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Handbook For Transformation of Datums, Projections, Coordinate Systems
Handbook For Transformation of Datums, Projections, Coordinate Systems
Handbook For Transformation of Datums, Projections, Coordinate Systems
Handbook for
Transformation of
Datums, Projections,
Grids and Common
Coordinate Systems
January 1996
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army
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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
January 1996 Handbook May 1991 - July 1995
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Handbook for Transformation of Datums, Projections, Grids QE5113UD01
and Common Coordinate Systems
6. AUTHOR(S)
See Preface
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
OFREPORT OF THIS PAGE OFABSTRACT
Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified
NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18
298-102
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF TABLES xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiii
PREFACE xv
1. SCOPE 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Applicability 1
1.3 Application guidance 1
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 2
2.1 Government documents 2
2.1.1 Specifications, standards and handbooks 2
2.1.2 Other government documents, drawings and 2
publications
2.2 Non-government publications 4
2.3 Order of precedence 4
3. DEFINITIONS AND UNITS 5
3.1 Acronyms 5
3.2 Terms 5
3.2.1 Convergence of the meridian (C) 5
3.2.2 Coordinate 5
3.2.3 Datum 5
3.2.3.1 Horizontal datum 6
3.2.3.2 Vertical datum 6
3.2.4 Earth-fixed 6
3.2.5 Elevation (orthometric height, H) .6
3.2.6 Ellipsoid 6
3.2.7 Equator 6
3.2.8 Equipotential surface 6
3.2.9 Geocentric Cartesian coordinates 6
3.2.10 Geodetic coordinates (geodetic position) 6
3.2.11 Geodetic height (ellipsoidal height, h) 6
3.2.12 Geodetic latitude (*) 7
3.2.13 Geodetic longitude (k) 7
3.2.14 Geographic coordinates 7
3.2.15 Geoid 7
3.2.16 Geoid separation (N) 7
3.2.17 Grid reference system 7
3.2.18 Map projection 7
3.2.19 Map scale 7
3.2.20 Meridian 7
3.2.21 Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) 7
3.2.22 Orthometric height 8
3.2.23 Parallel 8
3.2.24 Prime (initial) meridian 8
3.2.25 Reference ellipsoid 8
3.2.26 Scale factor (projection) 8
3.3 Units 8
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
3.4 Sign conventions 8
3.5 Unit conversion factors 8
3.5.1 Degrees and radians 9
3.5.2 Specifying the unit of angular measure 9
4. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 10
4.1 Introduction 10
4.2 Reference surfaces 11
4.2.1 Reference ellipsoid 11
4.2.2 Geoid 11
4.2.3 Relationships among topography, the geoid, 11
and the reference ellipsoid
4.3 Earth-fixed coordinate systems 13
4.3.1 Cartesian coordinates (X, Y, Z) 13
4.3.2 Cartesian coordinate system/reference ellipsoid
relationship 13
4.3.2.1 First eccentricity and flattening 15
4.3.2.2 Ellipsoid parameters 15
4.3.3 Geodetic coordinates (0, X, h) 15
4.3.3.1 Latitude and longitude limits 15
4.3.4 Coordinate conversion 15
4.3.4.1 Geodetic to Cartesian coordinate conversion 16
4.3.4.2 Cartesian to geodetic coordinate conversion 16
4.3.4.2.1 Finding X 16
4.3.4.2.2 Finding 4 16
4.3.4.2.3 Calculating h 17
4.4 Representation of Geodetic Coordinates 18
4.5 Height Relationships 18
4.5.1 Elevations 18
4.5.2 Geoid separation 18
4.5.3 The relationships among H, h, and N 18
4.5.3.1 Notational use of H and h 18
6. DATUM SHIFTS 22
6.1 Introduction 22
6.1.1 Shifting between two local datums 22
6.1.1.1 Shifting from NAD 27 to NAD 83 22
6.2 Seven-parameter geometric transformation 23
6.2.1 Transformation to WGS 84 Cartesian coordinates 23
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
6.2.2 Transformation to LGS Cartesian coordinates 24
6.2.3 Parameter Values 24
6.2.4 Accuracy of seven-parameter transformation 24
7. MAP PROJECTIONS 34
7.1 Introduction 34
7.1.1 The map projection process 34
7.1.2 Properties of projections 34
7.1.3 Mapping equations 34
7.1.4 Conformal projection 34
7.1.5 Scale factor 34
7.1.6 Map scale 35
