In the name of God, the Gracious, the Merciful.

1. Say, “He is God, the One.

2. God, the Absolute.
3. He begets not, nor was He begotten.
4. And there is nothing comparable to Him.”
[112:1-4]

“When the Qur’an is read, listen to it with

attention, and remain silent, that you may receive
mercy.” [7:204]
2
Bearing capacity [Highlights]

1. Introduction to FE
2. Types of foundation
3. Bearing capacity/shear failure of shallow foundation
4. Bearing capacity analysis of shallow foundation
5. Bearing capacity analysis of deep foundation
6. Field tests

3
Settlement [Highlights]

1. Introduction
2. Types of settlement
3. Fundamentals of consolidation
4. One-dimensional (1D) consolidation test/Oedometer test
5. Consolidation settlement determination
6. Immediate/ elastic settlement determination

4
 Lecture-16
Settlement and Consolidation

Dr. Zia ur Rehman

5
Contents

1. Introduction
2. Types of settlement
3. Fundamentals of consolidation
4. One-dimensional (1D) consolidation test/Oedometer test
5. Consolidation settlement determination
6. Immediate/ elastic settlement determination

6
6 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination
Elastic settlement or immediate settlement (Se), which is caused by the elastic
deformation of dry soil and of moist and saturated soils without any change in the
moisture content. The completion time is usually few days (say about 7 days). Usually
this type of settlement is completed during the construction period and is called built-in
settlement.

6.1 Immediate/ elastic settlement determination in clay

6.2 Immediate/ elastic settlement determination in sand
Soil Settlement:
Total Soil Settlement = Elastic Settlement + Consolidation Settlement

Stotal = Se + Sc

{
Load Type (Rigid; Flexible)

Elastic Settlement or Immediate Settlement depends on

Settlement Location (Center or Corner)

Theory of Elasticity

Elastic Settlement
{ Time Depended Elastic Settlement (Schmertman & Hartman Method (1978)

Elastic settlement occurs in sandy, silty, and clayey soils.

6.1 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
clay
Determination of Es using in-situ and lab test
6.1 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
clay
Determination of Es
6.1 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
clay
Determination of Es in layered stratum
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
The settlement of granular soils can also be evaluated by the use of a semi-empirical
strain influence factor proposed by Schmertmann et al. (1978). According to this
method (Figure), the settlement is
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand

Square footing
Influence zone (z2) = 2B
Max. settlement (z1) = 0.5B
Strip footing
Influence zone (z2) = 4B
Max. settlement (z1) = B
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
Methodology to solve numerical using Schmertmann method
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
Methodology to solve numerical
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
Problem
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
Problem
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
Problem
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
Problem
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
Problem
Calculate the settlement of granular stratum following the Schmertmann’s method for
loading conditions illustrated in Figure 1 for a five years creep period. Modulus of
elasticity is 2.5qc, and values of qc at different depths are given in Table

z (m) qc (kPa)
0-1 2500

1-3 3500

3-3.5 7200

3.5-4.5 3000

4.5-6 8000
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
z vs Iz z vs Es
Problem Iz Es (kPa)
Es (kPa) =
z (m) qc (kPa)
2.5qc 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
0 0
0-1 2500 6250
1-3 3500 8750
1 1
3-3.5 7200 18000
3.5-4.5 3000 7500
2 2
4.5-6 8000 20000 z (m)

z (m)
3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6
6.2 Immediate/elastic settlement (Se) determination in
sand
Problem
z vs Iz z vs Es
Iz at middle of (Iz/Es)Dz Iz Es (kPa)
Layers Dz(m) Es (kPa)
layer (m3/kN) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 5000 10000 15000 20000
1 1 6250 0.3 0.000048 0 0

2 2 8750 0.55 0.000125714

1 1
3 0.5 18000 0.31 8.61111E-06
4 1 7500 0.2 2.66667E-05 2 2
5 0.7 20000 0.06 0.0000021
Sum 0.000211092

z (m)

z (m)
3 3

C1 = 0.89
4 4
C2 = 1.34
5 5

6 6

Se = (0.89)(1.34)(182-32)(0.000211) = 0.038 m
Se = 38 mm
Thanks.

Reference:
Foundation Engineering by Braja M. Das

“The one thing an engineer

should be afraid of is the
development of conditions on
the job/site which he has not
anticipated”
Karl Terzaghi (1883-1963)

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