Design Of Retaining Wall

* All dimensions are in m unless specified

0.30 7.35
3.70
2.56
1.32
3.55
Earth Side Water Side

1.75
0.50 0.50
1.75
4.00
Condition 1 : No water inside power channel, Earth fill outside

C D

A B

Properties
Unit wt. of soil(γe), considering it to be saturated = 20.00 KN/m3
Angle of internal friction of soil(Φ) = 28.00 degree
Unit wt. of concrete = 25.00 KN/m3
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil(SBC) = 100.00 KN/m2
Unit wt. of water,γw = 10.00 KN/m3
Coefficient of friction,m = 0.53
Factor of safety against overturning = 1.40
Factor of safety against Sliding(For earthquake case) = 1.20
Factor of safety against Sliding(For non earthquake case) = 1.40
Loads
Weights
Load Value(KN)
W1 124.25
W2 8.88
W3 26.63
W5 50.00
TOTAL 209.75
Earth pressure(Static & Dynamic)
(Ref. Clause 8.1 of IS:1893-1984)

αh = Horizontal Seimic Coefficient.

αv = Vertical seismic coefficient equal to αh/2
Φ = Angle of internal friction of soil
λ = tan-1[(αh)/(1±αv)]

1 of 22
α = Angle which earth face of the wall makes with the vertical

2 of 22
ζ = Slope of earth fill
δ = Angle of friction between the wall and earthfill
(wall friction angle,should be taken 2/3 of of Φ IRC-78pp79)
F = factor which is a function of geometry
b = Thickness of wall

2.00
= (1 ± αv) * cos2 (Φ - λ - α) X 1.00
Ca cos λ * cos2α * cos(δ + α + λ) 1 + sin (Ф + δ) sin (Φ - ζ - λ) 1/2
cos (α - ζ) cos (δ + α + λ)

Putting αh = 0, αv = 0 and λ =0
2.00
= (1 ) * cos2 (Φ -α) X 1.00
Ca' 1 * cos2α * cos(δ + α) 1 + sin (Ф + δ) sin (Φ - ζ - λ) 1/2
cos (α - ζ) cos (δ + α )
T = 0.20 (From Software calculation)
Sa/g = 3.00 ( Ref. fig. 5 of earthquake report for 0.2 sec natural period)
αh = 0.16 ( Ref. clause 5.4.3 of earthquake report)
Φ = 28.00 degrees
αv = 2αh/3 = 0.10
αh 8.00 or 9.81 degrees
λ=tan−1 =
α =
1±αv 3.22 degrees
δ = 18.67 degrees
ζ = 0.00 degrees

Calculation of Active Coefficients

TOTAL STATIC
(1 + αv) * cos2 (Φ - λ - α) = 1.03 0.82
(1 ± αv) * cos2 (Φ - λ - α)
(1 - αv) * cos2 (Φ - λ - α) = 0.84 0.82

cos λ * cos2α * cos(δ + α + λ) = 0.84 0.92

sin (Ф + δ) sin (Φ - ζ - λ) = 0.23 0.34

cos (α - ζ) cos (δ + α + λ) = 0.85 0.93

Total Ca = 0.54
Castatic = 0.35

Coefficient for dynamic earth pressure increment,Cadynamic = Ca - Ca' = 0.19

Depth of soil top surface fro
Maximum static earth pressure = (1/2)*γe*h*Castatic = 12.25 KN/m2 0.00
Dynamic earth pressure = (1/2)*γe*h*Cadynamic = 6.75 KN/m2

Load due to static earth pressure(Sepr) = 12.25*3.55 = 43.49 KN

acting at a distance 1/3 of height from bottom

Load due to dynamic earth pressure(Depr) = 6.74*3.55 = 23.94 KN

acting at a distance 1/2 of height from bottom

3 of 22
Vehicle surcharge
Equivalent to soil surcharge of height,he = 0.00 m
Pressure due to vehicle surcharge,Pvs = castatic*γe*he = 0.00 KN/m2
Load due to vehicle surcharge(Wv) = Pvs * h = 0.00 KN

acting at a distance 1/2 of height from bottom

Lateral Inertia seimic load of wall

Load Cooresponding weight(KN) Seimic Load value (KN)

