Parameters of the HS model

Wout Broere

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Parameters of the HS model
Parameters Expression Description

Deformation E50ref Reference modulus for primary loading in

drained triaxial test
Eoedref Reference modulus for primary loading in
oedometer test
Eurref Reference modulus for unloading/reloading
in drained triaxial test

m Modulus exponent for stress dependency

ur Poisson’s ratio for loading/unloading

Strength c’ Effective cohesion at failure

’ Effective friction angle at failure
 Dilatancy angle at failure
Special p POP: (p – vo’) Initial preconsolidation stress
OCR: p/vo’
Ko = Konc√OCRo Earth pressure coefficient at rest
Konc = 1 – sin’

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Oedometer tests on Hostun Sand
0
ref  '1  a m 0.87
Eoed  Eoed ( )
pa ' a U = 1.7 loose
d50 = 0.35 mm
nmin = 0.39 approximation
nmax = 0.5 with m = 0.7
0.85

void ratio e
axial strain ´

0.01 dense ID = 0.91

0.83

0.67 dense
m = 0.55
loose ID = 0.32
0.02

0.65

0 200 400 1 10 100 1000

´ stress [kPa ] ´ stress [ kPa ]
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 Modulus exponent m
normally consolidated clay from
1.4
Drammen site
 '1  a
Eoed  Eoed
ref
( )m
pa ' a
m=1 logarithmic law
1.2

0.9
void ratio e

loose Hostun sand

m<1

0.7
heavily overconsolidated
clay from Beaucaire site
m<1
0.5 log ´ [kPa]
1 10 100 1000 10000
clays: m  0.8 - 1
sands: m  0.5 – 0.6
Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology
 Stiffness moduli
c’ y’
• Oedometer stiffness
Eoed
ref  '1  a m y 1
Eoed  Eoed ( )
pa ' a

• Secant stiffness
 3 ' a q asymtote: qa
E50  ref
E50 ( ) m
E50
pa ' a qf=0,9 qa
1
3 = K 0 1

Eoed Eoedref (1 + a)m

E50 =E ref (3 + a)m
50 y

For c = 0: 1
(K0)m

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 The parameter E50ref for sand
• Drained triaxial test on Hokksund sand, Dr = 20%

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Oedometer moduli for primary loading of
NC-soils after Janbu (1963)
105
rock
Eoed [MPa] for NC-soils and ´ = 100 kPa

104

103
sandy gravel
102
sand
10 Janbu (1963) :
m
Norwegian    a 
clays Eoed  Eref 
oed 
 
1
 pref  a 
Mexico City Clay with a = c´ cot ´
0 50 100
porosity n [%]
Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology
 Moduli for primary loading of NC-soils
after von Sooss (2002)

primary loading of normally

 sat n E oed MPa  m
3
consolidated soils kN / m %    100 kPa

very dense quartz sand 21 35 50

0.6
very loose quartz sand 18 50 20

silt with liquid limit wL = 0.2 19 45 5 0.75

clay with liquid limit wL = 0.6 16 65 1 1.0

von Sooss (2002) provides much more detailed information on many soil types
Data from: Geotechnical Engineering Handbook, Vol. 1: (Fundamentals),
Publisher: Ernst & Sons

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Compressibility of OC-clays and NC-clays
after Tomlinson (1995)
Coefficient of
Type Qualitative volume Eoed
description compressibility [MPa]
mv [m2/MN]
Heavily overconsolidated boulder clays (e.g. many
Scottish boulder clays) and stiff weathered rocks (e.g. Very low Below 0.05 > 20
weathered siltstone), hard London Clay, Gault Clay, compressibility
and Oxford Clay (at depth)
Boulder clays (e.g. Teeside, Cheshire) and very stiff Low 0.05 – 0.10 10 – 20
´blue´ London Clay, Oxford Clay, Keuper Marl compressibility

Upper ´blue´London Clay, weathered ´brown´ London

Clay, fluvio-glacial clays, Lake clays, weathered Oxford Medium 0.10 – 0.30 3 – 10
Clay, weathered Boulder Clay, weathered Keuper Marl, compressibility
normally consolidated clays (at depth)
Normally consolidated alluvial clays (e.g. estuarine
clays of thames, Firth of Forth, Bristol Channel, Shatt- High 0.30 – 1.50 0.7 - 3
al-Arab, Niger Delta, Chicago Clay), Norwegian compressibility
´Quick´Clay
Very organic alluvial clays and peats Very high Above 1.5 < 0.7
compressibility

