ASENTAMIENTOS

Propósito de la sesión de aprendizaje

El alumnos debe conocer los conceptos sobre

ASENTAMIENTOS en la superficie de un terreno
proveniente de la aplicación de cargas o debido al peso
propio de las capas.
 ASENTAMIENTO DE SUELOS:
Total Soil Settlement = Elastic Settlement + Consolidation Settlement

Stotal = Se + Sc

{
Load Type (Rigid; Flexible)

El primer encuentro
Elastic Settlement or Immediate Settlement depends on

Es trascendental
Settlement Location (Center or Corner)

Theory of Elasticity

Elastic Settlement
{ Time Depended Elastic Settlement (Schmertman & Hartman Method (1978)

Elastic settlement occurs in sandy, silty, and clayey soils.

 ASENTAMIENTO DE SUELOS
Bqo 2
Se = (1 - μs) α
Es
2

Bqo
(1 - μs) α
2
Se =
Es

1
Where α = [ ln ( √1 + m2 + m / √1 + m2 - m ) + m. ln ( √1 + m2 + 1 / √1 + m2 - 1 )
p
m = B/L

B = width of foundation
L = length of foundation
 Bqo (1 - μs) α
Se =
Es
3.0

2.5
α
αav
αr
2.0
α, αav, αr

1.5

For circular foundation

1.0 α=1
αav = 0.85
αr = 0.88

3.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
L/B

Values of α, αav, and αr

 Elastic Settlement of Foundation on Saturated Clay

Janbu, Bjerrum, and Kjaernsli (1956) proposed an equation for evaluation of the
average elastic settlement of flexible foundations on saturated clay soils (Poisson’s
ratio, μs = 0.5). Referring to Figure 1 for notations, this equation can be written as

Se = A1 A2 qoB/Es

where A1 is a function H/B and L/B, and is a function of Df/B.

Christian and Carrier (1978) have modified the values of A1 and A2 to some extent, and these are presented
in Figure 2. 2.0
L/B = ∞ L/B = 10
1.0

1.5
5

A2 0.9 A1 1.0
2
Square

Circle
0.5

0.8
0 5 10 15 20
Df/B 0
0.1 1 10 100 1000

H /B

Values of A1 and A2 for elastic settlement calculation (after Christian and Carrier, 1978)
Elastic Settlement Using the Strain Influence Factor: [Schmertman & Hartman Method (1978)]
The variation of the strain influence factor with depth
Se = C1 C2 ( q - q) ∑ (Iz / Es ) Δz
below the foundation is shown in Figure 1.
Note that, for square or circular foundations,
where
Is = strain influence factor Iz = 0.1 at z = 0
C1 = a correction factor for the depth of foundation embedment Iz = 0.5 at z = 0.5B
= 1 - 0.5 [q / (q - q)] Iz = 0 at z = 2B

C2 = a correction factor to account for creep in soil Similarly, for foundations with L/B ≥ 10
= 1 + 0.2 log (time in years /0.1)
q = stress at the level of the foundation Iz = 0.2 at z = 0
Iz = 0.5 at z = B
q = overburden pressure = γ Df
Iz = 0 at z = 4B
Example:
BxL

q
Df q = γ Df Iz Es
ΔZ1
ΔZ2

Is3 ΔZ3
s3

Average Is
ΔZ4
Average Es

Depth, z
Elastic Parameters of Various Soils
Young’s Modulus, Es

Type of Soil MN/m2 Lb/in2 Poisson’s Ratio,s

Loose sand 10.35 - 24.15 1,500 - 3,500 0.20 - 0.40

Medium dense sand 17.25 - 27.60 2,500 - 4,000 0.25 - 0.40
Dense sand 34.50 - 55.20 5,000 - 8,000 0.30 - 0.45
Silty sand 10.35 - 17.25 1,500 - 2,500 0.20 - 0.40
Sand and Gravel 69.00 - 172.50 10,000-25,000 0.15 -0.35
Soft clay 2.07 - 5.18 300 - 750
Medium clay 5.18 - 10.35 750 - 1,500 0.20 - 0.50
Stiff clay 10.35 - 24.15 1,500 - 3,500