7.1.7 Convergence of the meridian 35
7.1.8 Information sources 35
7.2 Mercator projection 35
7.2.1 Meridians and parallels 35
7.2.2 Mercator mapping equations 36
7.2.2.1 Finding (x,y) 36
7.2.2.2 Point scale factor and convergence 37
of the meridian
7.2.2.3 Finding (O,X) 37
7.2.3 Accuracy 38
7.2.4 Area of coverage 38
7.3 Transverse Mercator (TM) projection 38
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
7.3.1 Meridians and parallels 38
7.3.2 Transverse Mercator mapping equations 39
7.3.2.1 Finding (x,y) 39
7.3.2.2 Finding (0,x) 40
7.3.2.2.1 Finding the footpoint latitude (01) 40
7.3.2.2.2 Finding (0,%) from 01 41
7.3.2.3 Point scale factor as a function of 42
x and 01
7.3.2.4 Point scale factor as a function of 42
(0 X)
7.3.2.5 Convergence of the meridian in terms of 42
x and 01
7.3.2.6 Convergence of the meridian in terms of 42
"(0, 20d
7.3.3 Accuracy 43
7.3.4 Area of coverage 43
7.4 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection 43
7.4.1 UTM zones 43
7.4.1.1 Finding the UTM zone and central meridian 44
7.4.1.2 Non-standard width UTM zones 45
7.4.2 Reference source 45
7.4.3 UTM equations 45
7.4.3.1 Finding UTM coordinates (Xu•, YUTM) 45
7.4.3.2 Computing geodetic coordinates 45
7.4.3.3 Discontinuity 46
7.4.4 Accuracy 46
7.4.5 Area of coverage 46
7.5 Lambert Conformal Conic projection 46
7.5.1 Lambert Conformal Conic with two standard parallels 47
7.5.1.1 Finding (x,y) 47
7.5.1.2 Finding (O,X) with two standard parallels 48
7.5.2 Lambert Conformal Conic with one standard parallel 49
7.5.2.1 Finding (x,y) 49
7.5.2.2 Finding (O,X) with one standard parallel 50
7.5.3 Scale factor and convergence 50
7.5.4 Accuracy 50
7.5.5 Area of coverage 50
7.6 Polar Stereographic projection 51
7.6.1 Polar Stereographic mapping equations 51
7.6.1.1 Finding (x,y) 51
7.6.1.2 Finding (0,x) 51
7.6.1.3 Alternate method for finding 4 53
7.6.1.4 Finding the point scale factor 54
7.6.1.5 Finding the convergence of the meridian 54
7.6.2 Accuracy 54
7.6.3 Area of coverage 54
7.7 Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) projection 54
7.7.1 Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) mapping equations 55
7.7.2 Finding (0,x) 55
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
7.7.3 Finding point scale factor and convergence 57
of the meridian
7.7.4 Accuracy 57
7.7.5 Area of coverage 57
7.8 The U.S. Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) 57
7.8.1 MGRS coordinates in the UTM area 57
7.8.2 MGRS coordinates in the UPS area 58
7.9 The World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF) 63
7.10 Non-standard grids 63
7.11 Modification to map projections 63
8. SELECTIONS OF TECHNIQUES, SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, 66
AND TESTING
8.1 The general conversion process 66
8.1.1 Application of the general conversion process 70
8.1.2 Procedural examples 70
8.1.2.1 Example 8.1 Horizontal geodetic coordinate-based
datum shifts 70
PAGE
coordinates in the WGS 84 reference
system to WGS 84 geodetic latitude
and longitude 90
APPENDICES PAGE
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
D.1 Coordinate System Associated with Geoid Separation Bi-
Linear Interpolation Method 146
x
LIST OF TABLES
Page
xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This document provides Army organizations and agencies with general guidance on selecting the
appropriate methods for shifting between local geodetic datums and the World Geodetic System
(WGS), and for converting Cartesian and map projection coordinates to and from geodetic
coordinates. This guidance is provided to aid the Army community in selecting datum shift
algorithms, in developing, selecting, and maintaining software using these algorithms, and in
implementing this software to support operational units. Equations are furnished for map
projections and datums commonly used within the Army, and references are provided for other,
less commonly encountered, map projections and datums.
xiii
PREFACE
This report was funded under the U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center's (TEC) Digital
Topographic Data Standards Program.