SLW2 8.88 1.38
SLW3 26.63 4.13
SLW5 50.00 7.75

Vertical Inertia seimic load of wall

Load Cooresponding weight(KN) Seimic Load value (KN)

SVW2 8.88 -0.92
SVW3 26.63 -2.75
SVW5 50.00 -5.17

Vertical Inertia seimic load of Soil

Load Cooresponding weight(KN) Seimic Load value (KN)

SVW1 124.25 -12.84

Stability against Overturning

a) Without earthquake case

Resultant of vertical forces

Moment about
Load Value(KN) CG from B(m) B(KNm)
W1 124.25 3.13 388.28
W2 8.88 2.12 18.79
W3 26.63 1.18 31.28
W5 50.00 2.00 100.00
Total Wt. 209.75 538.35 A B

CG of resultant from B = 2.57 m

Overturning Moment due to static earth pressure + Vehicle surcharge,Mo = 73.20 KNm
Resisting Moment,Mr = 538.35 KNm
FOS = Mr/Mo = 7.35
>1.4 OK
b) With earthquake case

Moment about
Load Value(KN) CG from B(m) B(KNm)
SLW2 1.38 1.68 2.32
SLW3 4.13 2.28 9.39
SLW5 7.75 0.25 1.94
SVW2 -0.92 2.12 -1.94
SVW3 -2.75 1.18 -3.23
SVW5 -5.17 2.00 -10.33
Depr 23.94 2.28 54.47
Total Wt. 15.11 38.97
Overturning moment due to Lateral seimic loads,earth pressure and vehicle
surcharge,Mo =73.20+(1.38x1.68+4.13x2.28+7.75x0.25)+23.94x2.28 = 141.32 KNm
Resisting moment,Mr =538.35+-0.92x2.12+-2.75x1.18+-5.17x2.00 = 522.84 KNm
FOS = Mr/Mo = 3.70
>1.4 OK

4 of 22
Stability against Sliding

a) Without earthquake case

Sliding Force,Fs = 43.49 KN
Resisiting Force = mR = 111.53 KN
FOS = mR/Fs = 2.56
>1.4 OK
b) With earthquake case
Sliding Force,Fs = 80.68 KN
Resisiting Force = mR = 106.83 KN
FOS = mR/Fs = 1.32
>1.2 OK

Base Pressure Calculation

Mv = moment due to vertical forces
Mh = moment due to horizontal forces
R = Vertical Reaction
e = Eccentrcity of resultant force from centre of foorting
Pressure, P = ((R/L) x (1 +- 6e/L))

a) Without earthquake case

Distance of resultant from B, Lr =(Mv - Mh)/R
(538.35- (43.49 X (3.55/3 + 0.50) + 0.00 X (3.55 /2 + 0.50) ) ) / 209.75 = 2.22 m

e = Lr - L/2 = 0.22 m Towards A from centre of footing

Pressure at A = 69.56 KN/m2 <SBC,OK
Pressure at B = 35.32 KN/m2 <SBC,OK

STEM
Sepr = 43.49

h/3 HEEL DTOE

C
A B
50.30
69.56 54.58 35.32

b) With earthquake case

Distance of resultant from B, Lr =(Mv - Mh)/R = 1.90 m

e = Lr - L/2 = -0.10 m Towards B from centre of footing

Pressure at A = 42.61 KN/m2 <SBC,OK
Pressure at B = 57.84 KN/m2 <SBC,OK

Depr + Wv = 23.94 STEM

Sepr = 43.49
h/2
h/3
HEEL C TOE
A D B
###
42.61 49.28 57.84

5 of 22
6 of 22
Design
a) Bending Moment and Shear stress Calculations
* -ve load indicates downward load
* Deductions are due to selfweight and soil weight
* Lever arm distance is the distance of CG of load to the point about which moment is considered
* Shear stress calculated at a distance d from face of concrete

