motion,
limpingly; from side to side, as in crossing
and recrossing a stream, &c. splitting,
severing;
hto:
1. Help, aid, come to one's assistance;
strike, hit against, thump; strike as
the rays of the sun
1. Hold on to, retain in memory,
observe; brass, or copper; co. for
silver; pound, beat, thrust, as with

2. 1. Convey, as by the wind; convey

as articles by a boat; mark, rule,
line, as paper; a bridge, wharf;
stripe, striped; the lines in the
palms of the hands; on the soles of
the feet; channel, stream; a seam, in
sewing; make a bridge;
3. pestle;

85
 gully; convey as down a stream with a boat
or raft; deep channel worn by water;
3. num. affix, sections of things, &c.;
4. deriv. convey ideas through the organs
of speech, speak, converse; co. thrashing or
throwing the body about; tall or long,
symmetrical;
htaw:
1. True; exact, unvarying; not deviating
from rule, not deceptive, unimpeachable;
2. carry on the head, place upon, as on the
top of rollers;
3. obstruct, bound, limit, as with a fence,
stake around;
raise, pry up by being underneath;
4. deriv. stop, break, juncture, &c. see
co. of the term for record,
catalogue, a projecting band, ring,
&c.;

T
tu:
Gold; to roll up; kick, or strike, with the
tu bottom of the foot; plough, turn up the
ground with a plough; make an offering to
water-demons by pouring out the materials
of the offering into the water; ancestors,
lineal descent; co. of the term for the
sf:35 Supreme being; applied to things rolled up,
ti? see Gram.;
(do bund **tu with jar sign two bar? fig. meaning as
pani!) itu: the god? 1. Gold; to roll up; kick, or
strike, with the bottom of the foot; plough,
turn up the ground with a plough; make an
sf:78
offering to water-demons by pouring out
tu, guli or tuti?
the materials of the offering into the water;
ancestors, lineal descent; co. of the term
for the Supreme being; applied to things
rolled up, see Gram.;
sf:15 to: bird 1. Excite, arouse, cause to move,
to: bird shake; also with certain affixes, insert,
thrust into, as something into an orifice or,
as an iron into the fire to heat it; plant
paddy or dig the holes with a rod; measure
length; a general name for birds;

86
 1. Rub, brush any thing to smooth or clean
it, rub hard with repeated acts; graze, just
miss, as in shooting; rescue, ransom,
redeem as a person from slavery; have
wealth, wealthy; bring forth, as a culprit to
be put to death; take out, discharge, as the
cargo of a ship, or grain from a crib; a
distance as far as can be reached in the
manner expressed by the verb to which it is
prefixed, hence; in the negative not long
enough, i.e. for the use wanted; the verge,
extremity or end of a projecting part;
prefixed, small tubercles, warts,
excrescences on the skin;

1. A sinew, a post, things above heavenly

bodies, vertical, on the meridian; the
upright stem or trunk of a tree or plant;
num. affix, upright, perpendicularly, a
crucifix; 5. Reduplicated, in a
perpendicular or upright posture, as in
walking, in a dodging manner, in a noisy,
tumultuous manner.
**(variation of the mat kh sign) t: 1.
Weave, as mats, basket-work, braid; cock,
erect, turn up so as to make prominent;
sew on or attach a bit of braid to a thing;
project, a projecture;
1. penis, the shank, tail or subulate end of a
tool or other thing which enters the handle,
or a socket, also, a sting, as of a bee; fat,
plump, as a young child; projecting, waxen
tubes formed by a species of bee as
avenues into the hive; flesh or meat, clear,
thick, unmixed with bone, muscle, &c.;
applied to soil, rich, free from stones, sand,
&c.; a species of fish-trap, the mouth of
which projects inwardly and has points,
which though they allow the fish to enter,
prevent egress;
2. with affixes, fluor seminalis, the orifice
of the urethra; frenum penis; a
contemptuous appellation given a person in
anger; the root of the frenum;
3. with prefixes, King of Hades, a chubbed

87
 kind of worm or grub.
te:
is a particle to denote a certain degree,
quantity, size, ability, number, quality, &c.
generally indicated by the connection;
1. a waist-cloth, just sufficient to hide one's
nakedness; so much, as much as, &c. only,
as only I, only you, &c. see Gram. sec.
247.;
2. with affixes, clothe one's self up to the
hips only, or a cloth round the hips;
3. with prefixes, a name given to fish in
anger when they will not bite the hook, the
monkey's waist-cloth, the name of a
scandent plant, stem is thin and flat;
4. Reduplicated, about so much, or so
large; emphatic so large. 1. Eradicate,
extract, as a plant by the roots, pull out as
feathers from a bird, extricate, as from
confinement, or slavery; force one's self to
keep up while laboring under
indisposition; be appropriate, belong or
pertain to;
tu:(tu 1,2,34), 1. Hew out timber so as to
make it straight and even; a species of trap
having a weight which falls upon and
secures the animal caught; draw out the
voice in loud, grave, solemn, or threatening
tones, grunt, grumble; co. of the term for
curse, imprecate; applied to the mind,
heavy, dull, confused, depressed;
1. Pull, make an effort to draw towards
one; play on the native jews-harp, done by
pulling or rather twitching a string; lead,
pull along as an animal with a rope; take
out as out of a box, basket, &c.; translate
as a book out of one language into another;
explain, draw out, as the meaning or
import or cause of any thing; bring to light,
expose to view, as any thing that was
hidden or unknown; play an air on
instruments of music; use force upon a
female, commit rape; the viscid juice of
certain plants, gum of trees;
2. pull a thing up, as a rope from the
ground, raise one's self by laying hold of

88
 something, pull a punka, pull forcibly; take
away, as a person from among others, take
from the midst; hold or pull back as a
person who is departing, pull or draw tight;
in speaking, draw one's words tight, i.e.
declare or promise a thing so as to leave no
room for doubt; obtain by pulling, succeed
in pulling, leading, and the like; separate,
not suffer to remain together, wean from
the breast; produce, bring to view as one's
faults; cast away, scatter, disperse, pull
down, contract, draw together, as the
mouth of a bag.
3. with prefixes, viscid, tenacious, tie tight
around, fasten, as a cord; have sharp,
throbbing pain; in angling, pull on the line;
in anger, rave, gnash with the teeth;
2. with affixes, destroy or remove by
eradication; like drawing out the sinews,
i.e. with painful effort, pull up, as grass,
&c.; do. adjust the warp in weaving certain
figured work so as to make the figures
come in proper order;
3. with prefixes, deriv. with difficulty,
effort, properly pertain to; in pulling up
things, cull, select; molt, cast, shed, as a
bird its feathers, a person his hair, &c;
deriv. qualifying sound, crack, snap;
4. Reduplicated, cracking, snapping
sounds; with great agility or exertion,
energetically as children at play.
too: 1. Thrust, as with the fist; a raft; a
fern, a species of polypodium; a kind of
plant; hold a wounded part down so as to
let all the blood run out; **num. affix,
applied to **rafts, raft-loads, a face, long
and thin, long-favored;

12038 ASH “1″ Tha

th:
muthi:fist
1. The heart, seed, kernel, substantial part
tu: you sf:151 of a thing;
tin: three tha th or thau? 1. The numeral three;
a particle
second personal pronoun, plural number
1. Be skilled, able; to wash, cleanse with

89
 water;
thi:
sf:51 1. A comb; an old field; to interlock
tha or tu? as the fingers; braid a silver chain;
prepare grass for thatch;
tho:
a sheep, 1. Oil, fat; purify, by melting and
sf:8 straining
1. New; verbal affix