Frederick Gloeckler
Richard Joy
Justin Simpson
Daniel Specht
The report is based on a draft of the Military Handbook, Datums, Projections, Grids and
Common Coordinate Systems, Transformation of (MIL-HDBK-600008), and was revised during
the period July 1994 through July 1995. This Technical Report uses material from MIL-HDBK-
600008 co-authored by:
James Ackeret
Fred Esch
Chris Gard
Frederick Gloeckler
Daniel Oimoen
Juan Perez
MAJ Harry Rossander
Justin Simpson
Joe Watts
Tom Witte
This work was performed under the previous supervision of Juan Perez, and Richard A
Herrmann and the current supervision of John W. Hale, Chief, Standards Division and Regis J.
Orsinger, Director, Digital Concepts and Analysis Center.
Mr. Walter E. Boge was Director and COL Richard G. Johnson was Commander and Deputy
Director of TEC at the time of publication of this report.
xv
1. SCOPE
1
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
SPECIFICATIONS. None
STANDARDS.
HANDBOOKS. None
2
DMA Instruction 8000.1 Geodetic and Geophysical Sign
with change 1, 4 Aug 92 Conventions and Fundamental Constants.
(1988)
Copies of; DMA Instruction 8000.1 and GS Professional Paper 1395 are
available from USGS, Branch of Distribution, Box 25286, Denver CO
80225. Copies of DoD Glossary of Mapping, Charting, and Geodetic
Terms; DMA TM 8358.1; and DMA TM 8358.2 are available from the
Director, DMA Combat Support Center, ATTN: CCOR, 6001 MacArthur
Boulevard, Bethesda MD 20816-5001. Copies of the NOAA Manual NOS NGS
5 and the Coast and Geodetic Survey Special Publication No. 251 are
available from National Geodetic Information Branch, N/CG174, National
Geodetic Survey, 1315 East-West Highway, Silver Spring MD 20910.
Copies of NSWC/DL TR 3624 (Accession Document Number = AD A037 381 on
paper, or GIDEP #E151-2353 on cartridge) are available on from Defense
Technical Information Center, Bldg. 5, Cameron Station, Alexandria, VA
22304-6145. Copies of ETL 1110-1-147 are available through the
Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
203140-1000. Copies of STANAG 2211 and MIL-STD 2401 are available
from the Defense Printing Service, ATTN: DODSSP, 700 Robbins Ave, Bld
4D Philadelphia PA 19111.
3
2.2 Non-Government publications.
4
3. DEFINITIONS AND UNITS
3.2 Terms.
5
region of limited extent. A global datum specifies the center of
the reference ellipsoid to be located at the earth's center of
mass and defines a coordinate system used for the entire earth.
3.2.3.1 Horizontal datum. A horizontal datum specifies the
coordinate system in which latitude and longitude of points are
located. The latitude and longitude of an initial point, the
azimuth of a line from that point, and the semi-major axis and
flattening of the ellipsoid that approximates the surface of the
earth in the region of interest define a horizontal datum.
6
3.2.12 Geodetic latitude (•). The angle between the plane
of the Equator and the normal to the ellipsoid through the
computation point. Geodetic latitude is positive north of the
equator and negative south of the Equator (See figure 4.2).
7
3.2.22 Orthometric height. See elevation.
3.2.23 Parallel. A line on the earth, or a representation
thereof, that represents the same latitude at every point.
3.2.24 Prime (initial) meridian. A meridian from which the
longitudes of all other meridians are reckoned. This Meridian, of
longitude 00, was traditionally chosen to pass through the
Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England. For new refined
coordinate systems, the location of the prime meridian is defined
by the International earth Rotation Service, Paris, France.
3.2.25 Reference ellipsoid. An ellipsoid whose dimensions
closely approach the dimensions of the geoid; the exact dimensions
are determined by various considerations of the section of the
earth's surface concerned. Usually a bi-axial ellipsoid of
revolution.
8
technical report. Some commonly used conversion factors are
listed in Table 3.1.
TABLE 3.1 Conversion Factors.
r = 18d (3.1)
9
4. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
4.1 Introduction. An understanding of geodesy helps one
understand how to represent the locations of points on or about
the surface of the earth. Terms printed in boldface are defined
in Section 3.2.
10
d. Coordinates generally are represented alpha-
numerically (e.g. latitude 380 51' 22.45"N and
longitude 770 26' 34.56"W). Position data for an area
often are represented graphically, as on a map. The
planar representation on a map provides a distorted
view of features on the curved earth's surface.