Shear
Load due to earth Load Point about which Moment( Stress(N/
Component bottom pressure(KN) Deduction(KN) Net Load(KN) mom. Is taken Lever arm distance(m) KNm) mm2)
Heel Slab 80.40 146.13 -65.72 About C 0.85 56.12 0.12
Toe slab 95.40 21.88 73.52 About D 0.89 65.64 0.14
Stem
Depr + Wv 23.94 About C 1.78 42.50
Sepr 43.49 About C 1.18 51.46
Total for stem = 93.96 0.15

b) Reinforcement Calculations
Grade of concrete used M 25
Grade of Steel used Fe 415

Reinforcement for stem earth side

Moment(Mu) dr dp τv τc Mu/bd2 pt main Astr

2 2
(kN-m) (mm) (mm) N/mm N/mm % mm2

140.94 202.12167418 450 0.15 0.222 0.696017 0.23 1035

Provide T10 @ 75 c/c
1047.20 mm2
Reinforcement for Heel Slab

Moment(Mu) dr dp τv τc Mu/bd2 pt main Astr

(kN-m) (mm) (mm) N/mm2 N/mm2 % mm2

84.17 156.19889676 450 0.12177 0.222 0.415671 0.23 1035

Provide T10 @ 75 c/c
1047.20 mm2
Reinforcement for Toe Slab

Moment(Mu) dr dp τv τc Mu/bd2 pt main Astr

(kN-m) (mm) (mm) N/mm2 N/mm2 % mm2

98.46 168.93737296 450 0.1653 0.222 0.486234 0.2 900

Provide T10 @ 85 c/c
924.00 mm2

7 of 22
>1.4 OK
>1.4 OK
>1.4 OK
>1.2 OK

8 of 22
Depth of soil top surface from top of wall

9 of 22
10 of 22
Shear Check
Shear Forc Shear Stres % of Steel Permi. Shear Stress
Top Slab 0.00 0.15 #DIV/0! 0.00 Unsafe

0.23 0.212 0.212 0.222 0.224 0.224 0.224

Permissible Shear Stresses in Concrete (as per 456)
100 As/ bd M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40
0.15 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.25 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.50 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.75 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
1.00 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.25 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.50 0.42 0.45 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.75 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
2.00 0.44 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55
2.25 0.44 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.56 0.57
2.50 0.44 0.51 0.55 0.57 0.58 0.60
2.75 0.44 0.51 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62
3.00 0.44 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.63

11 of 22
 DESIGNED BY - SHIVENDRA KUMAR CHECKED BY - CHETAN AGRAWAL

Design Of Retaining Wall

* All dimensions are in m unless specified
0.20

HFL

3.55
Earth Side Water Side 3.20

1.00
0.50 ###
1.75
3.25
Condition 2 : Water inside power channel, No Earth outside

C D

A B

Properties
Unit wt. of soil(γe) = 22.00 KN/m3
Angle of internal friction of soil(Φ) = 35.00 degree
Unit wt. of concrete = 25.00 KN/m3
Safe Bearing Capacity of soil(SBC) = 407.00 KN/m2
Unit wt. of water,γw = 10.00 KN/m3
Coefficient of friction,m = 0.70
Factor of safety against overturning = 1.40
Factor of safety against Sliding(For earthquake case) = 1.20
Factor of safety against Sliding(For non earthquake case) = 1.40
Loads
Selfweight
Load Value(KN)
W2 13.31
W3 17.75
W4 62.13
W5 40.63
Water pressure(Static & Dynamic)
(Ref. Clause 7.2 of IS:1893-1984 for Hydrodynamic pressure)
αh = Horizontal Seimic Coefficient.
αv = Vertical seismic coefficient equal to 2αh/3
T = 0.20
Sa/g = 3.00 ( Ref. fig. 5 of earthquake report for 0.2 sec natural period)
αh = 0.16 ( Ref. clause 5.4.3 of earthquake report)