sf:4

sf:2

sf:212
ht, th or r

sf:4
ht, th or r

nisig, nisi, nissa L kl, pl,

n., greens, vegetables (níĝ,
'valuables', + sig7, 'green,
yellow').
adj., beautiful; blue; green.
kl: 1. A general name for trees and shrubs
with gune sign: of the peepul or banyan family;
color, green,
90
kalpa tree
121F2 LAL, LA2 [9977x]
v., to be high; to hold; to lift; to
carry; to hang (from) (with -ta-);
to weigh; to pay; to deduce; to
strap, harness (with -ši-); to dress
oneself; to place, set; to bind (a
reed pillar); to stretch, extend,
reach; to load; to lessen, be few,
diminish; to accuse, denounce; to
fall back, retreat (cf. also, lá)
(reduplicated íla, 'to carry,
support') [LA2 archaic
frequency: 57].
adj., light, deficient; minus (cf.
also, lá).
latkana
gug
monthly offering; brand;
carnelian (with na4).
lal: Hindi: red, a red stone: manik
dág brilliant; pure; clean ('to go
out' + aga(3), 'diadem, circlet,
crown').
li9
to glisten, shine.
sweta (white), ve(he)
daw sa(the patriarch, and address
to respected elder, rank holder)
father
lo : take
lena: loan
mel : join,
milana: mix
2. The banyan family; the germ of a seed
when it first begins to protrude itself in the
process of vegetating;
3. used in an adverbial phrase, unevenness,
without due order;
4. cover over.
kale: denotes great dexterity, adroitness, or
suddenness in the thing or act to which it is
applied
l with th an
?la, bla, gl, ka(kala)
affix to form
law: Descend, fall, run toward the mouth,
verbal noun
as streams, go down, as the sun; go down,
a
as food; fall, as from a height;
determinative
with other roots, num. affix, applied to
lo aw: pay
fields; my place, home; set a snare; few,
damage lotao
not enough for division; joking, buffoonry;
th lu: sacrifice
frequently; a large trencher; the uterus; be
offering
careful, take heed; a sore, wound; be
l ve gh: red
familiarly acquainted with a locality; silk
turban; a kind of spear; site of a house; the
placenta; any place; increase, fold.
lo: Pay a fine; borrow(loan)
pour from a bamboo bucket; a small
bamboo investing the spindle on which the
band runs;
with other roots, consult, converse
together, agree, harmonize; be of equal
weight; the groove of a cross-bow;
previous, before; exhort each other, stir up
each other's minds.
le: To proceed, go forward;
la: moon, le a cart . a cowry A rocky precipice; to light,
ve: white give light; to frighten
(moon is lu: Enter, penetrate, as a liquid; be of use,
white, bright) useful, force one's self into, as into a crowd
li: to write? Pour, as water; be purged, have looseness;
daw: crown, bore with an awl, pierce; 1. Thread, yarn;
headgear(Indus transgress, disobey; to bathe;
headband) A color, purple; wrap, cover with clothes
baw: yellow, l: Be ended, finished, all gone; the world;
mu: the sun 1. Stones, rocks;
mu ni: day 2. with other roots, an ejaculatory blessing
mu hse 1. A quiver; to be complete, enough; at, in,
di n from, &c. see Gram.;
1. li: Books, writings of all kinds; generic
91
 term for birds of the Eagle and Hawk tribe;
put on, as beads; pierce, sting, as a bee;
1. A table, a leaf;
lah: Break away, as a portion of a bank, or
of a mountain, from the action of water;
sf:25 chop;
lah
la2: 1. Slope, as the roof of a house; avert
l: rocky A
an imprecation by praying it may fall to the
rocky
ground;
precipice
2. with other roots, a particle, excessively;
rocks
:la, tla
ka la, ga la, ba li
r ghu: melt togather, fuse togather
le law: descend, as toward the mouth of a
stream
le le g g: go to and from
le
daw: headband
la: moon, le
we: white (moon is white, bright)
li: to write?
le: 1. The moon, a lunar month; a color,
green;
2. with other roots, a year; name of a
female in fable; the common house-fly;
swallow the moon, i.e. an eclipse of the
moon; god of cold, thunder &c.; a bamboo
cup, used in pouring libations to the Nats.
l: rocky A rocky precipice

H:
12056 DAG [46x] = h: to walk
dwelling 1. Hold in the hand, take hold of;
DAG KISIM5 (121A8 sour milk hi: A house;
[cow] + dwelling = diary farm??) hai: To hate; a deep green or blue color;
Variants: a closing particle

1. To give;
é 2. with other roots, a written message, a
house, household; temple; plot of to walk letter; sweet-flag.
land d, h: related to come;
numun, nuĝunx, niĝunx house. hai gah: come back, return.
n., seed; sowing; cornfield; haw: To be salt, co. he; drive away, drive
offspring, progeny (níĝ, 'thing', + before;
gùn, 'dots, speckles') [NUMUN 1. Cry, weep; earth;
archaic frequency: 22]. 2. with other roots, a measure, as much as

92
v., to produce. can be taken up with both hands; sand.
closing partical: hai
hankana: drive ha, du, dah, gh (enclosur)
mu ha la,
hath: hand

ĝar dukan
n., storeroom; form, appearance haat?
(to be + to send) [GAR archaic market
frequency: 409]. mah: month
v., to store, accumulate; to
deliver, deposit; to put, place, set
down upon; to make, establish,
restore (with -ši-); to remove and
set elsewhere (with -ta-); to expel
(with -da-) (ĝá-ĝá in marû).

dakkan, daggan
harem, living quarters, chamber
(dag, 'dwelling', + gan, 'to bear').
é-ganba
warehouse ('house' +
'marketplace').
é-šu-sì-ma
warehouse ('house' + 'portion' +
'to put, surround' + 'to bind').

dukan (du root)

godam or godown (warehouse)
ghar, durg, haveli, mahal,
muhalla, agaar, bhandar, kothar,
vkhar
eĝar, iĝar
brick wall (é, 'house', + ĝar, 'to
deposit'/ĝar8, 'to mortar bricks').
*int gara

n., levee, embankment,

dike, bund (a, e4, 'water', + ig,
'door') [EG2 archaic frequency:

93
12; concatenates 5 sign variants].
v., to water; to speak, say (e =
sing. marû, plural hamtu, and
plural marû; cf., dug4, also di); to
do (as auxiliary verb preceded by
a noun).
demonstrative pron., this one; in
the immediate vicinity; suffixed
to ergative agent.
prep., locative/terminative suffix
- in; toward.

Table 2: consonant Cluster

Detrminative to use phonetic value, not the face value like Chinese when some word has only a
phonetic value not any meaning thay are underlined.
Note: All symbols and numbers are taken from : The Indus Script: Text, Concordance, and

Dr. Iravathan Mahadevan

Sumerian, Malvi,Nimadi, Hindi Indus Script Karen

etc Indus area with possible
phonotics
agar(2,3), ugar
field; commons [AGAR2 archaic
frequency: 16].
kala3,4,5, gala3,4,5 sf:1395 various pot, jar, containers
store-pit; cellar (cf., ki-lal/lá, gr, sr, tr go, garu, saru, tharu
'cellar granary, silo' with vowel nack and a pot tha ri: a jar
harmony). similarity tha r: a teacher
*sarekh Egyptian: decorative chitra: ukera tha ro: a writer, scribe
s+rekh=with decoration rekh: rakha tha ra: a register
gur4-gur4[LAGAB+LAGAB] itari: that much
a standard size container for utari, uttar(answer) graw gre: hasten, urge to
wine, beer, and oil, = 10 liters aur: more greater speed or alacrity
(reduplicated 'thick, round, chadava urgent, admitting of no
plump'). nack with the gun sign-rekh excuse, or delay; as the
gùr, ga6 hand over: handi which is peremptory orders of a
to bear, carry; to be full, loaded, charu magistrate, etc,
laden (Umma reading for íla sign, note:is it a genitive? p o p ri: deliver up to, give
cf., mir) (circular container + er, sora o=ya into the hands, care, or
'to bring'; cf., gur, kùr, 'basket'). hand over, entry custody of; with an affix.
šùde, šùdu, šùd, šu12 : n., prayer, tha ro: a writer, scribe denoting together, assign to
blessing [ŠU12 archaic tha ra: a register each other as belonging

94
frequency: 1].
v., to pray, bless (šu, 'hand', + dé,
'to hail').
ga-sa10
tradesman ('let me buy!').
gur4-gur4[LAGAB+LAGAB]
a standard size container for
wine, beer, and oil, = 10 liters
(reduplicated 'thick, round,
plump').
gùr, ga6
to bear, carry; to be full, loaded,
laden (Umma reading for íla sign,
cf., mir) (circular container + er,
'to bring'; cf., gur, kùr, 'basket').
šùde, šùdu, šùd, šu12 : n., prayer,
blessing [ŠU12 archaic
frequency: 1].
v., to pray, bless (šu, 'hand', + dé,
'to hail').
ga-sa10
tradesman ('let me buy!').
together in certain relations,
write note
entry in the catalogue g r1 gre: n. moveable goods,
be inconsiderate in doing or furniture, stuff, articles of use
urging anything forward when spoken of as a wholes;
chodo, bhejo, send, deliver, probably from their being
deliverd admitting of no loose articles, scattered about
restraint or delay. a house,
urge on, hasten, in some of
its applications is analogous
to
hisab barabar
karnva choda
ghe: Sanskrit: take taken?

gal, ĝal
n., a large cup; chief; eldest son.
adj., big, large; mighty; great
(chamber + abundant, numerous)
[GAL archaic frequency: 1004;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
ĝar
n., storeroom; form, appearance
(to be + to send) [GAR archaic
frequency: 409].
v., to store, accumulate; to
deliver, deposit; to put, place, set
down upon; to make, establish,
restore (with -ši-); to remove and
set elsewhere (with -ta-); to expel
(with -da-) (ĝá-ĝá in marû).

guru7, gur7, kara6

grain heap; granary, silo; a
capacity measure, ca. 909 liters

95
(cf., gur, 'basket').
guru8
guru8, gur8 [TU]
high; deep.

ĝar
n., storeroom; form, appearance
(to be + to send) [GAR archaic
frequency: 409].
v., to store, accumulate; to
deliver, deposit; to put, place, set
down upon; to make, establish,
restore (with -ši-); to remove and
set elsewhere (with -ta-); to expel
(with -da-) (ĝá-ĝá in marû).
šu-šè...si
to hand over; to deliver ('hand' +
'towards' + 'to fill').
girim, girin, gir8
piece of clay; to detach a piece of
clay; to creep or glide on the
ground (gur5, 'to separate,
divide', + imi/im, 'clay'; cf.,
gurun).