Geodesists have developed various mathematical methods
to minimize certain types of map distortions, depending
on the intended use of the map. The process of
relating coordinates of points on a curved surface
(usually an ellipsoid or sphere) to coordinates of
points on a plane is called map projection. The
preferred map projections for DoD are the Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM), used over most of the
landmass, and Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS), used
in the polar regions.
11
>1'-
04.
ra)
0 0-
00
r4~i
C13u
40>
00 0)
0,-
00
+ ~r-4 0
0)0
a) 0
$-i -4
(1) 4-I
(1)
0.
Z,Z
4 -)4 r4
QS 4-)
01) As
4~0) (d
o co,
0 ai) 0oa)
Cu -
a)0)
4)J
12-
4.3 Earth-fixed coordinate systems. There are many
coordinate systems used to represent positions on or near the
earth. The coordinate systems used in this Technical Report are
all earth-fixed. A coordinate system is earth-fixed if the axes
are stationary with respect to the rotating earth. Two primary,
earth-fixed coordinate systems, Cartesian and geodetic, are
discussed in Sections 4.3.1 and 4.3.3, respectively. Conversions
from one to the other are presented in Section 4.3.4.
13
P
/ (x, Y, Z)
Reference (,,,h)
Ellipsoid ..h
14
4.3.2.1 First eccentricity and flattening. Two important
constants are the (first) eccentricity 8 and flattening f that are
related to a and b by
2
82=_ a a2-
(4)
f a -b
a
Latitude limits:
-900 to +90°
-900 at the South Pole
00 at the Equator
+900 at the North Pole
Longitude limits:
0' at the Prime meridian
180°W (-1800) to 180 0 E (+1800)
15
be transformed to the other. In Section 6, transformations
between coordinates on two different reference ellipsoids are
discussed. Map projections are treated in Section 7 and the
general conversion process is summarized in Section 8.1.
4.3.4.1 Geodetic to Cartesian coordinate conversion. If
geodetic coordinates (4, X, h) are known, then the Cartesian
coordinates are given by
Z= R+hi sin
a
S- 82sin 2
See Figure 4.2. Equation sets 4.4 and 4.5 are exact. Calculating
h from elevation (H) is discussed on section 6.5.
4.3.4.2 Cartesian to aeodetic coordinate conversion.
16
tan o= a + (4.7)
b4X-2 _+Y
Z + E,2 b sin3 (.
4X2 + Y2 a F 2 cos 3 (
82= a 2 2
-b 2f - f2 (4.9)
a2 =
a 2 - b 2 E2
es2 -1 - e2
- b2
17
Note: For many applications h is not required and need not be
calculated. An exception to this statement is the computation of
height or elevation for the Global Positioning System (GPS).
4.4 Representation of Geodetic Coordinates Latitude is
given before longitude. Latitude and longitude usually are
numerically represented as: decimal degrees (e.g. 44.440 N);
integer degrees and decimal minutes (e.g.440 44.44'S); or integer
degrees, integer minutes and decimal seconds (e.g. 440 443 44.44",
E). For clarity, numeric fields representing degrees, minutes and
seconds should be ended by the appropriate symbol, respectively
,0o . ,.., and "-". Numeric fields with a value of zero should be
indicated by a "00", and not left blank. The hemisphere of both
latitude and longitude must be shown, preferably by placing an "N"
or "S" at the end of numeric latitude and an "E" or "W" after
numeric longitude.
h = H + N (4.13)
18
5. GEODETIC SYSTEMS AND DATUMS
5.2.2 Geodetic datums and WGS 84. Over the years, hundreds
of geodetic datums have been developed for various locations.
Currently, 113 local geodetic datums have been tied to WGS 84.
Coordinate transformations from local datums to WGS 84 are
discussed in Section 6.
19
5.3 Vertical datums and elevations. By definition, a
vertical datum is a surface of zero elevation. Elevations are
measured (positive upward) from the vertical datum. Ideally, a
vertical datum would closely approximate the geoid.
5.3.2 Vertical datums and mean sea level (MSL). The exact
relationships between different vertical datums are unknown.
Therefore, when shifting datums, all elevations are considered
referenced to MSL regardless of the vertical datum used to
establish them. For Army applications, two exceptions to this
rule are:
a. Conversion of elevations derived from WGS 72 geodetic
height measurements to WGS 84 coordinates (see Section
6.7.1).
