MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SOME ANTIMICROBIALS

Microbiology Pearls
Asst. Prof. Allyanna Mae D. Agustin, MS
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
• Robert Hooke - cell theory
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Father of Microbiology;
“animalcules”

BACTERIAL STRUCTURE
A. Shape and Size
-cocci (sphere)
-bacilli (rods)
-vibrio (comma-shaped)
-spirochetes (spirals)
+Borellia
+Leptospira
+Treponema
B. Arrangement
-pairs (diplo-)
MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
-chains (strepto-)
o Paul Ehrlich- Father of Chemotherapy (Salvarsan)
-clusters (staphylo)
o Emil von Behring- Diphtheria toxin
o Domaqk – Prontosil (Sulfanilamide) C. Bacterial cell Wall
o Alexander Fleming - Penicillum notatum produces penicillin -all bacteria have cell well composed of
o Florey and Chain- Penicilln use as an antibacterial peptidoglycan (aka murein) except
o Selman Waksman - Streptomycin Mycoplasma
o Edward Jenner- smallpox vaccine -basis for classification (Gram-staining)
PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

Gram Negative Cell Walls:

- contains endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)
- all G+ has no endotoxin except Listeria
PROKAYOTES EUKARYOTES D. Essential Components of Bacteria
DNA within a nuclear membrane? NO YES
Mitotic division? NO YES
DNA associated with histones? NO YES
Chromosome number 1 >1
Membrane-bound organelles? NO YES
Size of Ribosomes? 50S +30S 60S + 40S
Cell wall with Peptidoglycan? YES NO

G
Microbiology Pearls
Asst. Prof. Allyanna Mae D. Agustin, MS

E. Non-Essential Components of Bacteria

REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWTH

A. Physical Req’ts
1. Temperature
Psychrophiles - cold loving (0°C)
Psychrotrophs - grow in refrigerator (20-30°C)
METHODS OF MICROBIAL CONTROL Mesophiles - moderate (25-40°C)
Thermophiles- heat loving (50-60°C)
Hyperthermophiles- extreme thermophiles (80°C)
*Minimum growth temperature, Maximum growth
temperature, Optimum growth temperature
2. pH (Optimum: 6.5-7.5)
Acidophiles, Alkaliphiles, Neutrophiles
3. Osmotic Pressure/Salt Concentration
Extreme halophiles- require high concentration for growth
Obligate halophiles- grows at extremely high concentration
(nearly 30%)
Facultative halophiles- require high salt but can grow at
concentrations up to 2%
B. Chemical Req’ts
1. Carbon
Chemoheterotrophs - get C from their source of energy
(CHON, CHO, lipids)
Chemoautotrophs & Photoautotrophs - get C from carbon
dioxide
2. N, S, P, Trace elements
3. Oxygen

Culture Media
Nutrient material prepared for microbial growth
Agar - complex polysaccharide derived from marine algae
Colony - visible growth of microbes on the surface of a medium
Microbiology Pearls
Asst. Prof. Allyanna Mae D. Agustin, MS
Incidence rate
Normal Microflora
-no. of new cases; Indicator of spread
• microorganisms that are the permanent residents of the
of the disease
body
Prevalence rate
• normal flora are low-virulence organisms in their usual
-no. of old and new cases; Indicates
anatomic site
Sporadic disease how long and seriously a disease
• colonization resistance occurs when normal flora occupy
affects a population
receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding (microbial Occurs only occasionally
antagonism) Endemic
Constantly present in a given Susceptibility:
area or population Lack of resistance to a disease.
Epidemic Immunity:
Affect many people in an Ability to ward off disease.
area in a relatively short Innate immunity:
period of time Defenses against any pathogen.
Pandemic Adaptive immunity:
Epidemic that affects a Immunity, resistance to a specific
MECHANISMS OF BACTERIAL DISEASE larger area (multi-continent) pathogen .
• production of toxins (both exotoxins and endotoxins)
• induction of inflammation
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
• Human to Human
o direct (sexual, transvaginal), fecal-oral, inhalation,
transplacental, blood-borne
• Nonhuman to Human
o soil, water, direct animal source, vector-borne, animal
excreta, fomites
BACTERIAL ADHERENCE
• pili mediate attachment of bacteria
• glycocalyx mediates strong adherence to surface of human
cells
ENZYMES IN BACTERIAL INVASION
• collagenase and hyaluronidase
o spread through subcutaneous tissue
• coagulase
o accelerates formation of a fibrin clot coating the ADAPTIVE/ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
organisms with a layer of fibrin Five attributes of adaptive immunity
• immunoglobulin A (IgA) protease 1. Specificity
o allows adherence to mucous membranes 2. Inducibility
• leucocidin 3. Clonality
o destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages 4. Unresponsiveness to self
VIRULENCE FACTORS 5. Memory
• Polysaccharide Capsule Cell-Mediated Immunity
o protect against phagocytosis -involved: cytotoxic T-cells (activated by T-helper 1 cells)
o anti-capsular antibodies allow more effective -for endogenous antigens (ex. Viral infection, cancer)
phagocytosis to occur (OPSONIZATION)
• Cell Wall Proteins
o M protein of S. pyogenes of antiphagocytic
o Protein A of S. aureus prevents complement activation
Microbiology Pearls
Asst. Prof. Allyanna Mae D. Agustin, MS
Humoral/Antibody-Mediated Immunity
-involved: B cells (activated by T-helper 2 cells)
-for exogenous antigens

B. RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS

MICROBIAL DISEASES BY BODY SYSTEM

A. MICROBIAL INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN AND EYES

C. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM INFECTIONS

 Microbiology Pearls
Asst. Prof. Allyanna Mae D. Agustin, MS

E. CNS INFECTIONS

D. CARDIAC AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM INFECTIONS

F. URINARY TRACT AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

INFECTIONS