Note: Tomlinson does not indicate a stress level, but data seem to correspond to pref = 100 kPa.
Tomlinson (1995): Foundation Design and Construction, Pitman Publishing Inc.
Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology
 Unloading stiffness
• Unloading-reloading stiffness
 3 ' a
Eur  Eurref ( )m
pa ' a

 ur  low value

• Unloading is purely elastic q

E50
Eur ≈ 3-5E50 1

Eur
1
y

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Unloading stiffness

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Unloading stiffness

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Compaction hardening in the HS model

Yield function:
Hardening rule:

 is primarily determined by K0nc

 is primarily determined by Eoed
q

 pc E 50
E ur E oed
double hardening p´ These details are not visible to the user
Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology
 Preconsolidation pressure
σ´ = - σ log ´
p
p

straight line
for m = 1

 or -e  or -e

p = preconsolidation pressure

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Initial stress
d d Preconsolidation is entered
e e
p
by OCR or POP relative to
p
t c’ t initial vertical stress.
h Converted to pp by program
h y0’ y0’ c’

 'c  OCR   y 0 '  'c   y 0 ' POP

’yy

’c Prestress
Initial Initial horizontal stress by:
POP  ur CAP
1 ur  x 0 '  K '0  c '( c ' y 0 ' )  1
ur
ur

’y0 1
Current Default:
1 stress
NE K '0  1  sin 
K’0
i t i a l CO
In

’x0 ’xx
Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology
 Initial stress
’yy

e
Initial horizontal stress by:

l op
nve
’c CE  ur  x 0 '  K '0  c '( c ' y 0 ' )  1ur

1 ur
M-
ur
POP 1
1 Default:
K’0
’y0 K '0  1  sin 
’x0 ’xx
’yy
ne

1
Co
t i al

K’0
In i

’x0 ’xx
Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology
 Dilatancy
Drained triaxial test
Sand: Often contraction
then dilation, Rowe (1962).

~ e max
l ati on 2sin 
di
con
1-sin  
tra y
c tio
v n

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Dilatancy
• Dilatancy from cone (most important part)
Nonassociated cone flow:
q Stress input
state increasing dilatancy m from zero
at cv to input value input on MC
m line (Rowe).
cv
p’

• Contractancy from cap (less dominating)

q
Associated cap flow: Increasing
contractancy from zero to a
maximum value at MC line, but
only when cap moves!

-a pp’ p’
Both interact to provide the HS model dilatancy behaviour

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Drained triaxial test, soft clay,
simulation

Soft clay by
Hardening soil
model:
80 mm

=0
pw = 0 ref
E 50  2 MPa m=1  = 25o
ref
E oed  2 MPa ur = 0,2  = 0o
c = 5 kPa Konc = 0,577
ref
E ur  10 MPa

Zero initial stresses,

18 mm preconsolidation generated by preloading
Axial symmetry

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Drained triaxial test, soft clay, results
q [kN/m2] q [kN/m2]
200 200

160 160

120 120
Stress
paths: 80 80
Initial
40 40
OCR = 1 OCR = 2 cap
0 0
0 -40 -80 -120 -160 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250

p' [kN/m2] p’ [kN/m2]

180
160
q Top curve OCR = 3
140
OCR = 2
Effect of 120
OCR = 1
OCR: 100
80
60
40
20 y
0
-20 0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Oedometer test simulation, soft clay
GW
yy xx High “oedometer” cut out as a
vertical column from the site in
question.
10 m Start the “test” from in situ
stresses and specified
preconsolidation for the sample
Sample studied.
pw ’yy pw ’xx

5m

Soft clay by
ref
E 50  2 MPa m=1  = 25o
Hardening soil ref
E oed  2 MPa ur = 0,2  = 0o
model: c = 5 kPa Konc = 0,577
E urref  10 MPa

Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology

 Oedometer test results, soft clay
Strain
0,00

-0,02 OCR = 3 Note the

preconsolidaton
-0,04
yy levels at:
-0,06
OCR = 1,5
’yy = 150 kPa
-0,08 ’yy = 300 kPa

-0,10
0 -100 -200 -300 -400 -500 -600 ’yy
Stress [kN/m2]

Note how the

0 -200 -400 -600 ’yy
0 initial state
-74 for OCR = 3
OCR = 1,5
-123 Cou
starts with
’xx-200 OCR = 3
lo mb
fail ’xx > ’yy
ur e
-300 Konc
11
-400
Section GeoEngineering Delft University of Technology