PROBLEM SET NO.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF

CE 226 – EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

By:

Alcantara, Allen Paul C.

To:

Dr. Estores, Gilford B.

July 13, 2019

FIG. 1a. SIMPLE BEAM

a.) Derive the equivalent stiffness (k) in terms of EI, L and W.

BY CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

The moment diagram / EI becomes the load of the conjugate beam

WL / 4

Ra = WL2 /16
Rb =WL2 /16

L/ 2

The bending moment becomes the value of deflection

𝑾𝑳𝟐 𝑳 𝟏 𝑾𝑳 𝑳 𝑳
𝐌= ( )− ( )( )( )
𝟏𝟔 𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 𝟐 𝟔

𝑾𝑳𝟑 𝑾𝑳𝟑 𝑾𝑳𝟑

𝐌= − ( )= = 𝑬𝑰𝜹
𝟑𝟐 𝟗𝟔 𝟒𝟖
 Force = Stiffness x Displacement, therefore 𝐖 = 𝐤𝜹

𝑾𝑳𝟑
𝐖 = 𝐤( )
𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰

𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝐤=
𝑳𝟑

b.) Computing for the flexural rigidity of the beam EI.

NATURAL FREQUENCY COMPUTATION

𝑓 = (1 / 𝑇) = (1 / 2𝜋) 𝑤 = 2𝐻𝑧 or rad/sec
𝑤 = (2 rad/sec)(2 𝜋 /sec) = 4 𝜋 rad/s2
where:
𝑓 = frequency
T = period
W = natural frequency

STIFFNESS COMPUTATION

𝒌
𝒘= √
𝒎

𝒌
𝟒 𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬𝟐 = √
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑵
𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

𝑘 = 8048.86 𝑁/𝑚
where:
m = mass of the object
k = stiffness

FLEXURAL RIGIDITY COMPUTATION

𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
𝒌= = 𝟖𝟎𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 𝑵/𝒎
𝑳𝟑
𝟒𝟖𝑬𝑰
= 𝟖𝟎𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 𝑵/𝒎
(𝟐)𝟑

𝑬𝑰 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑵 − 𝒎𝒎𝟐
c.) Plotting the displacement vs time at the midspan.
Given:
Xo = 2 cm or 20 mm
Vo = 0 m/s
ξ = 5%

Damped natural frequency computation

𝑤𝑑 = 𝑤√1 − 𝛏2
2
𝑤𝑑 = 4 π rad/s2 √1 − (0.05)
𝑤𝑑 = 12.551 rad/s2
Damped period computation
𝟐𝛑 𝟐𝛑
𝑻𝒅 = = = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟔 𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝒘𝒅 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟏

Plotting the displacement using the formula

SAMPLE TABLE FOR PLOT OF DISPLACEMENT VS TIME USING THE FORMULA

ABOVE

T (s) X (mm) T (s) X (mm) T (s) X (mm)

0 20 0.34 -7.68546 0.68 -7.70022
0.02 19.37689 0.36 -3.86114 0.7 -9.95381
0.04 17.56689 0.38 0.10785 0.72 -11.5338
0.06 14.71179 0.4 3.971637 0.74 -12.359
0.08 11.01466 0.42 7.493083 0.76 -12.3967
0.1 6.725834 0.44 10.46218 0.78 -11.6643
0.12 2.12611 0.46 12.7084 0.8 -10.2263
0.14 -2.49138 0.48 14.1103 0.82 -8.18946
0.16 -6.83967 0.5 14.60186 0.84 -5.69499
0.18 -10.6556 0.52 14.17516 0.86 -2.90905
0.2 -13.7157 0.54 12.87947 0.88 -0.01176
0.22 -15.8487 0.56 10.81676 0.9 2.814359
0.24 -16.9454 0.58 8.134061 0.92 5.3957
0.26 -16.9634 0.6 5.013221 0.94 7.578167
0.28 -15.9284 0.62 1.658765 0.96 9.236235
0.3 -13.9306 0.64 -1.71536 0.98 10.28004
0.32 -11.1181 0.66 -4.89931 1 10.66005
 25
Displacement vs time
20

15
e-hwt
10
Displacement (mm)

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)
FIG. 1b. FIXED BEAM

a.) Derive the equivalent stiffness (k) in terms of EI, L and W.