Indus: garu, ghada, gora, gagari,

charu=saru,
bhandar, kotar,
rakh: keep

anda, andar, kendra

šagan, šakan sf: 177 vs

a large jar for oil; god of wild
creatures (šag4/šà, 'stomach,
container', + gan, 'to bring forth')
[? ŠAGAN archaic frequency:
55].
*sanaki: whimsical
note: gala7 sign
d: womb
g r1 gre: n. moveable goods,
furniture, stuff, articles of use
when spoken of as a wholes;
probably from their being
one part of something? loose articles, scattered about
ku aa: a well? a house,
d, tu, ga la
e me tha do: receive
contains, to have s (vowel?): The idea of
E exchange; from one person,
The nominative case marks state, position, &c. to another;

96

ga
ga
n., milk (chamber + water) [GA
archaic frequency: 245;
concatenation of 3 sign variants].
conjugation prefix, 'also'; 'and
then'.
modal prefix, cohortative, used
with hamtu forms.
*e me: inside
ĝala7, ĝál, ĝá
to be (somewhere); to be
available; to place, put (with -ni-
or bi-); to place into (with -ši-); to *sesa:
be with someone (with -da-); to
have on one's person (with -da-);
to be possible (with -da-); to take
an oath; to dwell (ĝá, 'storage
basket' + íla, 'to be high').
galla:Malvi: a place to keep
money, value, business
sa12-sug5, sa12-su5[SAĜ-KU], sá-
sug5
land register manager; registrar
of deeds; librarian ('head' + 'to
lay the warp of the land' ?, also
read sa12-du5).
abgal(2)
sage, wise man, wizard (abba,
'elder', + gal, 'great') [ABGAL
archaic frequency: 31].
engar
irrigator, farmer (en, 'lord', +
agar, 'field'; Akk. 'ikkar from
Semitic "to hoe, cultivate").
a-gàr
irrigated field ('water; seed' +
'cake' ?).
pivati ka khet: irrigated field
the subject of a verb. silver and gold;
s, sa saw pe glo pe si: silver; pay for a
(saru, garu, tharu: handi,) thing in advance;
pot: with gun sign separate, distinct, co. go mi go
*this, that, how many si mi
question. s pho: a refiner of silver, a
saw, silver smith
a person with a rank or se: test, stick, adhere, hang
collector? : =saw together, be tenacious
pricious metal . Reduplicated, adv.
inconsiderable, small in size,
a carrier of a vowel? in degree or quality; slightly;
concept: pot carries a thing? 2. adv. motion, short, quick,
marta: weight, and vowel changing;
tirra: a 3. move with a quick motion
decoration from side to side;
that equals the gunu sign? clean silver or to clean sliver
me: inside preposition (pricious metal)
remaing part saw g nyu: adv. entirely
clean, wholly, having nothing
left
saw in this use is also
reduplicated and addressed to
sf:50 an elder brother
pe glo?
a ko po: head collector of
kamgar taxes
g ph gho: to collect
m ph gho: collect in a pile,
6132 bring together.
irrigated field g ro: unite
hankai ka gu: small mass, collection
kamgar? ghu: combined with words
denoting increase and
collection
kha sah: collect money from a
number of individuals in a
vessel of a certain size, by
which, when full the quantity
is estimated.
A particle affixed to
imperative and indicative
phrases; in the latter
emphatic, and in the former
coaxing, or soliciting
acquiescence, or attention;
97
 e: 1.Numerous, many, much;
2. with other roots, how
many? increase, cause to
increase, be many.
ikattah, ekatra, khas (special) e ta gh ta: to increase
badaw: to increase 3.i: a particle, here, this, see
dala (Dalaa): fill Gram, 31, 32; slightly, little,
rakam: sillak, money Narrow; put forth convolute
*dala, ghala galla leaves
*kamgar: worker tender leaves of the plantain;
to contract, make narrow;
slowly, heavily
A kind of basket; assent to,
yes
ĝiš2,3, ĝeš2,3, uš Be anxious; musty, mouldy;
penis; man (self + to go out + sad; hot, sultry
many; cf., nitah(2) and šir) [GIŠ3 Open, spread apart
archaic frequency: 16; O: To be, to have, be in
concatenation of 2 sign variants; possession of, live, remain in
UŠ archaic frequency: 101; one place
concatenates 2 sign variants]. with other roots, come to,
ta: womb(Sanskrit) arrive at; come and live with,
come and call, as a person to
go to some place
interrogative, is there any?

sidug
ravine; pit; pitfall; trap (si, 'to be
35
straight, narrow', + dug, 'vessel').
du: to screen, house, shut in,
du protect, defend by inclosure;
confined
kupa: hole, cave, inside, a place for purposes of
here, there,
ghi:
itu: here, water, Origin, source;
kothi(kaozI 2. root;
kaoK 3. strength;
dh:j commencement, the base or
Dlaava: DaolacaI foot end of a thing, the point
genitival suffix: of' (cf. also, aka).
from which a thing proceeds,
ant, ate, ute
ku aa: a well? the point or line of contiguity
aka, ak, ag, a5
two part? to a thing or person;
to do, act; to place; to make into
pu: inside ghi ko thi: primarily; origin
(something) (with -si-) [AK
archaic frequency: 149;
ke andar, kendra, andar ti:
concatenates 2 sign variants].
ant, athe(here) Water; also a general name for
gaz(2)
liquids, co. of the term for

98
n., powder; break, fracture; war
(chamber + repetitive motion; cf.,
[ĝiš]naĝa3,4, naĝX[GAZ,
KUM]).
v., to crush; to kill, slaughter
(with -da-); to vanquish, defeat.
gara, mitti: mitti me mila dena
gaz girana
i hereafter.
n., cry of pain (derived from ér,
ír, 'tears; complaint' ?) [I archaic
frequency: 17].
v., to capture, defeat, overcome
(cf., éd, è; i)
country; co. of the term for
beads; pure, genuine, true,
g s, g la, g thi guileless, accurately,
ti, definitely, distinctly, clear,
unadulterated; congealed
*based on seal number:304 water, ice
ke g u presently, future time,
e kaw: open, as a seed when
vegetating

gara2,9,10, gar2,9,10,11,12
thick milk, cream; cheese (cf.,
ga-àr-ra) [GARA2 archaic
frequency: 106; concatenation of

2 1224C NI <= cun-sign |

Sumerian => Ì / i3, IÀ / ia3, I, lí
/li2| (syll.: bè, lé, lí, né) i3
=[8654x] oil; butter; container for
oil vegetable oil, fat | ZAL
[2798x] = to pass time; to get up
early; to finish, come to an end
(come to pass); to dissolve, melt,
disintegrate, break down,
collapse; to quake; sensual

connotation | cpd na4

[527x] = stone; stone weight |
&na4;
determinative stones | cf.
di: judgement, verdict
kaondnaa kOd kuT kudanaa ]dr

51
assemble together? su: macerate, digest
insert to make g tha le: merchandize
it complete
zu, sú
thvi thavi: insert
n., wisdom, knowledge.
shu thra: area: khe tra: saaoMpnaa
v., to know; to understand; to
segment all together th ri: round; on all sides of
inform, teach (in marû

99
reduplicated form); to learn from th r (kshetra?) something.
someone (with -da-); to recognize ritu: mosam gu: 2. a lump, small mass,
someone (with -da-); to be vowel + rth collection;
experienced, qualified. sutra: area, geometry, 3. num. aff. denoting a number
adj., your (as suffix). formula or party taken as a whole;
pron., yours. mantra favor, profit, advantage;
geometry: gu tri, go sari, gu phl gu phl: adv. here and
sar: token, there, one of any roundish
gùr, ga6 is it possible that more article.
to bear, carry; to be full, loaded, complicated things in a jar phl: the whole of any thing;
laden (Umma reading for íla sign, are basically some kind of s va th ri: circumference
cf., mir) (circular container + er, formula?
'to bring'; cf., gur, kùr, 'basket'). Sutra (Sanskrit: सू,
kala3,4,5, gala3,4,5
romanized: sūtra, lit. 'string,
store-pit; cellar (cf., ki-lal/lá,
thread[1]') in Indian literary
'cellar granary, silo' with vowel
traditions refers to an
harmony).
aphorism or a collection of
aphorisms in the form of a
12155 IR ask; perfume sign manual or, more broadly, a
variants]. condensed manual or text.
a-šà-(g) “A sūtra is a condensed
field; area ('seed' + 'womb'; cf., a- rule which succinctly states
gàr; ašag). the message.”
gu saruta: sutra, soutra
string, thread; wool yarn; flax; sulba=ada+khada= rajju,
hemp; snare; net; orig. word for udar: stomche,
needle (circular + grass-like) [GU kSetra: fertile womb
archaic frequency: 53].
šà-bal-bal
descendant, offspring ('womb' +
reduplicated 'to revolve, deliver').

saruta: sutra, soutra take out

sulba=ada+khada= rajju,
udar: stomche,
garbhashay: utrus
rajju: roap, mensuration keep in, add in
addition, angle: karni=kan, nak,
kona(r: stoper=tone)
line: rekha, lekha
samsta, nikala, joda, jod,
subtraction : nirhara,
division:bhagu,(phagu),
nikalana: tod(break: a sign with s

100
minus
equal, unequal, len-den
j

kud, kur5, ku5

to cut off (with -ta-); to breach (a
dike); to separate; to levy tax or
tribute; to curse (regularly
followed by rá; cf., gur5, kìr, and
gur10) (base with motion away
from).

me, mì, ĝe
n., function, office,
responsibility; ideal norm; the
phenomenal area of a deity's
power; divine decree, oracle; cult
[ME archaic frequency: 363;
concatenates 2 sign variants].
v., to be; the Sumerian copula; to
say, tell.
poss. suffix, our.

ba
n., share, portion; rations, wages
[BA archaic frequency: 523].
v., to give; to divide, apportion,
distribute; to pay (interchanges
with bar).

