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Present Participle
Indicates an action that happens simultaneously with the action in the main clause.
Indicates an action that happens just before the action in the main clause.
Note:
The subject of the participle clause and the main clause cannot be different.
Note:
Participle clause doesn't indicate a specific tense; instead, we should look at the main clause to
understand it.
Time
Opening the door, she saw me. (when she opened the door ...)
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On / upon opening the door, she saw me.
Having lots of work to do, Tom didn't want to come with us. (because he had lots of work to do...
Being rare, diamonds are very precious. (because diamonds are rare...)
Not wanting to tell the truth, the young boy made up an excuse.
Past Participle
Contrary to popular misuse, a past participle doesn't have a past meaning; but instead, it has a similar
usage to present participle but in passive form.
The little girl was taken to the nearest hospital after she was attacked by a dog.
Attacked by a dog, the little girl was taken to the nearest hospital.
The new night club, which is located on the beach side, attracts the attention of all ages.
Located on the beach side, the new night club attracts the attention of all ages.
Perfect Participle
Indicates an action that happens long before the action in the main clause.
After he had spent ten years in Italy, he could speak Italian fluently.
Because Tom had attended this course before, he knew what to expect.
Note: to get passive form in perfect participle, we add "been" after "having".
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Because he had been fired, he didn't attend the meeting.
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