NAME: SHRUTI MANOJ CHAVAN

DIV: A BATCH : A12 ROLL NO.: 21

APPLIED PHYSICS JOURNAL

SR NO. TITLE
1. EXP 1: Determination of wavelength using grating.

2. EXP 2: Determination of angle of prism.

3. EXP 3: Determination of refractive index of a prism.

4. EXP 4: Bridge rectifier.

 EXP 1: DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH USING GRATING

AIM:
Determination of wavelength of a laser using diffraction grating

APPARATUS:
Laser source, diffraction grating, scale, etc.

FORMULA:
1. Distance between slits = d = 0.1 / N cm (N = 600 lines per 0.1 cm)
2. λ = dsinθ / n (in cm)

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Obs. Distance Order n Distance l Tanθ = θ Sinθ
No. L cm 2l L/l

1 15 1 12 6 0.400 21.80 0.371

2 20 1 16.6 8.3 0.415 22.54 0.383
 3 25 1 21 10.5 0.420 22.78 0.387
Mean 0.380

CALCULATIONS:
d = 0.1 / 600 = 1.67 X 10-4 cm
λ = 1.67 X 10-4 X 0.380 / 1
= 6346 Å

RESULT:
1. Mean grating element = d = 1.67 X 10-4 cm
2. Wavelength of the given laser = λ = 6346 Å
 EXP 2: DETERMINATION OF ANGLE OF PRISM

Aim:
To determine the angle of prism ‘A’.

Apparatus:
Spectrometer, prism, spirit level, mercury source.

Observation:
Least count of spectrometer = 1 min

Observation Table:

Window on Spectrometer reading for 2A = T1 – T2 A

which position of telescope (deg) (deg)
reading is T1(left) T2(right)
noted
X 107.16⁰ 227.20⁰ 120.4⁰ 60.13⁰
Y 187.07⁰ 66.94⁰ 120.13⁰

Calculations:
1. Left:
For X windows = 107.16⁰
For Y windows = 187.07⁰
Right:
For X windows = 227.20⁰
For Y windows = 66.94⁰

DIAGRAM:
Result:
Angle of prism ‘A’ = 60.13⁰
 EXP 3: TO DETEMINE THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF MATERIAL OF THE
PRISM

Aim: To check the Refractive index of material of prism.

Apparatus: Spectrometer, prism, spirit level, mercury source.

𝐬𝐢𝐧 ((𝐀+𝛅𝐦)/𝟐)
Formula: µ = 𝐀
𝐬𝐢𝐧( )
𝟐

Observation:

Sr. no Telescope reading Direct reading Difference Dm

(min deviation A~B

position)

V1 39.44 0.0 39.44

V2 219.44 180 39.44

Calculation:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 ((𝐀+𝛅𝐦)/𝟐)
µ= 𝐀
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐 )

𝐬𝐢𝐧 ((𝟔𝟎°+𝛅𝐦)/𝟐)
µ= 𝟔𝟎°
𝐬𝐢𝐧( 𝟐
)

𝐬𝐢𝐧 (( 𝟗𝟗.𝟒𝟒 )/𝟐)

µ=
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎°

𝛍 = 𝟐 × 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (( 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟒) /𝟐)

µ = 2× sin( 49.72 )

µ = 2× ( 0.7628 )

µ= 1.5256

Result: The Refractive index of material of prism= 1.5256

 EXP 4: BRIDGE RECTIFIER

AIM:

To study the load regulation characteristic of bridge rectifier .

APPARATUS:

Step down transformer, a built up bridge rectifier , a milliammeter, resistance box,

multi meter , a D.C. voltmeter , connecting wires,etc

FORMULA:

1. η = DC Power Output / AC power input

Where η is efficiency of rectifier

Vdc is the dc output voltage

Vp is the peak of the AC Input Voltage

Where VFL is the voltage across the load.

VNL is the voltage with no load.

DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATIONS:

A.C. voltage across the secondary Vac = 16 V

Open circuit voltage across the load (Ri= ∞) Vdc = 14.4 V

Obs. No. RL(Ω) IL(mA) VL(volt)

1. 420 25 13.1

2. 200 50 12.4

3. 180 75 12.4

4. 90 100 11.7

5. 69 125 11.2

6. 55 150 10.8

7. 44 175 10.2

8. 35 200 9.5

CALCULATIONS:

% η= Vdc/√2 Vac * 100= 63.64 = 64 %

(voltage regulation)100mA = (VNL – VFL / VFL )* 100 = 23.076 %

 (voltage regulation )150 mA = (VNL - VFL / VFL)* 100= 33.333 %

For each value of RL , continous till full load current of about 200mA is obtained .

PLOT A GRAPH OF VL VERSES IL :

RESULT:
Rectifier efficiency : 64 %