101
conjugation prefix, used when the
subject is inanimate and/or non-
agentive (intransitive).
possessive or demonstrative
suffix -bi plus nominative -a.

še-ga/ge
favorite; to be obedient; to obey;
to agree (with -ši-) (cf., sè(g),
sig10).
s a thaw a la: principal, money
s gh, pu gh? question? given, money kept, pure silver
daw gh
pghi ko su d: and su a la: a treasury,
pghi a kaw: a part of price: or place for keeping cash
deposite seed money: s thaw p isazava
ĝala7, ĝál, ĝá put a thing at such a and
to be (somewhere); to be such
available; to place, put (with -ni- price
or bi-); to place into (with -ši-); to
be with someone (with -da-); to seed money
have on one's person (with -da-); pagdi
to be possible (with -da-); to take
an oath; to dwell (ĝá, 'storage
basket' + íla, 'to be high').

122AB SANGA2 / saga2

= [12x] priest
inquire
chokashi, chokidar, mahiti
vicharana
dhara, pakda, rakh: hold

ivacaarNa caaokSaI maaihtI Qara

*sangh, paghadi, deposit, price

godown, source

ghat, ghati, ghadi time gh+

ghatana: event cross out of one year into
ghani: enough another;

102
mah,mahina,: month gh ni: cross or fulfill a year
ber, *ni: Infold, inwrap, 1.
maksu: moksh Petticoat; a year, because it
embraces the seasons; affix, in
Yug: a reflexed, recurvated manner;
co. to the term for corner or
elbow;
tha ni kh kh: about a year
ni g lo: commence a new year.
ni sah le sah: complete a year
yu: the period of a man's life
Month:
Maksu: Magh month the
southern equinox.
Bhado: Padu: The sound of
frogs, drums
ph du nye the flower which
the frogs respect, water-lily;
le de nye the month in which
the above flower
blooms.
Phlgun: flowers bloom
Baisakh: harvest
le kali; the month for putting
seeds into the ground

øto add word for year and

time
safa: saaf ikyao saf h
haqa:
haM hO h: a closing particle
laaoTaAao puna: sf:355 kv:
h, aho, s+ph+l 1. Sweep, clear off dirt or
sphl, phsal rubbish, &c. by sweeping;
2. a fish hook;
3. co. of the relation of
cousins, used in addressing a
cousin, &c.
4. adv. obsequiously,
submissively;
5. allot, apportion, assess; as a
noun, assessment, taxes, &c.
1. Comb, as the hair;
2. brush, as thread; brush

103
 down as the nap of a hat, &c.;
3. adjectively depressed,
dispirited, effeminate;
4. the number nine.

sf216 gu: cover with screen,

du, de, umbrela, hat,
áb
domestic cow (a,'water, liquid', + dn, pn
gu bonded,
íb,'middle') [AB2 archaic frequency:
288].

12016 AB2 [5272x] = cow [cf.

121A8 KISIM5(with tail – sour

milk)]

Fish with horn and head cover

d: domesticated

Egyptian: ng3w: a kind of

scraficial and harnessed bull with
long horned
pnna diya: give away, pga,
dupatta, pagadi, (subjugation?)
gay: cow, ZaMZ,o paDa paDI
domesticated animals p

227
nu bn, pl, bl pl: arrow, remit, relese
ti? (shows authority)
v? special bl: spade, scrifice, force
pv,thv? tax,
bal, ba.al
nakki, nu, pl, pana, pan nu and pl: both signifes
n., hostility; enemies (cf., bala).
ahu obtain.
v., to dig up; to dig out (a ditch);
to quarry; to tear down, demolish ahe ahu: rays of light
direct question a partical, question ,
(ba, 'conjugation prefix' or 'turtle
force, of introgation introgation
shell', + al, 'digging stick, hoe,
that many
spade').
an-na

104
tin; yes ('sky' + 'stone'; Civil
thinks an-na, 'yes', is probably an ne: emphatic particle
Akkadianism, but cf., affirmative vs With other roots, particle,
na-nam, 'indeed' and in-nu, displeasure or impatience; a
'negation'). Yes, permission deputy chief; pronoun, sec.
afirmation pers. sing. emphatic, thou;
An act: kiya also used in sec. pers.
*ban: arrow, bana: caluculated, karo: do possessive, thine;
amount, bhala: spade, spear, bal: kar
force
pola: loosen: ult plt
palla jhad lena:
palla: a part of scarf, to cover
head
pal: weight
pav:give
pavi, pilu (San.): arrow
ahe: question
pana, pan
n: wild

sf:279
m, mn
úš
n., blood; blood vessel; death [?
ZATU-644 archaic frequency: da: womb
65; concatenation of 2 sign sf:73 su: nye: hereafter; forward,
variants]. womb towards something ahead.
v., to die; to kill; to block vault (sunay: verana)
(singular hamtu stem). death
adj., dead. whole
sig3,10,11,18, sag2,3, sì, sè da ny
n., stroke, blow. di, d diny,d: particle,
v., to chop down (trees); to strike, as such, as much, like this,
hurt, damage; to beat like as, alike
(rhythmically, for instance a D d Z Zsa
drum); to (make) totter, shake, variations: of kho sign:
quake; to demolish, raze; to enclose?
flatten, crush; to remove, doff; to
become still, settled (si, 'to stand
upright' + ug5,7,8, 'to kill'; cf.,
sug5).
ùš
placental membrane, afterbirth
uš11
venom, poison; spittle, slaver;

105
moistening; spell, charm
ú-sug4
unclean, menstruating woman
(cf., úzug).

ashubh, asub(unclean)
sendh, mr(marna), maran,
dohsa(dosh), pap
maš
one-half; twin (ma4, 'to leave,
depart, go out', + šè, 'portion')
sf:288
[MAŠ archaic frequency: 133].
mas: half
*masha: weight unit

sf:168
variationas

galla silla (metal coin) pure silver sf:130 gy, lkh, s g su- bits of silver,
ingot cash
silla-ingot
sikka- a coin

base 4, 20 or 3, 60
sava=one and quarter (4+1)
sava so= 100?
sl, gl, kansa,
sisa
moon,
si, white
crown, lead

pag (head gear), pav (feet), pagh (human)

pavne(guest) ga va thi: To compass,
gavali sf:134 measure a circumference
yo: 1. Carry with a neck-yoke,
or with a stick across the
shoulders; pray for the
success of an incantation;
le g hta: travel for the purpose
of trade.
ka v d: load on yoke, shoulder

106
 ka ki ke kaw (back and forth)
ht vi ht so: a burden, carried
so: co. to words of carrying
hsa gi: embroider
gú-a...ĝar/ĝá-ĝá
(cf., úgu...ba-a-ĝar which is the
later Neo-Sumerian form of this yo: Carry with a neck-yoke,
Old Sumerian original) ('neck' + sf:126 or with a stick across the
'upon' + 'to place [a load of ko thaw shoulders; pray for the
debt]'). success of an incantation;
usurious
byaj, biyaj kav lav: travelling without a
av: avi, avk: coming load, unburdened.
jv: javi: go. javak: going o have: empty
uthaye: lift, utare: diliver law (root)
sarya: fill numerical affix gr: assemblage, confederacy,
klhli: empty when number is multiple of combination, party
la ten comes before
khali, dala, the number. s d, and s l: a treasury, or
kavde: empty from one vessel hto or tu as an ideogram? place for keeping cash
into another tav, tyo: true weight gu o: bondage
kavla+tha= tola: load, weigh bring back? gu thaw
tha drop and bring gu kaw
jar+person with load sr+ yo bonded goods
tha+sr+ kav sr+kv
thisra load (ordinal number) ko+li
varbal: tha: act combination of
load carried or load carrier Haat, mandi,
kahar, kavad, koli Adhath
loading charges on the party
decide
fig: tha ko li: your words, your
turn, oath o, u vi, kav-la, pav,
third time, said three times yo: load on shoulder affix
*significance of three

koshi: seed vessel, stage

Koshik: storekeeper
kusida: usurious ko thaw: increase, interest
bazar ka
]Qaar ?Na kja-
maaisak ?Na saalaanaa vaYa-
Asala saUd
maUla byaaja
isallak isallaa

107
eškiri, ešgiri
nose rope, halter, bridle; jumping pani: trade
sf:105
rope (éše, 'rope', + kìri, 'nose, gani: trade
av, e?
muzzle'). goyu: throat
go + ni
human+ horns go: call
gud, guðx, gu4 naw yo bo: yoke
throat: go yu
n., domestic ox, bull (regularly yo: to carry, bear something
go+p: gop
followed by rá; cf., gur(4)) on the shoulder
r
(voice/sound with repetitive
(ju) gu: slave
processing - refers to the bellow
yo
of a bull) [GU4 archaic
eho, aho hoye
frequency: 182].
v., to dance, leap (cf., gu4-ud).
nam-ra-ag
prisoner of war, used for work;
captivity (abstract prefix + 'to gr:
impress with a seal'). festival? surrender of work
lú-éše no work means festival
prisoner ('man' + 'rope'; cf., é- saman,
éše, 'jail' and šaĝa, 'captive')

e, a : many

ga-sa10
tradesman ('let me buy!'). toli: a company
pani,vani, baniya: tradesman of people, julus
Veda: pani doli
go
gala: neck
grahsthi, grhsth, gnpad, janpad,
jhund: group, aa: to call
union
Zaor ZaMZo Gujrati
lagam
rassi
ru
gu, ju jotana:
vowels?
da gu:
pa su ju:
slave
jua: varchasv, prabhutav
to make slave, subjugate
gulami
yupa: a piller, harnessed,