12 of 22
The Hydrodynamic Pressure

p=C S α h wh
The Coefficient varies with shape and depth

Cm Coefficient Calculated from Fig:10

Cm y y y y
C S=
2 h h( ( ) √ ( ))
2− +
h
2−
h
of IS:1893-1984
y Depth of water from surface

w= 10.00 KN/m3
h= 3.20 m
Cm = 0.75 for vertical face of wall
αh = 0.16
αv = 0.10

Element Depth from Cs p(KN/m2)

Height surface, y
3.20 3.20 0.75 3.72

Maximum static Water pressure = γw*h = 32.00 KN/m2

Hydrodynamic pressure at base = 3.72 KN/m2

Load due to static water pressure(Swpr) = 0.5 x32.00 x 3.20 = 51.20 KN

acting at a distance 1/3 of height from bottom

Load due to Hydrodynamic pressure(D wpr) = 2/3 x 3.72 x 3.20 = 7.94 KN

acting at a distance 0.4h of height from bottom

Lateral Inertia seimic load

Load Cooresponding weight(KN) Seimic Load value (KN)

SLW2 13.31 2.06
SLW3 17.75 2.75
SLW5 40.63 6.30

Vertical Inertia seimic load

Load Cooresponding weight(KN) Seimic Load value (KN)

SVW2 13.31 -1.38
SVW3 17.75 -1.83
SVW5 40.63 -4.20

Stability against Overturning

a) Without earthquake case

Resultant of vertical forces

Moment about
Load Value(KN) CG from A(m) A(KNm)
W2 13.31 1.20 15.98
W3 17.75 1.40 24.85
W4 62.13 2.38 147.55
W5 40.63 1.63 66.02
Total Wt. 133.81 254.39

CG of resultant from A = 1.90 m

Overturning Moment due to static water pressure = 80.21 KNm

Resisting Moment = 254.39 KNm
FOS = 3.17
>1.4 OK

13 of 22
b) With earthquake case

Moment about
Load Value(KN) CG from A(m) A(KNm)
SLW2 2.06 1.68 3.47
SLW3 2.75 2.28 6.26
SLW5 6.30 0.25 1.57
SVW2 -1.38 1.20 -1.65
SVW3 -1.83 1.40 -2.57
SVW5 -4.20 1.63 -6.82
Dwpr 7.94 1.78 14.13

Overturning moment due to Lateral seimic loads and water pressure = 105.65 KNm
Resisting moment = 243.35 KNm
FOS = 2.30
>1.4 OK
Stability against Sliding

a) Without earthquake case

Sliding Force,Fs = 51.20 KN
Resisiting Force = mR = 93.70 KN
FOS = mR/Fs = 1.83
>1.4 OK
b) With earthquake case
Sliding Force,Fs = 70.25 KN
Resisiting Force = mR = 88.51 KN
FOS = mR/Fs = 1.26
>1.2 OK
Base Pressure Calculation
Mv = moment due to vertical forces
Mh = moment due to horizontal forces
R = Vertical Reaction
e = Eccentrcity of resultant force from centre of foorting
Pressure, P = ((R/L) x (1 +- 6e/L))

a) Without earthquake case

Distance of resultant from A, Lr =(Mv - Mh)/R

Lr = 1.30 m

e = Lr - L/2 = -0.32 m Towards A from centre of footing

Pressure at B = 16.59 KN/m2 <SBC,OK
Pressure at A = 65.75 KN/m2 <SBC,OK

STEM
Swpr = 51.20

HEEL DTOE h/3

C
A B
43.06
65.75 50.63 16.59

14 of 22
b) With earthquake case
Distance of resultant from A, Lr =(Mv - Mh)/R
Lr = 1.09 m