20
plane. The epoch is 1984.0. The Y-axis completes a
right-handed, earth-fixed Cartesian coordinate system.
where NWGS 84 is the value of WGS 84 geoid separation for the WGS 84
geodetic position of the point. Appendix D contains a method for
interpolating NwGs 84 from a table of grided values. Table D.1 is a
list of NWGS 84 on a 10° x 100 grid. It is useful for moderate
accuracy mapping and charting applications. TEC will furnish
qualified users with either digital 30' x 30' or 10 x 10 NwGs 84
tables or spherical harmonic expansion tables for survey and high
accuracy applications. Requests should be sent to the address in
the preface.
21
6. DATUM SHIFTS
6.1 Introduction. Several methods are available to shift
coordinates from one geodetic datum to another. To develop these
shifts, coordinates of one or more physical locations must be
known on both datums. Typically, for the local datum to WGS 84
shifts presented in this Technical Report, the WGS 84 coordinates
of local datum survey control points were determined using Doppler
satellite observations. Two classes of datum shift methods are
geometric transformation and polynomial fitting techniques. Only
geometric transformations are discussed here.
a. The generalized geometric transformation model assumes
the origins of the two coordinate systems are offset from
each other; the axes are not parallel; and there is a
scale difference between the two datums. This seven-
parameter model is discussed in Section 6.2. Data from
at least three well-spaced positions are needed to derive
a seven-parameter geometric transformation.
22
Federal Geodetic Control Committee (Federal Register.) Corpscon,
a package incorporating NADCON, is mandated for the Army.Corps of
Engineers (ETL 1110-1-147.) Because NADCON is a survey tool it is
beyond the scope of this Technical Report. Questions can be
addressed to the Survey Division of TEC at the address in the
preface, (703)355-2798, or to the National Geodetic Survey at
(301) 713-3178.
Z LGS
ZWGS 84 -
(I)
XG
LZ YLGS
r7-Ly YWGS 84
AY
XWGS 84
23
The subscript LGS designates Local Geodetic System coordinates and
the subscript WGS 84 designates World Geodetic System 1984
coordinates.
24
the estimates of the errors in the datum shift parameters
also are given. Derivation of AX, AY, and AZ datum shift
parameters is discussed in DMA TR 8350.2-A (1987).
Z WS
WGS 84
4Z
XLGS YWGS 84
AY X
XWGS 84
FIGURE 6.2. Relationship between coordinate axes in a
three-parameter geometric transformation.
6.3.1 Transformation to WGS 84 Cartesian coordinates. In
certain cases, AX, AY, and AZ datum shift parameters can be
applied directly to convert local geodetic system coordinates to
WGS 84 Cartesian coordinates as follows:
Equation set 6.3 is a subset of equation set 6.1 with (0, AV, C, and
AS set to zero.
25
c. Convert WGS 84 geocentric Cartesian coordinates to WGS
84 geodetic coordinates using the methods discussed in
Section 4.3.4.2. Ensure that WGS 1984 ellipsoid
parameters are used.
Equation set 6.4 is a subset of equation set 6.2 with 0), AV, 8, and
AS set to zero.
26
Ah = cos •cos XAX + cos 4sin XAY + sin •AZ
a(l - f)
- W Aa + W sin2 4 (Af)
in which
W2 = 1 - 2sin22
a(1 - E2)
M=
W3
w
0 = LGS
X XLGS
a2 - b2
82 a2 = 2f - f2
.2 a2 -b22b 2 82
2
b2 - 1 -82
27
Aa = awGs 84 - aLs
Af = fWGS 84 - fLGS
where AOWGS 84, AXGS 84, and AhWGS 84 are computed using OWGS 84,
XWGS 84, hwGs84' WGS 84 semi-major axis and flattening, and
the signs of AX, AY, and AZ, as given in Appendix B, are
reversed. Aa and Af are calculated as follows
Aa = aLGS - aWGS 84
Af = fLGS - fWGS 84
28
any errors in the coordinates used to compute the datum
shift.
b. Datum shifts for eight datums were calculated from
sources other than Doppler stations for WGS 84 geodetic
coordinates. No error statistics are provided for these
datums.
