FINAL EXAMINATION

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

ASSIGNMENT 1B

COURSE MATERIALS AND MECHANICAL DESIGN OF

PROCESS EQUIPMENT
COURSE CODE : CEV601
EXAMINATION : DECEMBER
JANUARY 2015
2022

This is an individual assignment. Late submissions will NOT be

entertained.Submission deadline: 6 February 2022
Please submit your report in “Microsoft Teams”.

NAME: NUR AIN MUNIRAH BINTI SHAMSUL

STUDENT ID : 2020869854
GROUP : EH225 5C1

Question Marks

1a 8

1b 2

2 10

3a 7

3b 3

4a 5

4b 5

5 10

TOTAL 50
Question 1
a. Select two (2) of the following modern items or devices and conduct an Internet search in
order to determine what specific materials are used and what specific properties. These
materials possess in order for the device/item to function properly. Finally, write a short
essay in which you report your findings.
Whether we have iOS, Android, or Windows Phone, it most certainly contains a screen that is
made up of three unique components which are a liquid crystal display (LCD) that creates
colours, a series of wires that detects when touch the screen, and a protective glass cover.
Images are shown on a liquid crystal display on cell phone displays. Phone LCD displays, like
those seen in most televisions and computer monitors, employ an electrical current to alter
the colour of each pixel. Unlike most TVs, which utilise fluorescent back lights to illuminate
their LCDs, phones frequently employ LED back lights to conserve space and electricity. By
adopting an organic LED screen, some phones eliminate the requirement for any form of
external illumination. The display is the single most essential characteristic that consumers
seek for when purchasing a smartphone. We can see the phone's display through the screen.
We were undoubtedly relieved if we dropped ours phone without breaking the screen.
Smartphone displays are built to be incredibly durable. This resilience is the outcome of a
fortunate accident. In 1952, a chemist at Corning Glass Works was attempting to heat a
sample of glass in a furnace to 600 °C when a defective thermostat led it to be heated to 900
°C. When he opened the door, he was relieved and shocked to see that the glass sample was
not a melted lump of goo and had not harmed the furnace. He dropped it on the floor after
removing it with tongs. However, rather of shattering, it bounced back. As a result, the world's
first synthetic glass-ceramic, a material with numerous qualities shared by both glass and
ceramic, was developed. Because it lacks a crystalline structure, glass is an amorphous solid.
The molecules are not in any order and are organised more like a liquid, although they are
nonetheless frozen in place. There is no method to release tension in glass since there are no
planes of atoms that can glide past each other. Excessive stress causes a fracture to develop,
causing molecules on the crack's surface to split. The severity of the stress increases as the
fracture deepens, more bonds break, and the crack widens until the glass breaks.

Skiing and snowboarding have become more popular hobbies in recent years, with many
people and families opting to centre an entire vacation around a place ideal to sliding down a
slope at high speeds. Skiing and snowboarding have become year-round hobbies, regardless
of location, especially with development of dry and indoor ski slopes. The board is joined to
the rider's feet in snowboarding by a particular boot placed on a mounted binding. Surfing,
sledding, skating, and skiing all influenced the development of snowboarding. The core is the
central structure of the snowboard, and it dictates the features of a snowboard. The cores are
mostly composed of laminated hardwood strips such as birch, beech, aspen, bamboo, or a
mix of some or all of these materials. When opposed to plastic or foam, wood is chosen for
the core because it helps to preserve form, allows for effective vibration dampening, and has
less resonance. Carbon, Kevlar, aluminium honeycomb, and foam are among other materials
that can be utilised for the core. Carbon is strong, light, and high-strength, and it performs well
under compression, but at a greater cost. Kevlar has a high strength, is a superb dampener,
is strong under stress, and is lightweight. Aluminium honeycomb is lightweight and sturdy, but
it is expensive and has poor damping properties. Foam is not utilised as the primary material
since it causes boards to lose camber and perform poorly.
The fibreglass layers increase the rigidity of the board and keep it from deforming. The glass
fibre sheets are treated with resin, which holds them together and makes them sturdy. The
top sheet is built of a variety of materials, including wood, fibreglass, composites, and plastics.
The snowboard base is comprised of P-Tex, a polyethylene material. Typically, the basic
materials are followed by a number, such as sintered 2000. The number represents the
molecular weight of polyethylene. A larger molecular weight signifies a more robust and long-
lasting foundation. Sintered bases are additionally strengthened and accelerated by the
addition of graphite and other elements. Because graphite is conductive, static charges are
formed between the snow and the base when the snowboard glides, creating friction. Graphite
dissipates static charges, minimising friction and improving the speed of the base. When
compared to standard sintered bases, graphite bases may contain more wax, enhancing their
speed. The snowboard's edges are constructed of stainless steel or steel and are secured
with T-shaped inserts. For the binding holes, stainless steel inserts are inserted into the
snowboard. Because all of the power applied by the rider on the snowboard is transmitted
through these inserts, they are securely linked to the core of the snowboard. A resin holds the
separate snowboard pieces together. Wax is applied to the snowboard base to reduce friction
with the snow and boost speed.