BY CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

The moment diagram / EI becomes the load of the conjugate beam

WL / 8

WL / 8 WL / 8

Ra = 0 Rb = 0
L/ 2

The bending moment becomes the value of deflection

𝟏 𝑾𝑳 𝑳 𝑳 𝟐 𝑳 𝟏 𝑾𝑳 𝑳 𝟏 𝑳
𝐌= ( ) ( ) ( + ( ) ( )) − ( )( )( )( )
𝟐 𝟖 𝟒 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟖 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒

𝟓𝑾𝑳𝟑 𝑾𝑳𝟑 𝑾𝑳𝟑

𝐌= − ( )= = 𝑬𝑰𝜹
𝟕𝟔𝟖 𝟕𝟔𝟖 𝟏𝟗𝟐

Force = Stiffness x Displacement, therefore 𝐖 = 𝐤𝜹

𝑾𝑳𝟑
𝐖 = 𝐤( )
𝟏𝟗𝟐𝑬𝑰

𝟏𝟗𝟐𝑬𝑰
𝐤=
𝑳𝟑

b.) Computing for the flexural rigidity of the beam EI.

NATURAL FREQUENCY COMPUTATION

𝑓 = (1 / 𝑇) = (1 / 2𝜋) 𝑤 = 2𝐻𝑧 or rad/sec
𝑤 = (2 rad/sec)(2 𝜋 /sec) = 4 𝜋 rad/s2
where:
𝑓 = frequency
T = period
W = natural frequency
 STIFFNESS COMPUTATION

𝒌
𝒘= √
𝒎

𝒌
𝟒 𝛑 𝐫𝐚𝐝/𝐬𝟐 = √
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝑵
𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒎/𝒔𝟐

𝑘 = 8048.86 𝑁/𝑚
where:
m = mass of the object
k = stiffness

FLEXURAL RIGIDITY COMPUTATION

𝟏𝟗𝟐𝑬𝑰
𝒌= = 𝟖𝟎𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 𝑵/𝒎
𝑳𝟑
𝟏𝟗𝟐𝑬𝑰
= 𝟖𝟎𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟔 𝑵/𝒎
(𝟐)𝟑

𝑬𝑰 = 𝟑𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟔𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑵 − 𝐦𝐦𝟐

c.) Plotting the displacement vs time at the midspan.

Given:
Xo = 2 cm or 20 mm
Vo = 0 m/s
ξ = 5%

Damped frequency computation

𝑤𝑑 = 𝑤√1 − 𝛏2
2
𝑤𝑑 = 4 π rad/s2 √1 − (0.05)
𝑤𝑑 = 12.551 rad/s2
Damped period computation

2π 2π
𝑇𝑑 = = = 0.5006 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑤𝑑 12.551

PLOTTING THE DISPLACEMENT USING THE FORMULA

SAMPLE TABLE FOR PLOT OF DISPLACEMENT VS TIME USING THE FORMULA
ABOVE

T (s) X (mm) T (s) X (mm) T (s) X (mm)

0 20 0.34 -7.68546 0.68 -7.70022
0.02 19.37689 0.36 -3.86114 0.7 -9.95381
0.04 17.56689 0.38 0.10785 0.72 -11.5338
0.06 14.71179 0.4 3.971637 0.74 -12.359
0.08 11.01466 0.42 7.493083 0.76 -12.3967
0.1 6.725834 0.44 10.46218 0.78 -11.6643
0.12 2.12611 0.46 12.7084 0.8 -10.2263
0.14 -2.49138 0.48 14.1103 0.82 -8.18946
0.16 -6.83967 0.5 14.60186 0.84 -5.69499
0.18 -10.6556 0.52 14.17516 0.86 -2.90905
0.2 -13.7157 0.54 12.87947 0.88 -0.01176
0.22 -15.8487 0.56 10.81676 0.9 2.814359
0.24 -16.9454 0.58 8.134061 0.92 5.3957
0.26 -16.9634 0.6 5.013221 0.94 7.578167
0.28 -15.9284 0.62 1.658765 0.96 9.236235
0.3 -13.9306 0.64 -1.71536 0.98 10.28004
0.32 -11.1181 0.66 -4.89931 1 10.66005

25

20
Displacement vs time
15

e-hwt
Displacement (mm)

10

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s)
a.) Undamped dynamic properties (f, T, ω)

NATURAL FREQUENCY (ω) COMPUTATION

𝑘
ω= √
𝑚
12𝐸𝐼
3( )
ω=
√ 𝐿3
𝑚
12(4.5 𝑥 106 )
√ 3 ( )
33
ω=
5000
ω = 34.64102 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐2

PERIOD (T) COMPUTATION

2π 2π
𝑇= = = 0.1814 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑤 34.64102
 FREQUENCY (𝑓) COMPUTATION

1 1
𝑓= = = 5.513 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑇 0.1814

b.) Damped dynamic properties (f, T, ω) if Ξ = 4%

Damped natural frequency (𝑤𝑑) computation

𝑤𝑑 = 𝑤√1 − 𝛏2
2
𝑤𝑑 = 34.64102 rad/s2 √1 − (0.04)

𝑤𝑑 = 34.6133 rad/s2

Damped period (𝑻𝒅 ) computation

2𝛑 2𝛑
𝑇𝑑 = = = 0.18153 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑤𝑑 34.6133

Damped frequency (𝑓𝒅 ) computation

1 1
𝑓𝒅 = = = 5.5089 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑻𝒅 0.18153

c.) Compute the displacement (x), velocity (v), and acceleration (ü), after one period. Plot the
displacement as a function of time for at least three periods.