e = Lr - L/2 = -0.54 m Towards A from centre of footing

Pressure at B = 0.43 KN/m2 <SBC,OK
Pressure at A = 77.35 KN/m2 <SBC,OK

STEM
Dwpr= 7.94
Swpr = 51.20
0 h/3
HEEL C TOE
A D B
41.85
77.35 53.69 0.43

Design
a) Bending Moment and Shear stress Calculations
* -ve load indicates downward load
* Deductions are due to selfweight and weight of water
* Lever arm distance is the distance of CG of load to the point about which moment is considered
* Shear stress calculated at a distance d from face of concrete

Load due to earth Shear

bottom Load Point about which Moment( Stress(N/
Component pressure(KN) Deduction(KN) Net Load(KN) mom. Is taken Lever arm distance(m) KNm) mm2)
Heel Slab 65.52 12.50 53.02 About C 0.53 28.11 0.08
Toe slab 37.00 77.88 -40.88 About D 0.59 24.09 0.08
Stem
Dwpr 7.94 About C 1.28 10.16
Swpr 51.20 About C 1.07 54.61
Total for stem = 64.77 0.12

b) Reinforcement Calculations
Grade of concrete used M 25
Grade of Steel used Fe 415

Reinforcement for stem Water side

Moment(Mu) dr dp τv τc Mu/bd2 pt main Astr

(kN-m) (mm) (mm) N/mm2 N/mm2 % mm2

77.73 150.09725929 390 0.15 0.29 0.511017 0.085 331.5

Provide T8 @ 150 c/c
335.10 mm2
Reinforcement for Heel Slab

Moment(Mu) dr dp τv τc Mu/bd2 pt main Astr

2 2
(kN-m) (mm) (mm) N/mm N/mm % mm2

33.73 98.874055261 440 0.0919 0.29 0.174212 0.1 440

Provide T8 @ 110 c/c
456.96 mm2

15 of 22
Reinforcement for Toe Slab

Moment(Mu) dr dp τv τc Mu/bd2 pt main Astr

(kN-m) (mm) (mm) N/mm2 N/mm2 % mm2

28.91 91.534050138 440 0.0919 0.29 0.149307 0.06 264

Provide T8 @ 190 c/c
264.56 mm2

16 of 22
b) Permissible stresses
Permissible
Material Grade stresses Remarks
N/mm2
In compression (bending
Concrete 25.00 8.50 Ref. Table21 IS456)
In compression(direct Ref.
Concrete 25.00 6.00 Table21 IS456)
Away from Liquid retaining
face(Table2
Steel 415.00 190.00 IS3370(part2))
near to Liquid retaining
face(Table2
Steel 415.00 150.00 IS3370(part2))
Resistance to
cracking(tension due to
bending) :table 1
Concrete 25.00 1.80 ,IS3370(II)
Resistance to
cracking( Direct
tension ) :table 1
Concrete 25.00 1.30 ,IS3370(II)

c) Material Properties
σcb = 8.50 N/mm2
σst = 150.00 N/mm2
Modular ratio = 280/3σcb = 10.98
N = 1 / (1+ σst/mσcb) = 0.38
j = 1- N/3 = 0.87

