10/10/2020

Design of Two-way Slab (USD)

Prof. Dr. Md. Nazrul Islam

Department of Civil Engineering
DUET, Gazipur.
HP: 01716539548
Email: nazrul2100@gmail.com
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One-way and Two-way Slabs

One-way slab:
• transfer loads in one direction only.
• may be supported on two opposite sides only (Fig.
1.1a).

Two-way slab:
• have proportions and supports that result in two-
way action (Fig. 1.1b).
• curved in both directions resulting biaxial bending.
• assumed to consist of two sets of strips. Part of load
is carried by one set and remainder by the other.

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Fig. 1.1(b):
la = span length in short direction (a direction).
lb = span length in long direction (b direction).
w = load per unit area.
wa , wb = share of w in a and b directions.
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Equating center deflections of short and long strips:

5wala4/(384EI) = 5wblb4/(384EI)
⟹ wa/wb = (lb/la)4

So, larger share of load is carried in short direction.

Ratio of loads is inversely proportional to fourth
power of ratio of spans.

If lb/la = 2, wa/wb = 16; i.e., about 94% of load is

carried in short direction. This proportion also
depends on support conditions.

Thus, lb/la ≤ 2 (or, la/lb ≥ 0.5) : Two-way slab.

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For a simply supported square slab:

lb/la = 1; wa = wb= w/2
Mmax = (w/2)l2/8 = 0.0625wl2

Actual behavior of a slab is more complex. Slab can be

modeled as grid where outer strips are not only bent
but also twisted (Fig. 1.2). Thus, total load is carried
not only by bending, but also twisting moments. So,
bending moments in slabs would be smaller.

According to theory of bending of elastic plates:

Mmax = 0.048 wl2.

A slab does not behave like a beam and would not

collapse if only one central strip reaches ultimate
load. Thus, moment can be further reduced to Mmax
= 0.036wl2 due to inelastic redistribution of load.
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Analysis of Two-way Slabs by Coefficient Method

- ACI Code (1963); BNBC (2006).

- Moments in middle strips in two directions:

Ma,max = Cawla2
Mb,max = Cbwlb2

Ca, Cb = moment coefficients.

w = load per unit area.
la, lb = clear span in short and long directions.

Ma,max and Mb,max = along central strip for a slab

simply supported on all sides (Fig. 1.3).
Moments are less elsewhere. So, other design values
can be reduced. It is accounted for by designing outer
quarters of span in each direction for a reduced
moment.

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Panel A:
two discontinuous and
two continuous edges.
Case 4 (Fig. 1.5).

Panel B:
one discontinuous and
three continuous edges.
Case 8 / Case 9 (Fig. 1.5).

Panel C:
all edges continuous.
Case 2 (Fig. 1.5).

Bending moment:
discontinuous end = zero; continuous end = negative;
midspan = positive.

Fig. 1.5: moment coefficients

Ca(D)+, Cb(D)+ = for positive moment due to DL.
Ca(L)+, Cb(L)+ = for positive moment due to LL.
Ca-, Cb- = for negative moment due to DL / LL .

Max. +ve moment: When LL on alternate spans.

Max. -ve moment: When LL on adjacent spans
(similar to dead load).
So, LL coefficients are different from DL coefficients
for +ve moments, but equal for -ve moments.
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‘Case 1’ : all discontinuous edges

‘Case 2’ : all continuous edges.
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Example-1.1
Use Fig. 1.5 (or Tables 6.6.11 to 6.6.13) to determine
the moment coefficients for square panels A, B and C
in Fig. 1.4.

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Solution:
span ratio = la/lb= 1.0
(for all panels).

Panel A (Case 4, Fig. 1.5):

Ca(D)+ = Cb(D)+ = 0.027
Ca(L)+ = Cb(L)+ = 0.032
Ca- = Cb- = 0.050

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Panel B (Case 8/9, Fig. 1.5):

Ca(D)+ = 0.020
Cb(D)+ = 0.023
Ca(L)+ = 0.028
Cb(L)+ = 0.030

Ca- = 0.033
Cb- = 0.061

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Panel C (Case 2, Fig. 1.5):

Ca(D)+ = Cb(D)+ = 0.018
Ca(L)+ = Cb(L)+ = 0.027

Ca- = Cb- = 0.045

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Design of Two-way Slabs (USD)

Example-1.2
Use USD method to design the two-way slab shown
below, carrying floor finish = 30 psf, random wall = 50 psf
and live load = 60 psf. Given: fc’ = 3 ksi, fy = 50 ksi.

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Solution:

Clear area for each slab = 13’ × 19’.

Span Ratio, m = la/lb = 13/19 = 0.68 > 0.5 (two-way).

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Thickness of slab (t, h):

t = p/180 = 2(13’+19’)×12/180 = 4.33’’≈ 4.5’’ (assume).
d = t’’ – 1’’ = 4.5 – 1 = 3.5’’ (3’’ for Mmin)

Load:
SW= 4.5/12 x 150 = 56.25 psf
DL = SW + FF + RW
= 56.25 + 30 + 50 = 136.25 psf
LL = 60 psf

Factored Load:
DL = 1.4 x 136.25 = 190.75 psf = 0.191 ksf
LL = 1.7 x 60 = 102 psf = 0.102 ksf
w = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL = 0.191 + 0.102 = 0.293 ksf
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Moments in a (short) direction:

Ma+ = Ca(D)+wDLla2 + Ca(L)+wLLla2
= (0.047 x 0.191 + 0.058 x 0.102) x 132= 2.51 k-ft/ft

Ma- = Ca-wla2
= 0.082 x 0.293 x 132 = 4.06 k-ft/ft

Effective Depth (d) check:

𝑓𝑐′ 𝜖𝑢
𝜌0.005 = 0.85𝛽1
𝑓𝑦 𝜖𝑢 + 0.005
3 0.003
𝜌0.005 = 0.85 × 0.85 × × = 0.01626
50 0.003 + 0.005

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𝑀𝑢
𝑑=
𝑓𝑦
∅𝜌𝑓𝑦 𝑏 1 − 0.59𝜌
𝑓𝑐′

4.06 × 12
𝑑=
50
0.9 × 0.01626 × 50 × 12 1 − 0.59 × 0.01626 ×
3
= 2.57 𝑖𝑛. < 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 = 3.5 𝑖𝑛. 𝒐𝒌 .

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Computation of reinforcements:

As = (0.85fc’/fy) [1– √{1 –2Mu/(φ0.85fc’bd2)}] bd

= (0.85 x 3/50)[1 – √{1 – 2Mu/(0.9 x 0.85 x 3 x3.52)}](12 x 3.5)
= 2.14 [1 – √(1– Mu/14.06)] in2/ft
= 1.84 [1 – √(1– Mu/11.48)] in2/ft (for Mmin).

Short (a) direction:

Asa+ = 2.14 [1 – √(1– Mu/14.06)]
= 2.14 [1 - √(1 - 2.51/14.06)] = 0.20 in2/ft.
Using #3 bar:
s = 12as/As = 12x0.11/0.20 = 6.6’’ c/c.
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Asa- = 2.14 [1 – √(1– Mu/14.06)]

= 2.14 [1 - √(1 – 4.06/14.06)] = 0.34 in2/ft.
Using #3 bar:
s = 12as/As = 12x0.11/0.34 = 3.88’’ c/c.

As(Temp) = 0.003bt = 0.003 x 12 x 4.5 = 0.162 in2/ft.

Using #3 bar:
s = 12as/As = 12 x 0.11/0.162 = 8.1’’ c/c.

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