ME 59700 Single Phase Convective Heat Transfer

Homework #2

Assigned on January 26, Wednesday

Due on February 2, Wednesday, in the class
Late submissions will not be accepted
1. A surfer champion recorded a maximum speed of 39.1 km/h. Given that his body surface area is 1.9
m2, skin temperature is 33°C, and the surrounding air is still at 20°C; determine whether the heat
transfer from his body to the environment is via free or forced convection. Also determine the rate
of heat loss from the surfer’s body to the environment during that recorded maximum speed. Assume
that the heat transfer coefficient is expressed as ℎ 5.579 𝑉 . , where the V is the moving speed.

2. Ball bearings are used in many precision machine tools because they not only carry load but also
they reduce friction between moving parts. Ball bearings may get too hot due to several reasons
including poor lubrication, high load, high speed, excessive lubrication, or misalignment all of which
compromises their functionality. Heat generated due to these reasons can be estimated and an
effective cooling mechanism for ball bearings can be developed. Cooling process of a ball bearing
mainly occurs via heat transfer from the bearing through conduction and convection. For a rotating
ball bearing, the Nusselt number may be assumed as 𝑁𝑢 0.33𝑅𝑒 . 𝑃𝑟 . , which is equivalent to
𝑁𝑢 ℎ 𝐷 / 𝑘 , where h is the convective heat transfer coefficient, D is the diameter of the ball, k is
the thermal conductivity of the material that the ball bearing is made of. Consider that the
𝑅𝑒 𝑢 𝐷 / 𝛾, where u is the average translational velocity of the bearing, D is the diameter of the
ball, and 𝛾 is the kinematic viscosity of lubricant. Also consider that the 𝑃𝑟 𝛾/𝛼, where 𝛾 is the
kinematic viscosity of lubricant, and α is the thermal diffusivity of lubricant.

Given that the ball bearing outer diameter is 68 mm, speed is at 10,000 revolutions/min, the ambient
temperature is in steady state and equal to the temperature of the air around bearing housing at 27°C,
the ball surface temperature at the contact area is 39°C, the thermal conductivity of the bearing
material is 9.7 𝑊/𝑚 ℃, the lubricating oil kinematic viscosity is 20 m2/s. Determine (a) the rate of
heat transfer from a ball bearing, (b) the temperature gradient at the surface of the ball bearing, (c)
the estimated h value in order to double the cooling process rate.
Recall: revolutions per minute = speed in meters per minute / circumference in meters.

3. Write the primary dimensions of each of the following variables, showing all your work: (a)
specific heat at constant pressure cp; (b) thermal conductivity; (c) heat generation rate, e.g. rate of
conversion of thermal energy per unit volume; (d) heat flux, e.g. rate of heat transfer per unit area;
(e) heat transfer coefficient h, e.g. heat flux per unit temperature difference.
 1.
𝑉 39.1 10.86
𝐴 1.9 𝑚
𝑇 33°𝐶
𝑇 20°𝐶
.
ℎ 5.579 𝑉 free or forced convection?
𝑄 ?

𝑄 ℎ𝐴 𝑇 𝑇 where h is unknown
. .
𝑊
ℎ 5.579 𝑉 5.579 10.86 13.94
𝑚 ∙𝐾

Referring to “Typical values for the mean heat transfer coefficient” table in Chapter 1 lecture note,
h = 13.94 W/m2.K is in the range of free convection in air.

𝑄 ℎ𝐴 𝑇 𝑇 13.94 1.9 33 20 𝟑𝟑𝟒. 𝟒 𝑾

2.
𝐷 68𝑚𝑚 0.068𝑚

𝑟 500 𝑟
𝑛 10,000
𝑚𝑖𝑛 3 𝑠

𝑇 39°𝐶

𝑇 27°𝐶

𝑊
𝑘 9.7
𝑚 ∙ °𝐶

𝑚
𝛾 20
𝑠
 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝛼 0.083 0.083 10
𝑠 𝑠
500 𝑟 𝑚
𝑢 2𝜋𝑛 ∙ 𝑅 2 𝑝𝑖 0.034 𝑚 35.6
3 𝑠 𝑠

𝑄 ℎ𝐴 𝑇 𝑇 ?

𝑢𝐷 35.6 0.068
𝑅𝑒 0.121
𝛾 20

𝛾 20
𝑃𝑟 10 2.41 10
𝛼 0.083
. . . .
𝑁𝑢 0.33 𝑅𝑒 𝑃𝑟 0.33 0.121 2.41 10 258.64

ℎ𝐷
𝑁𝑢
𝑘
𝑘 9.7 𝑊
ℎ 𝑁𝑢 ∙ 258.64 36,894
𝐷 0.068 𝑚 ∙𝐾

𝐴 𝜋𝐷 𝜋 0.068 0.0145 𝑚

𝑄 ℎ𝐴 𝑇 𝑇 36893.53 0.0145 39 27 𝟔, 𝟒𝟑𝟏. 𝟑𝟏 𝑾

𝑑𝑇
𝑄 𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑇 𝑄 6431.31 𝑲
𝟒𝟓, 𝟕𝟐𝟓. 𝟔
𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝐴 9.7 0.0145 𝒎

ℎ ? 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑾
𝑘, 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑇 𝑤𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, ℎ 2ℎ 𝟕𝟑, 𝟕𝟖𝟕. 𝟎𝟔
𝒎𝟐 ∙𝑲

3.

𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝑚
𝐶 𝐽 ∙ 𝑘𝑔 ∙𝐾 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑘𝑔 ∙𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ∙ 𝑚 ∙ 𝑘𝑔 ∙𝐾 𝒎𝟐 ∙ 𝒔 𝟐
∙𝑲 𝟏
𝑠

𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝑳𝟐 𝑻 𝟐
𝜽 𝟏

𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑊 𝑁∙𝑚 𝑚 1 𝟑 𝟏
𝑘 ∙𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ∙𝑚∙ ∙𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝒔 ∙𝑲
𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝟑 𝟏
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝑴 𝑻 𝜽
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑁∙𝑚 𝑚 1 𝟑 𝟏
𝑒 𝑊∙𝑚 ∙𝑚 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ∙𝑚∙ ∙𝑚 𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝒔 ∙𝒎
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝟑 𝟏
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝑴𝑻 𝑳

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙
𝑁∙𝑚 𝑚 1
𝑞" 𝑊∙𝑚 ∙𝑚 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ∙𝑚∙ ∙𝑚 𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝒔 𝟑
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝟑
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝑴 𝑻

𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝑊 𝑁∙𝑚 𝑚 1 𝟑 𝟏
ℎ ∙𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝑘𝑔 ∙ ∙𝑚∙ ∙𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝒌𝒈 ∙ 𝒔 ∙𝑲
𝑚 ∙𝐾 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
𝟑 𝟏
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒: 𝑴 𝑻 𝜽