17 of 22
d) Heel slab Design
Max. Bending Moment = 28.11 kN-m
Overall Depth required,D = sqrt(6.M/σcb.b) = = 140.85 mm
Depth Provided = 500.00 mm
Dia. Of rebar = 32.00 mm
Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Effective depth,d = 409.00 mm
Ast req = M/(σst.j.d) = 525.29 mm2 per mr
Provide 32.00 1530.00 bottom steel
Ast prov = = 525.65 mm2 per mr
100Ast/bd = = 0.13
Shear stress at a distance d = 0.08 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress = 0.20 N/mm2 (Table 23, IS:456-2000)
OK
e) Toe slab Design
Max. Bending Moment = 24.09 kN-m
Overall Depth required,D = sqrt(6.M/σcb.b) = = 130.40 mm
Depth Provided = 500.00 mm
Dia. Of rebar = 32.00 mm
Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Effective depth,d = 409.00 mm
Ast req = M/(σst.j.d) = 450.19 mm2 per mr
Provide 32.00 1785.00
Ast prov = = 450.56 mm2 per mr
100Ast/bd = = 0.11
Shear stress at a distance d = 0.08 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress = 0.19 N/mm2 (Table 23, IS:456-2000)
OK
f) Stem Design
Max. Bending Moment = 64.77 kN-m
Overall Depth required,D = sqrt(6.M/σcb.b) = = 213.82 mm
Depth Provided = 500.00 mm
Dia. Of rebar = 16.00 mm
Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Effective depth,d = 417.00 mm
Ast req = M/(σst.j.d) = 1187.32 mm2 per mr
Provide 16.00 165.00
Ast prov = = 1218.56 mm2 per mr
100Ast/bd = = 0.29
Shear stress at a distance d = 0.12 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress = 0.20 N/mm2 (Table 23, IS:456-2000)
OK
Check For Crack width in STEM

( Ref. Pillai andn Menon: Page-369)

Permissible Bening Compressive Stress in Concrete = 8.50 N/sq.mm. for M25 grade
(Ref: IS 456:2000, table 21, page 81)

Since we are considering stresses due to Earthquake , the stresses specified above has been exceeded upto a limit of 33.333 percent.
(Ref: IS 456:2000, Section B-2.3, page 80)
=> m = 10.98
D = 500.00 mm
b = 1000.00 mm
d = 417.00 mm
Ast = 1218.56 sq.mm
Asc = 1386.63 sq.mm
d' = 91.00 mm.
Clear Cover = 75.00 mm
Spacing = 165.00 mm
p = 0.29

18 of 22
p' = 0.33

19 of 22
Taking moments of areas of the cracked-transformed section about NA

k=[m2 (p+1.5p)2+2m(p+1.5p'd'/d)0.5-m(p+1.5p')] = 0.49

=> kd = 205.60

Es = 200000.00 N/mm^2

* Tensile Stress in Steel Under Service Load

fst = m * M(d-kd) / Icr

Moment due to service Load M = 64.77 KN.m

Icr = 3.68E+09 mm4

=> fst = 40.89 Mpa.

Which is less than σst = 230 Mpa
Crck width Calculation

Єm = (1/Es) * [(D-kd)/(d-kd)]*[ fst - {bt (D-kd)/(3*Ast)}]

= 0.00

Cmin. = 75.00 mm

=> acr = 111.50 mm

wcr = (3*acr*Єm) / [1+{2*(acr-cmin) / (D-kd)}]

= -0.07 mm.

As per IS 456:2000 Clause No. 35.3.2 Permissible Limit for cracking is 0.2 mm.

20 of 22
 Retaining Wall Details

BASE BASE SLAB TOE BOTTOM HEEL

HEIGHT
WIDTH THICKNESS WIDTH THIKNESS WIDTH

Sr. No. H B BST TW BT HW

1 3.15 m 2.50 m 0.30 m 0.50 m 0.40 m 1.60 m

2 2.15 m 1.50 m 0.30 m 0.50 m 0.40 m 0.80 m

3 1.15 m 0.90 m 0.30 m 0.20 m 0.40 m 0.30 m

etaining Wall Details

TOP
Reinforcement Details
THICKNESS

Distribution Steel (on both

TT Main Steel (on both sides)
sides)

0.15 m 12 φ @ 150 mm C/C 10 φ @ 225 mm C/C

0.15 m 12 φ @ 150 mm C/C 10 φ @ 225 mm C/C

0.15 m 12 φ @ 150 mm C/C 10 φ @ 225 mm C/C