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6.0 THEORY OF DEMOCRACY

democracy: participation of people democracy: value system Amartya Sen

is essential for  good governance 1. Winston Churchill:
which is not possible without 1.
accountability & transparency

1. book: Argumentative indian 

1. indian tradition has been
democratic
2. democracy is the worst form of 2. eg- buddhist assemblies,
govt. however, it is the best form against Asian value concept
of govt until we discover a better (that democracy is
form of govt incompatible with asian values)
2. progression in history 2. democracy (values)
1. 1=monarchy 1. instrumental
2. few=aristocracy 2. educative
3. many=democracy 3. intrinsic
3. indian tradition: democratic, tolerant

Democracy= Samuel P Huntington: Democracy in india-why survived

society+economy+polity 1. elites: Pt. Nehru: ensured democracy
1. Ambedkar; democracy is 2. judiciary, EC
just top soil in india 3. culture

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2. 4. constitution
5. size and diversity
6. british legacy- introduction of rule
and law/ institution
7. consciousness of rights- due to
3. speech: grammar of anarchy
freedom movement
1. we are entering into the
8. separation of civil and military rule
life of contradiction. we
are introducing political
Christophe Jaffrelot:
democracy but india
Waves of Democracy
lacks social and
1. 1st wave: mature democracy: USA
economic democracy. it
Britain
is not enough to have 1
2. 1st reverse wave: post WW1- hitler,
man, 1 vote; it is also
mussolini
necessary that there is
3. 2nd wave: post decolonisation
one vote, one value
4. 2nd reverse wave: collapse of
democracy in 3rd world
5. 3rd wave: collapse of soviet union.
except Arab, china and cuba
1. Arab Exceptionalism 1. indian democracy remains
6. 4th wave: didn't happen- Arab Spring procedural
2. far from substantive, there is rule of
money and muscle instead of rule of
law

Fareed Zarkariya: 

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1. if constitutionalism (rule of law)

precede democracy (adult
franchise), chances of success more

Cosmopolitan model of democracy Lee Kuan Yew: Singapore's father Theory of democracy
1. David Held CB Macpherson: liberal egalitarian or
2. critical liberal

1. impact of globalisation
2. weakened democracy.
institution like WB,
IMF control central govt
which themselves are
not democratic 1. democracy vs development
3. suggestions 2. democracy equal asian values, is
1. strengthen world western concept 1. types- classical and contemporary

democracy 3. 2. features of classical model

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2. world govt in long term chinese model> indian model of
3. UNSC, WB, IMF reform democracy (bureaucratic, corrupt,
in short term populist)
4. independence of 4. Amartya Sen (counters)
judiciary 1. democracy not western, E.g.-
5. strengthen grassroot buddhist councils
democracy 2. no homogenous set of Asian
values
3. role of leaders in china, not
absence of democracy
1. human development
prioritised
4. development needs to be
democratised
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1. normative
2. focus on values
3. empowerment of masses
4. protective
1. Locke, Bentham
2. protect rights (based on
consent)
5. developmental
1. Mill
2. development of personality
(freedom of speech and
expression)
3. features of contemporary
1. emperical- procedural
2. elitist- only elections
1. Shumpeter
2.

3. pluralists: pressure groups

1. Robert Dahl
2.

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Macpherson's theory
1. types
1. classical: 
1. positive: value based
2. negative: ignored reality
(utility)
2. contemporary
1. negative: procedural
1. Shumpeter-Dahl Axis
3. focus on other models of
democracy
1. communist: intra-party
democracy
2. india: one party like
democracy
2. no equitable power distribution in
western liberal democracies
3. dimensions of power

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1. extractive (on others)
2. developmental (on oneself)
1. liberal democracies- no
extractive power to
capitalist/worker
3. creative freedom: no extractive
power (similar to Amartya Sen's
concept)

Models of democracy

REPRESENTATIVE PARTICIPATORY DELIBERATIVE

1. Locke: book on civil govt; 1. direct democracy democracy= deliberation,

majoritarian 1. liberal policy formulation with
2. Mill: Representative= 2nd best govt; 2. marxist (radical) rational debate
Book: On representative govt 2. Aristotle currently- dictatorship of
1. reform majoritarian govt 1. common man together can take executive or activism of
2. simple majoritarian to better decision than philosophers judiciary
proportional representation alone india- noisy democracy
(consensus based) 3. Rousseau- general will only through
3. inevitable due to modern way participatory 1. Pericles:
of life 4. Gandhi's concept of power 1.
3. representative model (power 1. panchayati raj- partyless
transfer) democracy
1. delegate: Locke, Bentham 2. oceanic circle: power transfers like
1. stick only to mandate waves transfer energy
2. Locke- govt is trust, people 1. power of one should be used
are trustee for empowerment of others
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2. Enlightened model: Mill, 2. reject hierarchy
Edmund Burke 5. Hannah Arendt: Zoon politikon
1. give more flexibility to 6. radical democrats: MN Roy, Habermas,
representative Nancy Fraser, Seyla Benhabib, Jacques
2. Burke: Ranciere, Ernest Laclu
3. 7. Habermas: 
8.

parliament is assembly of
2. discussion is pre-
nation, not for advancing
requisite
narrow interests
2. Aristotle: common people>
4. critics of representatives
philosopher king
1. Gandhi, MN Roy- partyless
3. John Rawls: public
democracy
reasoning- justify others your
1. party= corruption,
position
immorality 1. policy is legitimate if in ideal
4. Amartya Sen: public debate
2. Rousseau: speech deliberation (all can speak
1. book- uncertain glory
3. freely)
2. health not public issue
9. Carole Pateman:
in india
10.
3. pre-req
1. public sphere
should exist
2. public reasoning
direct democracy
exist
3. capacity to speak
5. Hannah Arendt
1. benefits of participatory democracy 1. action is also speech
1. educative value 2. state of plurality
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2. general will 6. Habermas
3. inclusive 1. policy made in ideal
11. how? speech situation
1. 93rd, 94th amendment (gram 2. ideal speech situation,
sabha), 2nd ARC communicative action:
2. citizen charter, RTI when people interact in
3. referendum, initiative ideal speech situation
4. participation in NHRC, NCW 3. ideal speech situation
1. no force/pressure
2. all have equal rights
to speak, equal
chances
7. Nancy Frazer, 
8.

1. contra-public 
2. subaltern should create
their own public sphere
9. Joshua Cohen
10.

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1. features of deliberative
democracy
1. association of
people
2. existence of non-
coercive
environment
3. makes democracy
substantive
4. respect for pluralism
2. benefits of democracy
1. deal disagreement
2. secure legitimacy
3. better policies
4. makes democracy
substantial

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