ANCHETA, ARTHUR F.

4TH YEAR - E2018 FEBRUARY 8, 2022

BS CRIMINOLOGY CDI 9 PROF. JOSELITO B. BARBA
JR.

LESSON 7 (ACTIVITY)

1.) Enumerate violation of provisions of PD 1586 and DAO 2003-30.

֍ Violations of provisions of PD 1586 and DAO 2003-30 are classified as follows:
 A.) Projects with or without ECCs which pose grave and/or irreparable danger to
environment, life and property wherein causes are not regulated by any specific
environmental law;
 B.) Projects are established and/or operating without an ECC: A project that has
commenced its implementation is deemed “operating without an ECC”, whether or
not it is in actual operation. The phrase “operating without ECC” refers to all projects
that were implemented without ECC but should have secured one as provided for by
the PD 1586 IRR effective at the time. Operating with an ECC secured from agencies
or entities other than DENR is also considered “operating without an ECC”. Covered
projects operating without an ECC shall not be issued EMB regional environmental
permits by EMBPCD/EQD until such projects have complied with the PEISS in
securing an ECC.
 C.) Violations of conditions of ECCs with old format referring to submission of
documents, conduct of studies and other conditions within the mandate of other
agencies (e.g. Relocation Plan under HLURB/NHA; Traffic Management Plan under
LGU; Occupational Health and Safety Plan under DOLE; Epidemiological Studies
under DOH, etc): Violations shall be limited to procedural or administrative non-
compliance (e.g. Refer to Minor Offense #1 below on delay or non-submission). The
acceptability of these documents based on substantive evaluation cannot be a ground
for violation under PD 1586. Mandated agencies shall have primacy of jurisdiction on
assessing compliance with these requirements.
 D.) Projects violating ECC conditions and EMP Commitments and other procedural
requirements of the Philippine EIS System: Violations in relation to ECC conditions
are classified as minor and major offenses, differentiated by schedule of fines based
on seriousness and gravity of the offense:
 i) MINOR Offenses (violations of administrative conditions in the ECC and
the EIS System environment but can impede or delay compliance against
other ECC conditions and/or EMP commitments which the Proponent is
required to comply or can prevent/deter EMB from performing monitoring or
audit functions on the Proponent’s environmental performance), such as: 1)
non-submission or delay in submission of reports/requirements; 2) transfer of
ownership of the project/ECC without prior approval from ECC-issuing
authority; 3) delay or failure to initiate formation or implementation of ECC
conditions which do not have significant impacts on the environment, such as
formation of EU, MMT, EMF, EGF, enhancement measures and other
similar/equivalent requirements prior to the required deadline in the ECC; 4)
non-compliance with other administrative conditions in the ECC; 5) non-
 compliance with administrative and technical procedural guidelines in the
DAO 2003-30 and its Revised Procedural Manual; and 6) Other offenses
deemed “minor” at the discretion of the EMB CO/RO Director.
 ii) MAJOR Offenses (violations of substantive conditions in the ECC and the
EIS System procedures, rules and regulations that will have significant impact
on the environment and which the Proponent is required to comply), such as:
1) non-implementation of substantive conditions in the ECC on the EMP and
EMoP and other related substantive commitments in the EIA Report,
including modifications during EIA Report Review, 2) exceedance of project
limits or area; 3) significant addition of project component or product without
prior DENREMB approval; 4) major change in project process or technology
resulting in unmitigated significant impacts not addressed by approved EMP;
5) Other offenses deemed “major” at the discretion of the EMB CO/RO
Director.
 E.) Misrepresentation in the EIA Report or any other EIA documents: All
misrepresentations, whether material or minor constitute violations on the theory that
full disclosure in the EIA Report is the key to the effective use of the EIS System as a
planning and management tool.

2.) What is legal basis of fines and penalties for under PD 1586?
֍ P.D. 1586 states that "No person, partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate any
such declared environmentally critical project or area without first securing an Environmental
Compliance Certificate issued by the President or his duly authorized representative."