GAý = 4(YAx sino cos%)2 + (GAY sino sinX)2 + (yAz cos 0)2
4( 0&= sin?)2 + ( Ay
0
COSX)2 (6.8)
29
6.4.1 Selecting a conversion method. Before selecting a WGS
72 to WGS 84 conversion method, find the source of the WGS 72
coordinates. Select the conversion method using the guidance in
Table 6.1.
30
a. The equations for the direct WGS 72 to WGS 84 geodetic
coordinate transformation are
where
Af = 0.3121057 x 10-7
Aa = 2.0 (meters)
Ar = 1.4 (meters)
Q=
180 3600
OWGS 72 = OWGS 84 + AO
WGS 72 XWGS 84 + AX (6.10)
hWGs 72 = hwGs 84 + Ah
where
Af = 0.3121057 x 10-7
31
awGs 84 = 6378137 (meters)
Aa = 2.0 (meters)
Ar = 1.4 (meters)
Q
180 3600
YAh = 3 m to 4 m
These error estimates do not include errors in the original WGS 72
coordinates. The accuracy estimate for YAh reflects discrepancies
between WGS 72 and WGS 84 geoid models.
32
6.6 Multiple rearession eauations (MRE). The use of MREs
for datum shifting is not recommended.
33
7. MAP PROJECTIONS
34
is used in precise direction and distance calculations using a map
projection's coordinates. The scale factor of a projection is the
ratio of arc length along a differentially small line in the plane
of the projection to arc length on the ellipsoid. This number
depends on both the location of the point and on the direction of
the line along which arc length is being measured. However, for
conformal projections, the scale factor of the projection is
independent of the direction of the line and depends only upon the
location of the point. Since all projections treated in this
Technical Report are conformal, the scale of the projection will
be referred to as the point scale factor (k).
35
evenly spaced straight lines on the projection. Parallels are
projected as parallel straight lines perpendicular to meridians
and satisfy the equation y = constant. Evenly spaced parallels on
the ellipsoid project to unevenly spaced parallels on the
projection. The spacing between projected parallels increases
with distance from the equator. See figure 7.1.
60
500
40
30°0
200-
100
0 °0
00 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
y a ln (4 + 2 C sin
1 + C'sin
-tany7 ) 2 J
or
y = in [(1 + sin
l'
2 1( - sin
i-
I 8 sin • ]
1 + e sin ) 1 (7.2)
36
where a = semi-major axis of the ellipsoid
e = eccentricity
,%,= longitude of the central meridian
a
where N =-
1 - 82 sin2 9
a + (7.4)
t = e (7.5)
After an initial value of
4 0= E- 2 arctan t (7.6)
37
Substitute the initial value (Ao) into equation 7.7 to find the
next candidate 01. Similarly, substitute 0i into equation 7.7 to
obtain the updated candidate, 02. Continue this process until the
difference between successive values of On is sufficiently small.
Then set 0 = On- All angles are measured in radians.
38
00
0 0°
N A2
N A2 sin 0cos
+
N24A 4 sin 4cos 3 #(5 -t 2 + 9112 + 41 4 )
N A6
+ 720 sin *cos 5 4(61 - 58t 2 + t 4 + 270712 - 330t 2112 )
39
where
N= - (7.9)
1I - E2 sin2
t =tan
= - 'cos
82
F- 2
(1 - E2)
2
a -b2
a2
So a[Ao
0 - A 2 sin 20 + A 4 sin 40
- A6 sin 60 + A. sin 841.
Ao2 1 654 56 175
A=1 2- ýý1-jý - 8
64 26 16384
072
35 32V
41 4
A6 = - +-r( 8
)
315
A=- 131072 88
A = - Xo in radians
o= central meridian in radians
where
40
gives the next updated value of 4' When successive values of 4'
are sufficiently close, then the footpoint latitude is found by
setting 01 = -'. A non-iterative method for finding 01 can be
found in NOAA Report NOS NGS 5 (1989).
+ sec ¢k - L6-)
3
+
B5 X'
N-J
where
2t2+1 2 (.3
B3 = 1 + 2t 1 + ¶ (7.13)
2 2 4gt 22
B4 = 5 + 3t1 + Il-41 9 J¶1¶
4 24 424
- 3¶- 66 1T 1 4 90t4T1 +25 1 '
1
e12 -82
(1 -82)
2
T11 82 - 2 21
cos
tj =tan 0 1
a
1i- 82 sin2 41
Sa(1 - C2)
S(41- F2 sin2 O1 )3
If 4 = 2t then 4= ± 900
+±2 (a pole) and is undefined.