108
 gv
pv
measure
kuš, kus[SU]
skin, hide, leather (ku5, 'to cut', +
ús, 'to be joined, next to'/šè,
terminative suffix/šú, 'to cover') sf:105
g s(sh)
su
n., body; flesh; skin; animal hide; g ml: elephant’s trunk, arms,
relatives; substitute (as verb, cf., branch
si; sug6 or rúg) [SU archaic Temporary, momentary, for
frequency: 188; concatenates 2 the occasion,
sign variants].
adj., naked. gs: an elephant
an ideogram t th ph: leather bag sack
load, storage, bag? zTf:
kušlu-úb-šir(-ra)...aka
to prepare (gold or silver) for the animal, leather
precious sack (by sifting) hide
('leather bag' + 'testicles' + combination of signs:
locative case ending + 'to do').
* a place to keep things
kosh, peti, kotha: treasury +
kosha gar (Sanskrit) mada
bhande, bartan +elephant- gas
with tusk ?(scorpean or
*ksharpan: a coin= equals some crab or fish, with gunu
weigtht of precious metal signs) (savi, hshve, thah)?
kasai: a butcher
maZ,a huAa camaDa baoga
pdaqa- ko+ht+3
ideogram

kasvi, galla,
money, pots
gasmeda –leather lined
setu: bridge
hetu: for that
setu
hetu
st: situ: electrum?

109
maaMga Aaga`h?
see g raw (and its
sf:118 combinations) urge, be hasty
gr 1. Suitable, fit; 2. probable.
igi...ùru
to be on guard, vigilant ('eyes' +
'to watch, guard').
kurum7, kuru7, kur7 g v: to look, watch, examine,
n., lookout, spy (ki, 'place', + sf:93 estimate
ùru(-m), 'to watch, guard'). (pictogram of two eyes? )
v., to watch. la la:
igi...ĝál la g y lu go : exceed due bond
to (be able to) see; to understand; g y: weigh
to look upon (often with -ši-) g vi: inspect: l l: stone, big stone
('eye' + 'to place [into]'). two eyes
igi ht *me ht mo: examine a la a law: agreement,
n., eye(s); glance; face; aspect, carefully; paymant
looks; front (reduplicated ig, *me: eye gl a ki: pay the difference, in
'door') [IGI archaic frequency: swapping a thing .
21]. neg. with tha
unsatisfactory, not ht mi ht mo: examine
v., to see. carefully;
prep., before, in front of. according to one's mind;
s gaw: head ot the town
g le: transition, change,
combined, mingled.
place+ watch g lo: retribution, pay that
sìla, sìl, šál **to weight. which is given by way of fine,
measure of capacity, liter = 0.842 gy or gv: make sense or pacification, from vd;,
modern liters in the Neo- because two leaf or mulct, impose a fine, pay a
Sumerian period; measuring pot circle(place) are joined. as y debt.
(si14, 'a small pot', + lá, 'to means twin. **la ga y> it weighs
weigh'; but cp. also, sal, 'uterus') representing an abstract **gavi ki gavi : look carefully
[SILA3 archaic frequency: 57; idea of seeing. gav: view justly
concatenates 3 sign variants].

sila, sil, síl, zil, si-il

to cut into; to divide (si, 'long and
narrow', + lá, 'to penetrate,
pierce').

*lal: a red stone, manik, ruby

gána-íl
taxable land or field ('land' + 'to
carry').
al...di/dug4/e
110
to desire, pray, demand, insist
(often with -ni-) ('hoe' + 'to make
the motion of').
ki-lal/lá(-bi)
(its) weight, where weight refers
to area or volume; excavation,
grave; cellar granary, silo; shape,
arrangement ('area' + 'to weigh,
lift').

gavaahI
gala ]gaalaao
tgaada saaMgaNao
]gaahI
gaaMva?
ugahi
agreement
tgada:reminder
of payment

silla, sula,
(money)
gulak, sulak,
g y, sa yu, du,
khi

joined, twin, tied

khagol kh+
Sha thi tithi: Sun worship khu: six1. Seek, in searching
khilana for a thing that is lost,
khil searching for food;
khel kh+l 2. unalterably fixed,
khubsurat kh+g irreversible, irretrievable;
sixty 3. irregular, obstinately
incorrigible;
4. number six.
1. Be even, square, uniform,
coincide, be at peace, be on
6+ circle agreeable terms with;
lighted+ circle 2. aff. even, smooth, in
six: kh: sun, mu khi: unison;
beautiful, elegant 3. applied to plants, have the
leaves rot off, as caused by
excessive rains;

111
 4. applied to the end or ends
of things, square or straight
and even across.

hankan, thelan hankai

sf: 44 yaw: mix, mingle

h ? kh? gh?

*Utu-the sun god

Inana
unaala(malvi) hot, summer bow: kali, boat : kali
ereš5[GAL-AN-ZU] pahla, pratham, invoke p ny: to aim
knowing, intelligent. hto: convey by boat
bala-šè...aka galla: stream
to transport ('goods delivery' + kali: boat
'towards' + 'to do'). gl: high authority
šu...taka4 vs seed: kali gr, gl, su, sve, tphv, tmo to:
to send, dispatch (with dative) assemblage of various things
('hand' + 'to push'). vi: vishesh, vinati, to: hog’s tooth
ur-ur-a...ĝar awahan,(invoke) ro: assemble togather, steer a
to assemble a list, schedule, or Uttam,upar, pa, po, dyu, da boat
plan ('servants' + locative + 'to face value: ideogram kso or gso: from so: ,
set'). boat+rowing+n prominent, elevated, endued
niĝin(2) +anchor or tooth: mel with power and authority;
n., enclosure, circle; capacity; ro, tho, to Noble, praiseworthy, from so
whole (cf., kilib and gur4-gur4) galla: streem to bear, carry and l excellent,
[NIGIN archaic frequency: 11]. kali, ro, ve, pleasurable, delightful.
v., to halt, turn away; to turn kalitho do: be placed upon, as an
round; to surround; to assemble; glla: where things are kept arrow upon the bow;
to pen up cattle; to wander about; su, to
to circle; to make the rounds ro
(usually níĝin[LAGAB] for (water) ml, beda, tha hta,kv pu: be liberated from
hamtu form and niĝin or ni10- kah
tha hta: (qaza )
ni10[LAGAB.LAGAB] for marû num. aff. specific lots or
pile, used as a numeral affix,
form) (ní;ne4, 'fear', + ĝin, 'to quantities;
applied to piles and quantities;
go'). Final conclusion
rebel; pile up; with other
to shoot, aim
roots, pile around, as dirt
vahan, ravana, mal gadi, be liberated from
around a plant; a history, an
melna: melro: dispatch: maoilayaao maolarao pu, k, ke, kali, bu, phu,
account of, life of, memoirs;
zasanaa zasauna [k{a jamaavaDa maavaDa? TaoDu TaolaI (pujay,pdm bapu,kali, ganu

112
 garo) be strayed, lost, as cattle;
pdm: high dignitary pu ny: quite a quatity
upar, uccha, pre, para Rub, grind, file, saw; adv.
above, beyond, with care, caution, and
precision; adv. effectually; co.
gavignyw: beseach, to the word for basket;
pacify(K) pu gavi: pass, go beyond, get
vi+pra=vipra rid of.

ereš5[GAL-AN-ZU] send a message up stream

knowing, intelligent. pgh kali. a person belonging
inim...ku5(-r) to the highest order of the
to swear ('word' + 'to cut, curse'). human race, in distinction
bala-šè...aka from witches, necromancers,
(namokar mantra) &c.
kv: 1. Moving around, stirring
pu: pujya, puy, putha, about, agitating, as with the
pujay: respected end of a stick;
pushy: a nakshtra 2. the top, head, cover;
pushan: the sun(flower shiny) 3. the wooden trencher which
pipa: a container, the natives use in eating;
kuppi 4. a crotch;
pi 5. the name of a tree.
upheaved, somewhat raised,
Kalki as
kevat k ke ht me: to some extent;
kevda ht k: rise above the common
ktav level
uttam, sarvashreshtha k: 1. Shoot, as a cross-bow or
mansavi=mangave(Kar.) musket;
rondana: to become winner 2. emit flashes of light;
ucch: above 6. make a sudden thrust;
upar , varil(Marathi), Varun: 12. a larger low basket;
above 13. num. aff. specific lots or
unnat quantities;
beyond: mangavi
Veda: Apām Napāt. yu yaw: reverence; restrain
Burz ("high one," Persian: ‫)ﺑﺮز‬ one's self, as in the presence
rm, mr, of superiors.
adar, pujya, adrniya, samman, to respect; to like or admire
pavitra, shradha someone
Zya: Vu: Zaonao vaalao: AMtirxa: Aasamaana dy: bearer
ivaSaoYa ivaSaoYa& ivalaxaNa ivaWana ivaiSaYz vaahvaah gu tha me: peculiar favor,
vaahI vaahI vahI vahI vaIr special blessing
iva& ivagat ivakla th me: Extraordinary, peculiar,
ivaGaUNa-na ivaQaana ivagala vaT ivaTp special, distinguished, without
maoh: maaihr maohta ]%tma gaaotma

113
t& dxa a competitor, unrivalled, first
inaYNaat rate, &c.;
p`qama p`vaINa
p`hvato: prahavate prahve invoke
pahla, parala(other side)
vihav, viroti, vikrosi, puruhuti
manifold invoketion
vi: (adv. Sanskrit) manifoldness
p`qa: ivaSaoYa
*date: Jan31/20
I saw ma in dream using vidi
knife
and constanly telling me the use
of the knife that is a speciality of
the other side of Narmada. I
woke up a thinking why ma with
vidi? वळा
drati, hansiya, sickle

And I realized “vi” root

all is solved with the sign no 17
vishesh: vi roots leads to all what
is the best

da-ga
organization; chamber (dag,'to
stretch' + nominative).
é-gal gvi: write, mark
palace ('house' + 'large'). ga ve li th: skilled in write
o law: ko: on the shore

ga di:
da gah (da ghar)
kavi: poet, writer?