3.) What are the fines and penalties violations of Republic Act 8749?
֍ For actual exceedance of any pollution or air quality standards under this Act or its rules and
regulations, the Department, through the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), shall impose a
fine of not more than One hundred thousand pesos (Php100,000.00) for every day of
violation against the owner or operator of a stationary source until such time that the
standards have been complied with.

4.) What are the fines and penalties imposed on polluters?

֍ Upon the recommendation of the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), anyone who commits
prohibited acts such as discharging untreated wastewater into any water body will be fined
for every day of violation, the amount of not less than Php 10,000 but not more than Php
200,000.
֍ Failure to undertake clean-up operations willfully shall be punished by imprisonment of not
less than two years and not more than four years. This also includes a fine of not less than
Php 50,000 and not more than Php 100,000 per day of violation. Failure or refusal to clean up
which results in serious injury or loss of life or lead to irreversible water contamination of
surface, ground, coastal and marine water shall be punished with imprisonment of not less
than 6 years and 1 day and not more than 12 years and a fine of Php 500,000/day for each
day the contamination or omission continues.
֍ In cases of gross violation, a fine of not less than Php 500,000 but not more than Php
3,000,000 will be imposed for each day of violation. Criminal charges may also be filed.
5.) What are the prohibited acts under R.A. 9275? Enumerate.
֍ Discharging or depositing any water pollutant to the water body, or such which will impede
natural flow in the water body
֍ Discharging, injecting or allowing to enter into the soil, anything that would pollute
groundwater
֍ Operating facilities that discharge regulated water pollutants without the valid required
permits
֍ Disposal of potentially infectious medical waste into sea by vessels
֍ Unauthorized transport or dumping into waters of sewage sludge or solid waste.
֍ Transport, dumping or discharge of prohibited chemicals, substances or pollutants listed
under Toxic Chemicals, Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act (Republic.Act No. 6969)
֍ Discharging regulated water pollutants without the valid required discharge permit pursuant
to this Act
֍ Non-compliance of the LGU with the Water Quality Framework and Management Area
Action Plan
֍ Refusal to allow entry, inspection and monitoring as well as access to reports and records by
the DENR in accordance with this Act
֍ Refusal or failure to submit reports and/or designate pollution control officers whenever
required by the DENR in accordance with this Act
֍ Directly using booster pumps in the distribution system or tampering with the water supply in
such a way to alter or impair the water quality
֍ Operate facilities that discharge or allow to seep, willfully or through grave negligence,
prohibited chemicals, substances, or pollutants listed under R.A. No. 6969, into water bodies.
֍ Undertake activities or development and expansion of projects, or operating wastewater
treatment/sewerage facilities in violation of P.D.1586 and its IRR.

6.) What is Masterplan Sangyaman?

֍ PNP's Masterplan to help protect and preserve the environment, cultural properties and
natural resources in close coordination with. the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources, Department. of Agriculture, National Museum and other tasked government.

7.) What is the composition of the National Ecology Center?

֍ It is composed of 17 Commission members, fourteen representatives from government
agencies and three representatives from the private sector.

8.) What are the power and functions of National Solid Waste Management Commission?
֍ A National Solid Waste Management Commission, hereinafter referred to as the
Commission, and under the Office of the President, is hereby established. The Commission is
tasked to oversee the implementation of solid waste management plans and prescribe policies
to achieve the objectives of the Act. The Commission shall undertake the activities identified
in Section 5 of the RA 9003.

9.) Explain the 3 Rs of Waste Management.

֍ The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products is often called
the "3Rs." Reducing means choosing to use things with care to reduce the amount of waste
 generated. Reusing involves the repeated use of items or parts of items which still have
usable aspects. Recycling means the use of waste itself as resources. Waste minimization can
be achieved in an efficient way by focusing primarily on the first of the 3Rs, "reduce,"
followed by "reuse" and then "recycle."
10.) Define the word ecology.
֍ Ecology, also called bioecology, bionomics, or environmental biology, study of the
relationships between organisms and their environment. Some of the most pressing problems
in human affairs—expanding populations, food scarcities, environmental pollution including
global warming, extinctions of plant and animal species, and all the attendant sociological
and political problems—are to a great degree ecological.