41
7.3.2.3 Point scale factor as a function of x and •. As a
function of x and 01, the point scale factor is given by
k2=- + _ _2
(+ + 1 (7.14)
where
C2 2 41 (7.15)
1 12
91 4 _- 24t2
C4 1 + 6112+
= N1
N, 3 NI) 15(J - 315 N(7.18)
where
2 2 4
E2 = 1 + ti- ill - 2111 (7.19)
2 2 4 22 4 24
E4 = 2 + St 1 + 21¶1 + 3t 1 + ti + 9111 - 7tTl
42
SA2 cos 2 A4 cos4 A6 cos6 )
Y=Asin (1 + F 2 3 + F4 15 + F6 315 (7.20)
in which
7.4.1 UTM zones. For the UTM grid system, the ellipsoid is
divided into 60 longitudinal zones of 6 degrees each. Zone .number
one lies between 1800 E and 1860 E. The zone numbers increase
consecutively in the eastward direction. It is intended that a
UTM projection should be used only in one of the 6-degree zones,
plus the overlap area. In each zone, the UTM projection extends
for a 40 km overlap into the two adjacent zones. Moreover, UTM
coordinates are used only between 800 S and 840 N plus the overlap
region. The UTM projection extends to 840 30' N and 800 30' S to
overlap with the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) projections.
43
- - I
44
7.4.1.2 Non-standard width UTM zones. Non-standard
width UTM zones are used in North Atlantic regions and Norway as
delineated in Table 7.1 (see DMA TM 8358.1 (1990). These non-
standard zones may also be applied in the 30' UPS overlap region.
TABLE 7.1. Non-standard zone limits.
I Latitude I Longitude I I
Zone Lower 7Upper West East Central Meridian
31 56 0 N 640 N 00 E 30 E 30 E
32 56 64 3 12 9.
31 72 84 0 9 3
32 72 84 not used
33 72 84 9 21 15
34 72 84 not used
35 72 84 21 33 27
36 72 84 not used
37 72 84 33 42 39
7.4.2 Reference source. The standard references for the UTM
projection are DMA TM 8358.1 (1990) and DMA TM 8358.2 (1989).
7.4.3 UTM eauations.
YTM = YUTM
45
7.4.3.3 Discontinuity. Notice that UTM coordinates are
discontinuous in y at the equator.
46
90°W Pole 900E
45°W 00 45 0 E
x = r sin LA (7.26)
y = ro- r cos LA
where
-Lq
r=K e (7.27)
ro ro K e-LqO
=Ke~
Ni cos 01 N2 cos 02
Le-Lql Le-nq2
47
q = n tan 7c+ 21 - F, sin
2
62 _ a 2 -2 b
a
L =ln(Nj - 41)
n(N 2 Cos 2)
cos
q 2 -q,
qj= q evaluated at Oj , J = 0,1,2
Nj= N evaluated at Oj , j = 1,2
X(7.28)
L
in- K
r
q- L
in which
r - COS (7.29)
0 = arctan
ro- Y
Note: When evaluating the arc tangent, the user must take
care to insure that the resulting angle lies in the desired
quadrant.
48
f()= -q + I in[(- (1- sin + E(sin1(7.
sin 30)
1 - 82
(I- 82 sin 2 4)cos #
-= f,(4 ,) (7.31)
xr sin LA
= (7.32)
y = ro - r cos LA
where
A= -
L = sin 00 (7.33)
K = No cot *o e qO
r=Ke -Lq
rro e-Lqo
KK eL
qo =q evaluated at 00
No = N evaluated at 00
49
7.5.2.2 Findina WAX) with one standard parallel. To
transform in the other direction, suppose that x, y, 00, and Xo
are given. First, compute L, K, No, qo, r, and r. from equation
set 7.33. Then, as in the previous case, (0, X) can be found from
0 S=•+
•o(7.34)
L
K
in K
r
q -L
in which
r - (7.35)
Cos 0
0 = arctan ro-x y
k =(7.36)
N cos
50
7.6 Polar Stereographic orolection. The Polar
Stereographic projection is a limiting case of the Lambert
conformal conic projection when the one standard parallel
approaches a pole. In this conformal projection meridians are
straight lines, parallels are concentric circles, and the point
scale factor is one at the pole (see Figure 7.5).
x = r sinX (7.37)
y = -r cos • (Northern hemisphere)
y = r cos X (Southern hemisphere)
in which
r =K tan W 1 + E sin 10i (7.38)
b= (1 +
2a2 (1__ '2
K
a
2 - b2
2
a
51
1i1 denotes the absolute value of •.