122AE SHA3 / ŠA3, šag4,

tibula = [10808x] heart, center,
interior

114
cpd a-sag4 [9387x]= field,
surface math.

ŠA3 Variants: 122AF ~x

A; 122B0 ~ x BAD; 122B1

~ x GISH; 122B2 ~x

NE; 122B3 ~ x SHU2;

122B4 ~ x TUR; 122B5

~ x U; 122B6 ~xU+
A
..

*how much time? Ke ghati,

ghadi?

gún, gú
land, region, district (gú, 'edge' +
ùĝa, un, 'people, population'). pa hti: the level ground at the
foot of a hill, also a plain.
nagar: city pha do: great, very large
sf:25 pha naw tho: divide into equal
pur: city lah parts
MD:8,HP:16 pha: Crack, burst as grain in
ideogram: parching; to blossom, as a
something that is dug? flower; fig. applied to the stars
la la=sila when they come out in great
urudu, uruda, urud
+gd numbers; sparkle.
copper; metal (ùru, 'luminous
brass, metal
object', + dù, 'to mould, cast')
an ingot, slab le hta bo: a precious kind of
lagab
sila copper
block, slab (of stone); trunk (of
silligadi
tree) (cf., kilib) (lag, 'clod, piece', name of the
+ gub, 'to stand') [LAGAB
city with an prefix
archaic frequency: 84; nagsila, (takshila)
concatenates 2 sign variants]
lagab na4za-gìn-na sf:25
a block of lapis lazuli ('block' +

115
'lapis lazuli' + genitive).
sf:9
bat, bhata, patti, pathar(pzar), thar
hill and land
(thar maru) int([MT), silla, shila
field and forest
tamba(taMbaa), hill land
Nimad?
da mu: kingdom
namak: salt
water dam
ki
n., earth; place; area; location;
ground; grain ('base' + 'to rise,
sprout') [KI archaic frequency:
386; concatenates 2 sign
variants].
prep., where; wherever,
whenever; behind.
ni ma ki: hill land
edin, eden
n., steppe, plain; grazing land
between the two long rivers;
back, spine (éd, 'to send forth', +
in, 'straw') [EDIN archaic
frequency: 5].
prep., on; against.
*garden of Eden came from
Sumer
an-edin
high plain ('high' + 'steppe').
ku-dun...dug4
to profit ('solid base' + 'to heap,
pile up' + 'to speak, do').

gún, gú
land, region, district (gú, 'edge'
+ ùĝa, un, 'people, population').

ga re
ki su da
n., earth; place; area; location;
ground; grain ('base' + 'to rise, hill and land
sprout') [KI archaic frequency: field and forest
386; concatenates 2 sign hill land

116
variants]. da mu: kingdom
prep., where; wherever, dam
whenever; behind.
ni ma ki: hill land
edin, eden
n., steppe, plain; grazing land
between the two long rivers;
back, spine (éd, 'to send forth', +
in, 'straw') [EDIN archaic
frequency: 5].
prep., on; against.
an-edin
high plain ('high' + 'steppe').
kur-gal
great mountain - a metaphor for
temples and for Sumer as a place
where earth and sky meet

ku-dun...dug4
to profit ('solid base' + 'to heap,
pile up' + 'to speak, do').

*gra+m: a helmat between a

velley
gan v
measure
na kho, na tho
áĝa, áĝ, áka, ám names of vessels used as
to measure out, mete; to measure measures
(area, length, time, capacity); to
check.

iku
a surface measure of 3600 sf53
meters2 = 100 sar = 1 square
'rope' = 1/18 bùr (plural Akk.
form of ég, ék, 'levee').
gi
reed; length measure, reed = 6
cubits = 3 meters (circular + to
sprout)
sìla, sìl, šál
measure of capacity, liter =
0.842 modern liters in the Neo-

117
Sumerian period; measuring pot
(si14, 'a small pot', + lá, 'to
weigh'; but cp. also, sal, 'uterus')
** nakho, na to, na p, ma p
gún, gú
land, region, district (gú, 'edge' + N gh
ùĝa, un, 'people, population'). 35 n kha: names of vessels used
as measures
gána, gán ko: head
tract of land, field parcel; (flat) na gha, tha na the palcae?
surface, plane; measure of related to city?
surface; shape, outline; land
cultivation (cf., iku) (cf., Orel & stone, carnalian g le n gl s: a door, gate;
Stolbova #890, *gan- "field") a meeting place intermediate space; co.mu s
[GAN2 archaic frequency: 209]. the palcae or crown? mu s balustrade
me-te
fitting thing; suitability; unique; ko s: distance
ornament; proper dress ('function' sgh ngh
+ 'to meet'). ka gh: reach
te, de4, ti from opposite side
v., to approach, meet (someone: go kaw kali call a boat from
dative); to attack, assault; to be the opposite side, def. 9.
frightened (alternating class, ko de a crown?
hamtu stem; cf., te-ĝe26). ko tha: increase, interest

nag,mina,
na gha : related to city
kokh: womb, inside

n gh htve:
12231223E NA, nigna = jasper, precious.
[114x] incense (burner); man;
[32x] stone; pestle, pounderE sf:16 ga lo: used to qualify
na gh whiteness, in the signification
NA, nigna = [114x] of glaring;
incense (burner); man; [32x] 4. a white compound metal
stone; pestle, pounder metal: silver considered of very high value,
kansa? silver;
sona? 5. sometimes used figuratively
shine to denote wealth;
KU3, kug [1342x] = (to be) tho or hto: who cast metal
pure; [3875x] = metal, silver; (to hto: metal
be) bright, shiny | kug+an ~ azag Hold on to, retain in memory,
= demon | kug+gi ~ guškin = observe; brass, or copper; co.

118
gold | ~ + BABBAR = silver
kù-luh-ha
refined silver ('noble metal,
silver' + 'to clean' + nominative).
gun[GÚ-UN], gún, gú
back of a man's neck = load,
burden = a talent in weight = 30
+/- 2 kg.; tribute (gú, 'neck; nape'
+ ùĝa, un, 'people'; cf., gú).
sám, šám, sa10
n., equivalent; (barter) purchase;
sale price; merchandise (Akk.
loanword from šâmu(m), 'to buy,
purchase', cf., Orel & Stolbova
#2281 *su'um- 'sell, buy') [ŠAM2
archaic frequency: 51].
v., to buy (with -ši-); to sell (with
-ra-, ablative) (sa10-sa10 in
marû).
saĝ, sa12
head; point; leader; present, gift;
slave; human, individual (sá, 'to
equal'; sa4, 'to name', + ĝe26, ĝá,
myself) [SAG archaic frequency:
420].
adj., first, first-class, prime.
prep., in front.
for silver; pound, beat, thrust,
as with pestle; repeat from
memory; bud for flowering;
be cautious; handle, as of a
cleaver or axe; co. sell, a sale;
2. affix. a superior kind of
brass
hta me htaw: gold or silver
smith
hi n: divide and take equal?
sa no: ?
pha naw tho: divide into equal
parts
ga vi pa naw: record, make a
memorandum.
copy
ra ghu: melt together, as two
different metals

kug, kù
n., silver; precious metal; money;
noble (ku, 'to base, build' +
aga(3), 'diadem, circlet, crown')
[KU3 archaic frequency: 181;
concatenates 3 sign variants].
v., to cleanse, purify; to make
cultically pure.
adj., bright, pure; white; sacred,
holy.
si-mùš
shining horns; light rays ('horns;
rays' + 'to glisten, shine').

