Name : Intan Mellyana

NIM : F1022191008
Subject : Research on ELT
Task : Outline of the research proposal

Proposal Outline
Title : Improving Students’ Speaking Skill
Field : English Language Teaching

A. Introduction
1. Research Background
Expectation : Students are expected to be able to speak English fluently and correctly. They are
expected to be able to say every word in English properly and correctly so that it will really help
them in improving their speaking skills in English. They must be able to pronounce every word
in English correctly and be able to compose sentences that will be spoken comprehensively.

Fact : There are still many students who cannot speak English properly and correctly. They are
also often found wrong in pronouncing words in English. Not only that, many students use the
reason "not confident" as what they say when they are asked to speak in English. In addition,
they do not want to speak in English for fear of being wrong or being ridiculed by their friends.

2. Identification of the problem

The general problem in the background arises from many factors :

a. Knowledge background of the students

b. Background of the English teacher
c. The learning English material
d. The supported facilities : native speaker, library, internet access of English for audios and
videos, and so on.

3. Limitation of the problem

Based on research that students often found wrong in pronouncing words in English. They also
find it difficult when they want to speak in English because of limited vocabulary and often
wrong in pronunciation, and this research focused on how to help student improving their
speaking skill and make them speak English properly and correctly.

4. Formulation of the problem

a. What are the usual errors in speaking English?
b. What makes students feel difficult in speaking English?
c. What problems that usually found when students speak English?
d. How are the steps in speaking English well?
e. How are the tips for speaking English?

5. Objectives of the research

a. To describe steps of speaking English properly
b. To find out the errors in speaking English
c. To find out the usual problems in speaking English
d. To practice or use English in the class

6. Significance of the research

1. For teachers :
The result of this research can be used as one of the ways to improve students' speaking skill
through many ways, such as listening to the audios or watching videos in English, etc.

2. For students :
This research may encourage the students of English Department to conduct further research on
how to develop students' speaking skill.

3. For other researches :

This can be references to know student’s ability and their errors in speaking English.

B. Theoretical Review
1. Theoretical Framework
a. Speaking is the delivery of language through the mouth. To speak, we create sounds using
many parts of our body, including the lungs, vocal tract, vocal chords, tongue, teeth and lips.
This vocalized form of language usually requires at least one listener. When two or more people
speak or talk to each other, the conversation is called a "dialogue". Speech can flow naturally
from one person to another in the form of dialogue. It can also be planned and rehearsed, as in
the delivery of a speech or presentation.

b. Speaking strategist learns, practice, and use.

c. Pronunciation refers to the way in which we make the sound of words. To pronounce words,
we push air from our lungs up through our throat and vocal chords, through our mouth, past our
tongue and out between our teeth and lips. (Sometimes air also travels through our nose.) To
change the sound that we are making, we mainly use the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips
to control the shape of our mouth and the flow of air. If we can control the shape of our mouth
and the flow of air correctly, then our pronunciation is clearer and other people understand us
more easily.

d. A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A vocabulary, usually

developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring
knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning
a second language.

e. Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a
language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that
somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages
did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words,
phrases and sentences.

f. How to teach speaking English :

- Keep instructions clear and simple
- Let them listen first
- Drill, repeat, drill, repeat, drill…
- Establish classroom language early on
- Avoid meta language
- Don’t forget that the students are fluent in their own language(s)
- Prepare well, prepare a lot, keep them talking

2. Conceptual Framework
a. Speaking is the delivery of language through the mouth. To speak, we create sounds using
many parts of our body, including the lungs, vocal tract, vocal chords, tongue, teeth and lips.
This vocalized form of language usually requires at least one listener. When two or more people
speak or talk to each other, the conversation is called a "dialogue". Speech can flow naturally
from one person to another in the form of dialogue. It can also be planned and rehearsed, as in
the delivery of a speech or presentation.

b. Speaking strategist learns, practice, and use.

c. Pronunciation refers to the way in which we make the sound of words. To pronounce words,
we push air from our lungs up through our throat and vocal chords, through our mouth, past our
tongue and out between our teeth and lips. (Sometimes air also travels through our nose.) To
change the sound that we are making, we mainly use the muscles of our mouth, tongue and lips
to control the shape of our mouth and the flow of air. If we can control the shape of our mouth
and the flow of air correctly, then our pronunciation is clearer and other people understand us
more easily.

d. A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A vocabulary, usually

developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring
knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning
a second language.

e. Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the "rules" of a
language; but in fact no language has rules*. If we use the word "rules", we suggest that
somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages
did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved into words,
phrases and sentences.

# Indirect Quotations (Beginning the statement)

- Speaking is a productive language skill (Siahaan, 2008 : 95)

- Research interest in the use of strategies by students was prominent in the 1970s when ‘good
language learners’ studies identified characteristics inherent to successful language learners
(Naiman, Frohlich, Stern & Todesco 1978; Rubin 1975; Stern 1975). 

# Indirect Quotations (In the end of the statement)

- Strategy research has led to a distinction between strategies employed for different purposes
such as communication, performing in the language, retrieving information and the processes of
speaking, listening, reading and writing, to name only a few. Cohen (1998)

# Direct Quotations

- (Méndez 2007), I argue that learners tend to remain silent or rely on the teacher to compensate
for unknown vocabulary or grammar structures.

- According to Lehr (2004: 1) vocabulary is knowledge of words and words meaning in both oral
and print language and in productive and receptive forms which is used in listening, speaking,
reading and writing. 

C. Research Methodology
1. Place and time of the research
1.1. Place of the research : SMAN 1 Semparuk (Senior High School)
1.2. Time of the research : The time schedule from June to July

2. Table.1. Timeline of the research

Time
Activities June, July
123123123
Preparation
Data collection
Data analysis
Report Writing

3. The population of research

The population is : the second grade (aged 16-18 years old) of English for Sunior High School at
SMAN 1 Semparuk
3.1 Sample
The sample of the research :
Only for the second grade A class consists of 25 students.

4. Descriptive Qualitative Research

- It is qualitative research
- The result of analysis will be presented descriptively to answer the questions in the formulation
of the problem.

5. Data Collection Technique

- The research will collect the data through observation, oral interview, written questionnaire,
and testing.

6. To conduct this research, the researchers will use four instruments consisting of :
- Observation – on going, field notes
- Questionnaire guide
- Interview guide
- Tests

7. Data Analysis Technique

Through classification and categorization of the data.
(The data are analyzed through classification and categorization of the data.)

D. References
- Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2000.United Kingdom: Oxford University Press
-Wikipedia
- Mextesol Journal

Websites :

https://mextesol.net/journal/index.php?page=journal&id_article=60