MICROBIOLOGY

AND
AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY I

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THE SCOPE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
DEFINITIO
N
Azospirillum

virus
Fungi

algae

protozoa
CEL
L

Cell is the basic structural unit of life

Characteristic of biological system
History of Cell
1665 Robert Hooke Honeycomblike (ruang rumah madu) structure in a thin
slice of cork (gabus)
1707-1778 Linnaeus Biology classification: plant and animal

1765 – 1877 Controversion on GENERATIO SPONTANEA

(ABIOGENESIS)
1838-1839 Schleiden & Similar structure of cells
Schwann Basic structural & functional unit of organism
1837 – 1897 L Pasteur Fermentation
1866 Haeckel Proposed 3rd Kingdom: Protista (setelah tanaman dan
hewan)
Lower protist: Bacteria
Higher protist: algae, fungi, protozoa
1876 Koch Germ Theory: Koch postulat
Protoplasm Living material of a cell
1940s Electron microscope Reveal intracellular organization; membrane bound
structures
 Procaryotic & eucayotic
1941 – 1985 Molecular genetics
Distinguishing procaryotic & eucaryotic
Features Procaryotic Eucaryotic
Size range 1-2 x 1-4 µm > 5 µm
Genetic system
Location Nucleoid, chromatin body, or nuclear Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts
material
Structure of nucleus Not bound by nuclear membrane Bounded by nuclear membrane
One circular chromosome More than one chromosome
Nucleolus absent Nucleolus present
Sexuality Zygote nature is partial diploid Zygote is diploid
Outer cellstructures
Cytoplasmic membrane Sterol -; part of respiratory & Sterol +; no respiratory &
photosynthetic apparatus photosynthetic apparatus
Cell wall Peptidoglycan + Peptidoglycan -
Locomotor organelle Simple fibril Multifibrilled with microtubules
Metabolic mechanism Anaerobic reaction; fix nitrogen gas; Anaerobic reaction (glycolysis)
accumulate poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate
DNA base ratio 28-73 + 40
(guanine+cytosine)
 Distinguishing procaryotic & eucaryotic
continued

Features Procaryotic Eucaryotic

Cytoplasmic nature and structure
Cytoplasmic Streaming (aliran - +
sitoplasma)
Gas vacuoles +/- -
Mesosome + -
Ribosome's 70S 80S
Mitochondria - +
Chloroplasts - In Some Cells
Golgi structure - +
Endoplasmic Reticulum - +
Membrane-bound vacuoles - +
CLASSIFICATION
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APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Field Applied Areas
Medical Causative agents of disease, diagnostic procedures, preventive
Microbiology measures
Aquatic Water purification, microbiological examination, biological
Microbiology degradation of waste, ecology
Aeromicrobiology Contamination and spoilage; dissemination of disease
Food Food preservation & preparation; foodborne disease and prevention
Microbiology
Agricultural Soil fertility; plant and animal disease
Microbiology
Industrial Production of medical products: antibiotics, vaccine; fermented
Microbiology beverages; industrial chemicals; genetic enginering: production of
proteins & hormones
Exomicrobiology Exploration for life in outer space
Geochemical Coal, mineral & gas formation; prospecting for deposits of coal,
Microbiology mineral & gas; recovery of minerals from low grade ores
THE HISTORY OF
MICROBIOLOGY
HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY
 SPONTANEUS GENERATION
VS BIOGENESIS

Pasteur1864: flask
with narrow goosen
opening: yield no m eck
icrobes

Pouchet: 1859

Gooseneck: leher angsa

Bees: kumbang
Maggot: belatung
MICROBIOLOGY BEYOND THE BASICS
TECHNIQUES AND PURE CULTURE
APPLICATION OF MICROBIOLOGY
MODERN BIOLOGY: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
MICROBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Production of :
• new substance: insulin
• improved agriculture crops
IDENTIFICATION OF
MICROORGANISM
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF
MICROORGANISM
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF
MICROORGANISM
MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF
MICROORGANISM
TAXONOMIC GROUP
 CLASSIFICATION METHODS

PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION: reflect the ancestral relationship

Divided into:
1.Eubacteria: traditional group
2.Archaeobacteria: methane producers; extreme halophiles; thermoacidophiles
NOMENCLATURE

 One organism has only ONE OFFICIALLY

ACCEPTED NAME
 According to the rules set down in the International
Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
◦ Each distinct kind of organism is designated as a species
◦ Binomial with Latin grammar:
 First: genus name, capitalized
 Second: specific ephitet, not capitalized

Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology.

IDENTIFICATION
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