ANCHETA, ARTHUR F. 4TH YEAR - E2018 FEBRUARY 8, 2022

BS CRIMINOLOGY CDI 9 PROF. JOSELITO B. BARBA
JR.

LESSON 8 (ACTIVITY)

1.) What is the meaning of environmental protection? Explain.

֍ Environmental protection focuses on solving problems arising from the interaction between
humans and environmental systems and includes issues related to conservation, pollution,
loss of biodiversity, land degradation or environmental policy. The key aim of environmental
protection is to prevent the degradation of the natural environment which is affected by
increasing population, technology and overconsumption, all of which have created a negative
impact on the environment and continue to put humans and animals at risk.

2.) Enumerate the approaches with regards to environmental protection.

֍ Voluntary environmental agreements
 In the industrial countries, voluntary environmental agreements often provide a
platform for companies to be recognized for moving beyond the minimum regulatory
standards and thus support the development of the best environmental practice
֍ Ecosystems approach
 An ecosystems approach to resource management and environmental protection aims
to consider the complex interrelationships of an entire ecosystem in decision making
rather than simply responding to specific issues and challenges.
֍ International environmental agreements
 Many of the earth's resources are especially vulnerable because they are influenced
by human impacts across different countries. As a result of this, many attempts are
made by countries to develop agreements that are signed by multiple governments to
prevent damage or manage the impacts of human activity on natural resources.

3.) What is Kyoto Protocol? Explain.

֍ Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and
reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. The
 Convention itself only asks those countries to adopt policies and measures on mitigation and
to report periodically.
֍ The Kyoto Protocol is based on the principles and provisions of the Convention and follows
its annex-based structure. It only binds developed countries, and places a heavier burden on
them under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective
capabilities”, because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high
levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere.

4.) What is the concept of environmental protection?

֍ Environmental protection refers to any activity to maintain or restore the quality of
environmental media through preventing the emission of pollutants or reducing the presence
of polluting substances in environmental media. It may consist of:

 (a) changes in characteristics of goods and services,

 (b) changes in consumption patterns,
 (c) changes in production techniques,
 (d) treatment or disposal of residuals in separate environmental protection facilities,
 (e) recycling, and
 (f) prevention of degradation of the landscape and ecosystems.

5.) Why is environmental protection important?

֍ Environmental protection is one of the basic prerequisites for the overall development of any
country in the world. If economic growth and development are to be established, and there is
no country in the world that does not want to do so, biodiversity must be contributed. As
awareness of environmental protection is developed, human awareness is also developed
about the need to preserve the environment by preventing adverse impacts on nature. Law, as
a scientific discipline, plays a significant role in these endeavors.

6.) What are the top five (5) environmental concerns for 2019?
֍ Biodiversity
 Biodiversity is the most complicated and crucial aspect of our planet. It is basically
every living element and ecosystem that comprises the environment. From the tallest
giraffe to the tiniest microorganism, almost everything plays a significant role in the
preservation of our world.
֍ Water
 Water pollution is a massive problem for us and our environment. Not only is
polluted water a substantial monetary strain but is also harming both mankind and
marine life. With oil spills, a large quantity of plastic waste and hazardous chemicals
getting into our waterways, we’re destroying the most valuable resource our world
has to offer.
֍ Deforestation
 We need to have plants and trees to survive. They supply oxygen, food, water and
also medicine for all people, throughout the globe. However, if deforestation persists
at the pace it’s occurring, we won’t have a lot of the beneficial forestry remaining.
֍ Pollution
  Pollution is one of the main reasons why many of the other environmental issues,
such as climate change and also biodiversity. All of the 7 key forms of pollution – air,
water, soil, noise, radioactive, light and even thermal – are impacting our
environment. All kinds of pollution and environmental problems are interlinked and
affect one another.
֍ Climate Change
 As indicated out by a latest UN report, without having ‘unprecedented changes’ in
our activities and habits, our planet will endure tremendously from global warming
within 12 years. Greenhouses gases are the principal cause of climate change,
capturing in the sun’s heat and heating the surface of the earth.