*galla (tresury as well a place

119
where precious metal are worked
with), sillak, galana: melt
thatera: a smith (zzora)

saĝ ú-a...šub
to hide ('head' + 'in the grass' +
'to drop'). sf 92
ghu ghu: 1.sifting
Cleaning grain by shaking it
sthan(sqaana sqaapna) a compound ideogram round in a fan;
sage sambhandi all direction? 2. separate by sifting;
galana numerical aff. *gu tu: sift gold, to separate
adv. or prepo. the particles from the sand.
saw shaghi: **sghi sgho: contract, staiten,
pure: sifted, cleand crowd or push into a point or
pu, mu: main narrow compass, as the top of
a bag, basket, &c.
**tie up as the mouth of a
bag, or other thing in like
manner, i.e. by contracting
and securing the parts.

puvemu: where, when,

hta na: meet from opposite
directions as two persons
travelling.
Beveling, inclinging, oblique;
2. puckered, contracted, or
narrow at the orifice;
3. angles, or corners, acute,
sharp;
4. aff. narrowed down,
oblique, &c.
5 take up by contracting the
thumb and fingers upon the
article;
6. num. aff. quantities which
are thus taken up
1. Stop, cease, break off,
discontinue, intermit;
2. disappear, be nearly extinct,
or exterminated;
3. reduplicated, adv. by slow
degrees, in a feeble and more
feeble manner as if about to
cease;

120

sakh: friends
phad
push: hanka, thela, tola, hankai,
naka, chungi; tax
gir15, gi7 [KU] (giri: mountain:
high, noble)
noble; domestic, civilized;
belonging to the native in-group
(circle + city) [ŠE3 archaic
frequency: 15
Veda: Som paan, pavmaan
ceremony
*Nag, Dev, Asur: events
happened in Sumer and Elam.
decendants of them migrated
towards India, told stories later in
Puranas and Vedas.
Indra, Danu, Puru-Urvashi,
Sumer, Meru, Yayati etc.
4. with g l affixed, adv. in a
clear, distinct, unobstructed,
perspicuous manner; without
irregularities, inequalities, or
obstructions;
g lo g li: send a notice, or
message, convey word to;
communicate with a person at
a distance
sa gho: Beveling, inclinging,
oblique
hta na: meet from opposite
sf:63 directions as two persons
gali, s gh, travelling.
g le htaw: the place where
meet? paths meet
s gh: go out to meet
s kho: meet each other
ph
ka ve: rack, clear, nine, comb
so: prominent, convex,
elevated, rising above the
so common level; rise to a
somo prominence, rise as the
s do? (combination of two surface of the ground into a
signs) hill or mountain;
2. a guardian spirit or power
which protects the life and
well-being of man; see
Demonology
*A peak, summit, num. afx.
distinct collections of things
distinct places
num. aff. heights of trees
a general term for bear, carry;
121
 saw: in this use is also
reduplicated and addressed to
an elder brother
so ht le ht driven or carried
away by the wind

so th ro : prominent, conical,
rising above the surrounding
parts, applied to hills,
mountains, hillocks, things
heaping full,
so thaw: rise, &c.,
so pa: hit below
**so mo: rising to
prominence
high seat: somo,sumah
lal, lá
v., to be high; to hold; to lift; to
carry; to hang (from) (with -ta-);
to weigh; to pay; to deduce; to
strap, harness (with -ši-); to dress
oneself; to place, set; to bind (a
reed pillar); to stretch, extend,
reach; to load; to lessen, be few,
diminish; to accuse, denounce; to
fall back, retreat (cf. also, lá)
(reduplicated íla, 'to carry,
support') [LA2 archaic
frequency: 57].
adj., light, deficient; minus (cf.
also, lá).
latkana, latkana, lat, baID,a baID,a ]zanaa
ijammaodarI
zú, su11[KA] (sunda) m l, ma la th: a boar tooth,
tooth, teeth; prong; thorn; blade; tusk
ivory; flint, chert; obsidian; m l: profit, as in trade
natural glass.

sakha sakhi : friends

s gh: numerical
affix
s kh
šu-tag...dug4/du11/e I (tankna,
tanka lagana)
to adorn; to decorate (with -ni-); navi: fringe, seven

122
to sprinkle; to paint ('hand' + 'to
weave, decorate, strike' + 'to
effect').
gúr
n., sphere; circle, ring; loop;
hoop (circle + ur, 'to surround').
v., to bow down, submit; to curb,
subdue; to die (cf., gam).
šár, sár (sar, sat, pura, baat ka
sar)
n., totality, all; world; horizon;
ball, counter, token; the number
3600 = 602 (many, much + àr,
'ring, coil').
v., to be many; to multiply or mix
(with -da-); to make abundant; to
slaughter; to request, implore
(reduplication class).
adj., numerous; innumerable.
gú-za
a jewelry (?) ('neck' + 'precious
stone').
sina :chest
Ordinal markers: va-panchva,
dasva, bisva. tha: chotha,
1219A KAM2, kám = prob.
"th" e.g. 15th day… [ordinal
marker
*phul: flower, phulle: ear
ornament,
go kharu: a thick bracelate
Sage Atri: name meaning who
gives light
rup: beauty
ravi: the sun
sf:54 pa ni: trade, traffic, buy and
MD:36 HP:12 sell for gain; the oil bag of a
pani: buffalow, business, bird or fowl, hence with a co.
festival adv. in fat condition, as fat of
a person or animal;
hse p ni: sell as articles of
trade, traffic
hse o so o: live by the profits
of trade or by selling.
pa ni pho: trader, merchant
pa na pa na: the sections or
intervals between joints,
bends, &c. of things; mark off
into sections at certain
distances;
sa vi: wrench, reel, stagear
emit like light, steam
s(n)gmo: united? sa vi: beetle
veni (a beetle rolls)
sf: 29 sa vi: 1. A general term
phu, embracing several of the
sa vi larger species of Scarabaeus
sa gh? or beetle family; the name is
khil given in allusion to the noise
anokhi it makes;
suhani 2. with ni and n. affixed,
things having several angles,
to denote that they are
unequal.
with prefixes, incurvated in a
crooked, distorted manner; the
period which embraces the
present moment, now; change
of the year; the period of one's
life; half a year; fall upon any
particular season of the year;
be past the term of a year;
123
 *sa vi ni sa vi ni:
g thru: with ru roots:
tremulous, vibratory,
dazzling, glittering &c.
qualifying words of light and
color
htra: . deriv. glitter, dazzle.
gm: gamana: satisfactory
gm: sadness

gaphlat: wrong
kali: seed, dana, beej
g ph, g m (a g m)
broken, unsatisfactory
faulty
something pertaing to heart
tute dil, phata dil
tha ni gadana
tha n: udder
tha ne: religion
tha ni: trust in, depend upon
A landing place for ships or
boats;
usual measurement
the projecting part of the
breast of animals.
horn of the rhinoceros
níĝ-kas7, níĝ-gaz
half-reed = 3 cubits (Akk.
nikkas). hta gu num. aff. half, one part.
sa9[MAŠ] significance of half? law hta gu half gone, settled
half. hta gu half way down
gn hta gu naw: half basket
kas: reed gh m le daw pha: half moon
Chanda: half circle, angle kali: seed? ga ve hte: half measure
messure pha phaw: half, midway
v?
half moon kala: ansha ph ph n: half day
gham: the sun over the head, heat half, portion
dhup
ardha, aa dha:
? má(-a)...ĝar
to load a boat ('boat' + 'in' + 'to
place'). 1. A boat;
(ĝiš)má-lá 2. seed, kernel;
cargo boat ('boat' + 'to extend, kali: boat, beda, bow.
v. ro ghu? 3. glands, glandular and other
load'). hard tumors;
kali: seed, boat

124
naw, 4. spoiled, destitute of the
bona, khena, beda, sf:50 reproductive principle;
mallah ro gh, 5. the eye-balls;
kewat gh ro: noun 6. name of a creeping plant
Kali the bowman melt, fuse with a tuberous root,
Kali yug mix and likes poisonous;
7. stretch out the arms at full
(ĝiš)má-lá length; hence,
cargo boat ('boat' + 'to extend, 8. a fathom;
load'). 9. the month for putting seeds
into the ground
? má(-a)...ĝar 1. A general name for the
to load a boat ('boat' + 'in' + 'to turtle or tortoise family;
place'). 2. fold, double, reflect;
(ĝiš)má-gur8 3. turn about, turn back;
a large boat, cargo boat; pot 4. and qualify words of
stand ('boat' + 'high, deep') bending and breaking.
1. A general name for bows
*mal-pani, mal, mal-asbab, and cross-bows;
2. a cluster, bunch;
3. num. aff. applied to cluster;
4. cramp, suffer from cramp;
5. have chilling sensation, as
from fear;
6. the Karen Sagittarius, a
constellation of three stars.
1. Back;
2. surface, upper part;
3. kal ki: behind the back, the
farther or back side, behind.

a place to keep things

kosh, peti, kotha: food warehouse kal gaw: the banyan or largest
Kalito? species of ficus.
Kalp Varksh: (story) combination of signs: pa du: the lotus , sprout, a post
of head
padumetho: the lotus leaf
jambu diwapa imagination
+ +
padam: the lotus flower
padu: name
leve the
someone who lives in that
cobination of signs.
note: Dholavira signboard
kalimedo: store room for
pàd, pà
food etc.
to show, reveal; to choose, call;
ko+ht or ml+l
to seek; to find; to declare; to
ideogram

125
swear, take an oath; to choose out khall, phu tha
of (with ablative prefix) (pà-dè in pu tha
sing. marû; pà-pà-dè in plural Kalito? Kalpa tree
marû) (sprout, branch + to go kalpgaw: name of a town?
out; cp., pa...éd, 'to show; to
make appear'; cf., ér...pàd) [PA3
archaic frequency: 30].

gaz(2) b le: Pulverize, reduce to

n., powder; break, fracture; war powder, pulp, by pounding,
(chamber + repetitive motion; cf., chopping, chewing, &c.;
[ĝiš]naĝa3,4, naĝX[GAZ, commit to memory; be full,
KUM]). satisfied, have enough;
v., to crush; to kill, slaughter kh: defeat
(with -da-); to vanquish, defeat. htu kha: suffer a defeat
tun(3), tu10
to constrict; to defeat; to
massacre; to break up, smash (cf.,
dun).

khatam, htukai,

al-lu5 has ve: crab

crab ('digger' + 'to deceive'). khu, khi
* khodana, kho: dig kho: scrape off
kekada kh+ v hti: pinch
khured, khutur khutur, khirana ordinal number htu:
tokna, dah(shatter) khata va
khet rahna: die in the war field dasva

phalana: a person, that person pha

phalani: a place, that place be: rack, plant seed
this place
nínda, inda, índa Cut, as a field; as, according
hopper or seeding apparatus of phalane, phav,
to, there, in that place; with
the seeder plow; funnel, tube; bevni
the interog. affix, when, or
flower; bushel; pure-bred where;
breeding bull; fish roe; milt; 3. Cog. gphe sphe, thaphe,
ancestors (from Akk. middatu, phle tphe
mindatu, 'to measure') [NINDA2 where, when, acordingly,
archaic frequency: 20]. as it is
buru14, bur14
harvest; hot season, harvest time 188 th+phe pha pha: half of something
(bur12, 'to tear, cut off', + either
ú, 'plant' or a, nominative suffix

126
with vowel harmony).
Vasakhi: harvest

še-búr-ra
grain released for transport, pha
storage, and further distribution
('barley' + 'to open, release').