Es (kN/m2) = 766N
Es = 2q c

where N = standard penetration number

qc = static cone penetration resistance

Note: Any consistent set of units can be used

The Young’s modulus of normally consoliadated clays can be estimated as

Es = 250c to 500c

For overconsolidated clays

Es = 750c to 1000c

where c = undrained cohesion of clayey soil

 Depth (m) Z (m) Es (kN/m2) Average Iz (Iz /Es ).z (m 3/kN)

0-1 1 8,000 0.233 0.291 x 10-4

1.0 - 1.5 0.5 10,000 0.433 0.217 x 10-4
1.5 - 4 2.5 10,000 0.361 0.903 x 10-4
4.0 - 6 2 16,000 0.111 0.139 x 10-4
= 1.550 x 10-4

C1 = 1 - 0.5 (q / q - q )

= 1 - 0.5 [ 17.68 x 1.5 / 160 - (17.8 x 1.5)]

C2 = 1 + 0.2 log (5/0.1) = 1.34

Hence

Sc = C1 . C2 (q -q) 
2B
Time = 5 years

(Iz /E s ) z
Example:
0
= (0.9)(1.34)[160-(17.8x1.5)](1.55x10-4 ) B x L = 3 m x 3m
= 249.2x10-4 m 24.9 mm
q = 160 kN/m 2 = 17.8 kN/m3
1.5 m Es (kN/m 2 ) 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 Iz
0
4,000 12,000 20,000
1.5
2 2

Iz = 0.5
4 4

6 6

8
Averaged
Depth, z (m)

Actual
 Consolidation Settlement

Consolidation Settlement (Primary Consolidation) = Sc = (Cc/1+e o) Hc . log [(Po + P)/Po]

Qdesign = Column Load Stressed Zone

Normally
Consolidated Sand
Clay
B

Caly
Hc Hc/2
Overburden
Pressure
Po

2
2
1 1
Stress
Distribution

Sand

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

Consolidation Settlement
Normally Loading Unloading
Consolidated Soil
p
Sand Sand Hsand Sand Hsand
2 2
1 1

H clay/2 p Hclay H clay/2 p Hclay

Clay

Sand Sand Sand

Void Ratio Void Ratio

Void Ratio

P P

eo

Cc

Po Po + P Log P
Po Po + P Log P
Po Log P

Cc H log(po +p)
Sultimate = H =
CS H 1 + eolog (PPoo + DP )
DH =
1 + eO P0
Po = sand . Hsand + (clay - water ) . H clay/2

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

 Re loading
with Heavy Load
p2

2 Hsand 2
Hsand
1
p2
1

H clay/2 p Hclay H clay/2 Hclay

CS H PC C CH P + DP
DH = log ( )+ log ( o )
1 + eO Po 1 + eO PC

V oid Ratio The soil become V oid Ratio P2

P
overconsolidated
soil

eo
Cs

Cs

Po Po + P Log P Po Pc Po + P2 Log P

=
Pc

Cs H log Pc Cc H log (Po + P2 )

Sultimate = H =
1 + eo
( ) +
1 + eo Pc
Po
By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.
 Re loading
with light Load

p2

2 Hsand Hsand
2
1 1
H clay/2 p Dp2
p2
Dp2 Hclay H clay/2 Hclay

Dp Po + P2
Void Ratio The soil become 2
Void Ratio

Dp P
overconsolidated P 2
Dp2
soil

eo
Cs

Po Pc Log P Po Pc Log P

Cs H log Pc
Sultimate = H = ( )
CS H P + DP2 1 + eo Po
DH = log ( o )
1 + eO Po
By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.
Determining The Preconsolidation Pressure (Pc)
Cassagrande Graphical Method

Void Ratio
5 6
3
1
4
2

Po Pc Log P
OCR = Pc/Po
OCR = 1 Normally Consolidated
OCR > 1 Over Consolidated
OCR > 4 Heavily Over Consolidated

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

 Rate of Consolidation

Settlement at any time = Stime

Stime = Sultimate * U% S ultimate= (Cc/1+eo) Hc . log [(P o + P)/P o]

U% = f (Tv) ....