Using differential equations we can get the formula of velocity (v) and acceleration (ü).
For 1 period, t = 0.18153 sec, initial displacement, 𝑢𝑜 = 25𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑜 + 𝑥𝑜 ξw
x(t) = 𝑒 −ξ𝑤𝑡 [𝑢𝑜 cosw𝑑 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑑 𝑡]
𝑤𝑑
x(0.18153) = 𝑒 −0.04(34.64102)(0.18153) [25cos(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)
0 + 25(0.04)(34.64102)
+ ( ) sin(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)]
34.64133

x(0.18153) = 19.440 𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑜 + 𝑥𝑜 ξw
v(t) = (−ξ𝑤)𝑒 −ξ𝑤𝑡 [𝑢𝑜 cosw𝑑 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑑 𝑡]
𝑤𝑑
𝑣𝑜 + 𝑥𝑜 ξw
+ 𝑒 −ξ𝑤𝑡 [−𝑢𝑜 w𝑑 sinw𝑑 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑑 𝑡]
𝑤𝑑
v(0.18153) = (−0.04(34.64102))𝑒 −0.04(34.64102)(0.18153) [25cos(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)
0 + 25(0.04)(34.64102)
+ ( ) sin(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)]
34.64133
+ 𝑒 −0.04(34.64102)(0.18153) [−25(34.64133)sin(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)
0 + 25(0.04)(34.64102)
+ ( ) (34.64133)𝑐𝑜𝑠(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)]
34.64133

v(0.18153) = 53.763 𝑚𝑚/𝑠

𝑣𝑜 + 𝑥𝑜 ξw
ü(t) = (−ξ𝑤)2 𝑒 −ξ𝑤𝑡 [𝑢𝑜 cosw𝑑 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑑 𝑡]
𝑤𝑑
𝑣𝑜 + 𝑥𝑜 ξw
+ {(−ξ𝑤)𝑒 −ξ𝑤𝑡 [−𝑢𝑜 w𝑑 sinw𝑑 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑑 𝑡]}
𝑤𝑑
𝑣𝑜 + 𝑥𝑜 ξw
+ {(−ξ𝑤)𝑒 −ξ𝑤𝑡 [−𝑢𝑜 w𝑑 sinw𝑑 𝑡 + ( ) 𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑑 𝑡]}
𝑤𝑑
𝑣𝑜 + 𝑥𝑜 ξw
+ {𝑒 −ξ𝑤𝑡 [−𝑢𝑜 w𝑑 2 cosw𝑑 𝑡 − ( ) w𝑑 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑑 𝑡]}
𝑤𝑑
 ü(0.18153)
= {(−0.04(34.64102))2 𝑒 −0.04(34.64102)(0.18153) [25cos(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)
0 + 25(0.04)(34.64102)
+ ( ) sin(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)]}
34.64133

+ {(−0.04(34.64102))𝑒 −0.04(34.64102)(0.18153) [−25(34.64133)sin(34.64133

0 + 25(0.04)(34.64102)
∗ 0.18153) + ( ) (34.64133)𝑐𝑜𝑠(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)]}
34.64133

+ {(−0.04(34.64102))𝑒 −0.04(34.64102)(0.18153) [−25(34.64133)sin(34.64133

0 + 25(0.04)(34.64102)
∗ 0.18153) + ( ) (34.64133)𝑐𝑜𝑠(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)]}
34.64133

+ {𝑒 −0.04(34.64102)(0.18153) [−25(34.64133)2 cos(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)

0 + 25(0.04)(34.64102)
− ( ) (34.64133)2 𝑠𝑖𝑛(34.64133 ∗ 0.18153)]}
34.64133

ü(0.18153) = −23179.3 𝑚𝑚/𝑠 2

Displacement vs Time
30

0.18153, 19.44027792
20
0.36306, 15.11697581
0.54459, 11.7551278

10
Displacement (mm)

0 T

-10

-20

e-hwt ξ = 4%

-30
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Time (s)
d.) Determine the damping ratio using log decrement method.

𝑢(𝑡1 )
△=
𝑢(𝑡2 )

19.4402
△=
15.117

△= 1.286

Log Decrement Method

𝑙𝑛 △
ξ= √1 − ξ2
2π

ln(1.286)
ξ= √1 − ξ2
2π
2
2π 2
( ξ) = (√1 − ξ2 )
ln(1.286)

624ξ2 = 1 − ξ2

1
ξ2 =
625

ξ = 0.04