7.) How can you conserve and protect the environment?

֍ Begin your own initiative or volunteer for environmental organizations. Recycling discarded
paper reduces the raw material demand for paper manufacture, preserving trees and forest
ecosystems. Recycling is a simple, yet efficient method of saving resources and lowering
your own carbon footprint. Instead of putting everything in the garbage, sort your plastic,
paper, and metal debris and place it in a recycling container. Water conservation is critical for
freshwater environments. You may save lots of water by taking shorter showers, avoiding
little laundry washes, and shutting off your faucets when brushing your teeth. Similarly, it is
critical to be aware of your power use and make changes to lower the need for energy
production and thereby protect fossil fuel supplies. Plastic is a major contributor to soil and
marine pollution, putting both land and sea life at risk. Plastic is not biodegradable and is
frequently devoured by animals that misinterpret it for food.

8.) What are the “Seven Priorities for EPA’s Future?”

֍ Taking Action on Climate Change
֍ Improving Air Quality
֍ Assuring the Safety of Chemicals:
֍ Cleaning Up Our Communities:
֍ Protecting America’s Waters
֍ Expanding the Conversation on Environmentalism and Working for Environmental Justice
֍ Building Strong State and Tribal Partnerships

9.) What are the eight (8) areas covered by the Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999 for the Commonwealth of Australia?
֍ provide for the protection of the environment, especially matters of national environmental
significance
֍ conserve Australian biodiversity
֍ provide a streamlined national environmental assessment and approvals process
֍ enhance the protection and management of important natural and cultural places
֍ control the international movement of plants and animals (wildlife), wildlife specimens and
products made or derived from wildlife
֍ promote ecologically sustainable development through the conservation and ecologically
sustainable use of natural resources
 ֍ recognize the role of Indigenous people in the conservation and ecologically sustainable use
of Australia's biodiversity
֍ promote the use of Indigenous peoples' knowledge of biodiversity with the involvement of,
and in cooperation with, the owners of the knowledge.

10.) What are the issues for the Ministry of Mexico to address? Enumerate.
֍ The first serious environmental issue that is prominent in Mexico is the air pollution. Mexico
has been notoriously known as one of the world's worst air-pollution problems, even children
in grade school color the sky with brown and yellow crayons instead of blue.
֍ The second environmental issue that Mexico has been battling is the lack of clean water. Less
than 0.3% of the world's water is available for human consumption. Like many places around
the world, Mexico's population is exponentially growing. With about 112 million people
living in Mexico, the demand for clean water also continues to increase. 42% of Mexico's
water supply is groundwater from aquifers of the Basin of Mexico. Mexico greatly depends
on these aquifers to access water. Because of the dependency, the water extracted is almost
three times the natural recharge capacity. As a result, cracks have developed over time and
tainted the water with harmful things like bacteria, lead, nickel, and mercury to name a few
(Sosa-Rodriguez, "Assessing Water Quality in the Developing World: An Index for Mexico
City").
֍ Deforestation is also a pressing issue in Mexico. Deforestation is the clearance of forests
where land is converted to non-forest use. As Mexico's population increases, more locations
are needed to accommodate the growth. More land is needed to build houses and buildings
and used for agriculture and livestock to meet the population growth (Barraza, Pineda,"How
Young People See Forests in Mexico"). It is good that Mexico has abundant land to
accommodate this growth, but deforestation creates natural disturbance and greatly
contributes to global warming and enhances the greenhouse effect because of the carbon
dioxide emission.