Tv = f (cv) ......
cv . t
Tv = Qdesign = Column Load
(Hdr)2

Sand
u =Excess Pore Water Pressure

Caly
Overburden Hdr = Hc /2
Pressure

P Stress Distribution
Po P 2: 1 method
Uo

H c = Layer Thickness

Sand

u =Excess Pore Water Pressure

By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.

 CAUSES OF SETTLEMENT

• The causes of foundation settlement are rarely

due to the design (or under-design) El primer
of theencuentro
structure itself. More commonly, damage Es trascendental
is
caused as changes occur within the foundation
soils that surround and support the structure.
• The following briefly describes a few of the more
common causes of foundation settlement:
 SUELOS DE RODAMIENTOS FRAGILES

• Some soils are simply not capable of supporting the

weight or bearing pressure exerted by a building's
foundation. As a result, the footings press or sink into
the soft soils, similar in theory to how a person
standing in the mud sinks into soft, wet clay.
• In such cases, footings may be designed to spread the
load over the weak soils, thereby reducing potential
foundation settlement. However, the majority of
settlement problems caused by weak bearing soils
occur in residential construction, where the footings
are designed based upon general guidelines and not
site-specific soil information.
 POBRE COMPACTACION
• Placement of fill soils is common practice in the
development of both commercial and residential
subdivisions.
• In general, before a foundation can be constructed on
a plot, hilltops are cut down and valleys are filled in
order to create buildable lots. Properly placed and
compacted fill soils can provide adequate support for
foundations, and are sometimes brought in from off-
site locations.
• When fill soils are not adequately compacted, they
can compress under a foundation load resulting in
settlement of the structure.
 CAMBIOS EN EL CONTENIDO DE
HUMEDAD
• Extreme changes in moisture content within foundation soils
can result in damaging settlement. Excess moisture can
saturate foundation soils, which often leads to softening or
weakening of clays and silts. The reduced ability of the soil to
support the load results in foundation settlement. Increased
moisture within foundation soils is often a consequence of
poor surface drainage around the structure, leaks in water
lines or plumbing, or a raised groundwater table.
• Soils with high clay contents also have a tendency to shrink
with loss of moisture. As clay soils dry out, they shrink or
contract, resulting in a general decrease in soil volume.
• Therefore, settlement damage is often observed in a structure
supported on dried-out soil. Drying of foundation soils is
commonly caused by extensive drought-like conditions,
maturing trees and vegetation and leaking subfloor heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
 MADURACION DE ARBOLES Y
VEGETACIÓN
• Maturing trees, bushes and other vegetation in close proximity to a
home or building are a common cause of settlement. As trees and
other vegetation mature, their demand for water also grows.
• The root systems continually expand and can draw moisture from
the soil beneath the foundation. Again, clay-rich soils shrink as they
lose moisture, resulting in settlement of overlying structures. Many
home and building owners often state that they did not have a
settlement problem until decades after the structure was built.
• This time frame coincides with the maturation and growth of the
trees and vegetation.
• Foundations closer to the surface are more often affected by soil
dehydration due to tree roots than are deep, basement level
foundations. As a general rule, the diameter of a tree's root system is
at least as large as the tree's canopy.
CONSOLIDACIÓN DE SUELOS
• Consolidation occurs when the weight of a structure or
newly-placed fill soils compress lower, weak clayey soils.
The applied load forces water out of the clay soils,
allowing the individual soil particles to become more
densely spaced.
• Consolidation results in downward movement or
settlement of overlying structures. Settlement caused by
consolidation of foundation soils may take weeks,
months, or years to be considered "complete."
• As this occurs, the foundation will experience downward
movement -- sometimes at an uneven rate. This leads to
cracks and structural damage.
El primer encuentro
Es trascendental