2039
1: thrashed: la+n+pha,
bowani, parni,
2: grain: pha, kali(seed)
3: bhandara, apan, kotha, kosara,
kothara, ko+gar ph pha: half
(deposited after the plowing, gvav: half
harvested, harvest , seedloan on
interest)

bowani kali kogaro

ko: postposition, genative,

meet half way?

ph nav tho ph pha: half
divide in equal part g v: half
divide

pad, paðx
n., bite, small repast (regularly
followed by rá; cf., bur and búru)
(sprout + repetitive processing) [?
PAD archaic frequency: 38;
concatenation of 2 sign variants].
v., to break off.

judgment, decision, verdict

di
n., lawsuit, case; judgment,
decision, verdict; sentence [DI
archaic frequency: 99].
v., to judge, decide; to conduct
oneself; to go; to escape (di-dé

127
used as non-finite marû form of
dug4, 'to speak').
gagar [KI]
area.

é
house, household; temple; plot of
land

shati: shawl
salu shtha, tha
kargha a loom
khaddi, addaख डी , अ डा , लूम; a female gown as it comes
dhage ki gatti from the loom without seeds
ylu: shawl (salu: Malvi) laccha, or other ornament.
ylu: scarf
taga, dora, dhage ki gatti,

gunthana, gadana, tanka

sisa, shisha, kanch, sate ka kapda

The Karen People

Karens
The Karen are a minority tribal group who live in Burma and as refugees in Thailand.

They call themselves ‘Kayin’ and are oblivious to the origin of the word. The women, who wear

neck rings did not catch my attention. It was the story of a boar whose tusk their founding father

had broken and their crossing of the river that flows with sand "Thi Seh Meh Ywa." while

coming from the north and settling in Burma. They keep a record of the time. It was 739 BC

when they settled in the new homeland Burma. Another point of interest is that the Karen find

their way through the jungle, at night using the stars. The Great Bear is called Sha k' thaw,

128
literally ‘the Elephant’. The Pole Star is called ‘the Mouse’. The Great Bear and Southern Cross

(Meh la ka) are referred most frequently, as they signify the north and south directions. A star

near the moon, which they describe as the star that draws the moon is called sha mo la. After an

extensive study of the Karen culture, religion, traditions and language from all available material,

I was struck with awe -what a journey and what a preservation! Now with their customs and

traditions, at once I felt like I am at my destination. I found significant clues that relate the Karen

with the Indus people. Many traditions in India, now clad in philosophical and sophisticated

meanings, in fact, had primitive origins that I was searching for a long time. I found their origins,

besides etymologies of those words in the Karen language that always made me think about the

ancient. The striking words that I heared in various dilects in Rajsthan and Malwa. Micheal

Ventrice when deciphering Liner B was surprised to find the language was Greek so was I when

I applied values and found it was a kind of proto Prakrit with Tibeto Burman family that still

have its traces in many languges. Specially in Malvi, Nimadi and Marathi.

The concept of K’la and K’sa

The Karen assign a lord (k’sa) to every mountain, river, natural objects and all object around

the house. Besides that, they believe in a life principle- K’la. Everyone has its own K’la. The

K’la is neither good nor bad, but it is what that gives life mortality. The K’la itself is immortal. It

is associated with one's physical existence. It is the force that keeps one alive and well. It existed

before birth, comes into the world with birth, remains in the body until death, leaves after death.

They believe there are many mortal and immortal evil spirits who can influence humans at

various times and places and steal the K’la. The K’la may wander around, and the Karen offer

many sacrifices to bring their K’la back. They believe that the seven-fold K’la determine the

129
time and manner of that person's death before birth. The Karen make offerings to delay as long

as possible the inevitable end. The people think that a wandering ‘K'la’ may remain invisible or

assume the form of the person himself.

They believe in an internal force "pgho." That is defined in the Karen Thesaurus as

“A certain more or less unknown force believed to be all about and which can not be overcome.

It may reside in certain individuals who, by its aid, are enabled to accomplish unusual tasks. It

can be imparted to objects which, by its power, become charms potent for good or ill. The deities

are said to possess "pgho" and on that account to be able to do wonderful things.”

Facts, Customs, Traditions, Rituals

They have legends that their culture was once great. They believe they once had a written

language which somehow disappeared.

They believe there are seven heavens and seven earths.

The first mountain that was created was Lwie-nya ; and the first rivers formed were

La-ko-meu, Lie-la-sho, and Mai-e. The river Lie-la-sho had its sources among the mountains of

Eako-sho.

A supernatural being called "T'nu" will come to exterminate the wicked. He is represented as

going about with a huge crossbow.

A beautiful female name ‘Saro’ would destroy wicked people.

No important measure is undertaken, till a favorable response has been obtained from the fowl's

thigh bones. There are many peculiarities known only to the elders.

After most of the ritual, it is customary to tie a spun cotton string on the wrist, so gods know who

performed the offering.

130
Wrist tying ceremony: Traditionally the festival takes place at the time of the August full moon

when the Karen tie white threads around the wrists to ward off illness.Marriages are arranged.

They believe marriages are set in the havens. A Karen couple who wants to marry against the

wishes of their parents just has to disappear into the forest for one night, and when they return in

the morning, the village will organize their immediate marriage. Marriages are prohibited in

November-December.They have a strong belief in sexual morality, and severely punishes those

who break their laws. When a Karen is about to do anything, if he happens to sneeze on

occasion, it is considered a bad omen, and the thing commenced is avoided at once. Karen

people’s bronze drums are famous. They beat the drum to please the lord of the land. They have

frog rain song. They beat the drum for every occasion including funerals. Their songs are called

‘Tho da’. Men and women both love music and play the harp. They sing in very soft and sweet

voice. Young lovers sing and make poetry to each other.

Husband and wife don’t call each other by name. Husband is called ‘ve’. It is interesting that

after they have a first child, they address each other by the child’s name.

A common Karen greeting is Aw mee wee lee ar– “Have you finished eating?”

They are good elephant driver and hunter.

A curious tradition of moving out from the village after a headman’s death: The death of the

headman led to a lineal breakdown into branches. In the Karen society, the nuclear family is the

primary social unit. The headman’s death means the disappearance of the pivot of the lineage.

Some join another village, and some established their own village with a new headman-usually

the son of the late headman.

They are the only ethnic group in northern Thailand who have a tradition of growing

paddy rice in the valleys and are the most productive farmers.

131
References:

1. “The Karen People of Burma: A Study in Anthropology and Ethnology, Issue 8

By Harry Ignatius Marshall”

2. Synopsis of a grammar of the Karen Language, embracing both Dialects, Sgau ...

By Francis Mason

4. Elementary Hand-book of the Red Karen Language

By R. J. R. Brown

4. Religion, Mythology, and Astronomy among the Karens

By the Reverend F. Mason, D. D.,

Missionary to the Karen people.

[Received 7th September, 1864.]

[Extracted from Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 34:2 (1865), pp. 173-88, 195-250.]

5. Ohio State University Bulletin, Volume 26, Issues 8-17

6. The Baptist Missionary Magazine, Volume 14: The Traditions of the Karen

7. Memoirs of the Four-Foot Colonel, Volumes 113-116

8. Census of India, 1901, Parts 1-2

By India. Census Commissioner

9. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland

10. Tenasserim: Or, Notes on the Fauna, Flora, Minerals, and Nations of British ...

132
By Francis Mason

11. Self-support, Illustrated in the History of the Bassein Karen Mission from ...

By Chapin Howard Carpenter

12. Sketches from the Karen Hills

By Alonzo Bunker

13. Short Vocabulary of Red Karen.

By Bernard Houghton, M.R.A.S.

14. The Calcutta Christian Observer, Volume 3

15. The North American Review, Volume 40

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http://sumer.grazhdani.eu/index.php
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http://burmalibrary.org/docskaren/Karen%20Heritage%20Web/pdf/Karen%20Culture%202005.p

df

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http://www.infomekong.com/peoples/karen/

http://stedt.berkeley.edu/about-st#homeland

http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbr/sbe44/sbe44117.htm
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Mohenjo-daro-volii#page/n307/mode/2up
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https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ugcoAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+comp
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