b. Explain why covalently bonded materials are generally less dense than ionically or
metallically bonded ones.
Covalently bound materials are less dense than metallic or ionically bonded ones because
covalent bonds are directed in nature, whereas metallic and ionic linkages are not. When
bonds are directed, atoms cannot pack together as densely, resulting in a lower mass density
than materials with non-directional connections.
Question 2
Using a sketch of crystal structure, prove that for the body- centered cubic (BCC) crystal
structure, the unit cell edge length a and the atomic radius R are related through an equation
of a = 4R/√13.
Question 3
The average grain diameter for a brass material was measured as a function of time at 650
o
C, which is shown in the following table at two different times:

Time(mins) Grain diameter(mm)

30 3.9 x 10-2
60 6.6 x 10-2

a. What was the original grain diameter?

(3.9 × 10-2mm) - 𝑑02 = (30 min)K

(6.6 × 10-2mm) - 𝑑02 = (60 min)K

Subtract the eqn:
(-2.835 × 10-3) = -60K
K= 4.725 × 10-5 mm2/min
do = 0.0102 mm
b. What grain diameter would you predict after 150 min at 650 oC?

d=√𝑑02 + 𝐾 𝑡

𝑚𝑚2
= √0.0102 𝑚𝑚 + 4.725 × 10−5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
(150min) = 0.085 𝑚𝑚

Question 4
a. Employing the intercept technique, determine the average grain size for the steel specimen
whose microstructure is shown in Figure 1; use at least seven straight-line segments.

In order to determine the average grain diameter, it is necessary to count the number of grains
intersected by each of these line segments. These data are tabulated below:
 Line number Number of grains intercept
1 8
2 9
3 6
4 6
5 8
6 6
7 7

The average number of grain boundary intersections for these lines was 7.1. Therefore, the
average line length intersected is just
600𝜇𝑚
= 84.51𝜇𝑚
7.1
Hence, the average grain diameter, d, is

𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡 84𝜇𝑚

𝑑= = = 0.84𝜇𝑚
𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 100

b. Estimate the ASTM grain size number for this material.

The average grain size number, n, is related to the number of grains per square inch, N, at a
magnification of 100× according to Equation 4.16. Inasmuch as the magnification is 100×, the
value of N is measured directly from the micrograph. The photomicrograph on which has been
constructed a square 1 in. on a side is shown below.
The total number of complete grains within this square is approximately 10 (taking into account
grain fractions). Now, in order to solve for n in Equation 4.16, it is first necessary to take
logarithms as
log 𝑁 = (𝑛 − 1) log 2

From which n equals

log 𝑁
𝑛= +1
log 2
log 10
= + 1 = 4.3
log 2
Question 5
Figure 2 is a portion of the titanium–copper phase diagram for which only single-phase regions
are labelled. Specify all temperature– composition points at which eutectics, eutectoids,
peritectics, and congruent phase transformations occur. Also, for each, write the reaction upon
cooling.
Assuming that the fields marked by x are solid and y is liquid, these are the points:
a: eutectic point which is 960oC. Cooling will turn the single liquid into two solids. The point
is between the composition of the two solids involved.
b: eutectoid point which is 780oC. Cooling will turn the single solid into tow solids.
c: peritectic point which is 1000oC. Cooling from immediately to the left will turn the solid
into a liquid and a solid. The point is outside the composition of the two solids involved.
d: congruent point which is 980oC. A solid will melt at this point to a liquid of the same
composition.