(4, • is expressed in radians.
S= - arctan
0 (Northern hemisphere) (7.39)
y
= arctan (Southern hemisphere)
y
If (x, y) # (0, 0), then x, y or both are non-zero. Use one of
these non-zero values to find q from the equations
where
22(1 F
KI
= aF (7.41)
f~~ -q+
~ l + sin .1
•- E sin (7.42
f(2) = -Q+±in[ - sin + sn (7.42)
1 - 82
(1- sin 2
82 4)cos
q R
0= 2 arctan e -2
52
Then, successive iterations for are found from the equation
where
tan F = I cos
Y •0
2 K co X
2a2 (1_-__
12
A +2 5 1 6+
13
-8
TV~4++2~
72+
3606
7 + 29 6+-811 -8
C 7 6 81 8
D 4279
161280
a
2 - b2
C2
a2
53
Since this procedure yields a positive value of 4, replace 4 by -4
in the southern hemisphere.
7.6.1.4 Finding the point scale factor. The point scale
factor is given by
where
I} -C 1 + E sin 101
r =K tan (4 2 ( 1 £ sin 1 (7.47)
b- P2,
K =
a
N-
S - E2 sin2
54
1800
900 W
1,/ 90 0E
00
The limits of the system are north of 840 N and south of 800 S. In
order to provide a 30-minute overlap with the UTM grid, the UPS
0
grid contains an overlap that extends to 83 °30'N and 790 30'S.
Although the UPS grid originally was defined to use the
International Ellipsoid, in practice several reference ellipsoids
have been used. The ellipsoid appropriate to the selected datum
should be used.
55
1 (xups - 2,000,000) (7.51)
1
Yps - 0.994 (Yups - 2,000,000)
S=-arctan
-(Xups - 2,000,000) (Northern hemisphere) (7.52)
(Yups - 2,000,000)
+=arctan (Xups - 2,000,000) (Southern hemisphere)
(Yaps - 2,000,000)
in which
X
S2 z (7.53)
z (Xups -2,000,000)
tan 2 = 0.994K sin X Xups • 2,000,000
- 2
K
b (÷
2 2
a - b
a2
56
7.7.3 Finding point scale factor and converaence of the
meridian. The point scale factor and convergence of the meridian
are
X (Northern
S= hemisphere)
A=
- (Southern hemisphere)
7.8.1 MGRS coordinates in the UTM area. In the UTM area, MGRS
coordinates are based on the ellipsoid, geodetic latitude, UTM
zone, easting and northing as follows:
57
omitting I and 0. The bands are all 80 high except band X (72 0 N to
84 0 N), which is 120 high.
c. The fourth and fifth characters of the MGRS coordinate
are a pair of letters representing the 100,000-meter grid square.
The letter pair can be selected from figure 7.7 and 7.8 (from DMA
TM 8358.1.) First, reduce the UTM northing by multiples of
2,000,000 until the resulting value is in the range of 0 to
1,999,999 meters. Second, reduce the UTM northing and easting
values to the nearest 100,000 meters. Third, locate the
corresponding 100,000 meter northing and easting grid lines for
the UTM zone number on the figure. The grid square identifier
will be immediately above and to the right of the intersection of
the easting and northing grid lines on the figure.
58
- - - U00~0,09
o
z= ; - in - 000,00 9
o.v . - a
S - 000-009
CJ .~ a i5.. a g C& L
- 000,00S
w
0000,00
a ~ a I LL W0,00'a
= 2 a 2 E I
o~~i I . .. C L 23 a
W000,00Z
-C77-- - - - - - - - - - - - L 000,00L
~ao - ga.~
V
~T' le
a
T
.a C L a a a = in
CC- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - CCOm
Ea ) E a a a 0 - 0 0 0.
-a a a m 12I
Earn.5
aSaa
- - - - - -
a a
- - - - - - _ - - 000.00t
I- - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - 000 ,009 D 0
W000,00C
o~~~S
a - a L 2 - 1.a
aý a a a am
---- --- --- ---- --- ---
C. - & 2L ~..- C LI a a
o C e C.. C.
. C. C. C C.0. C.0' 9
_ 2' a 2 C LI a 000C-0aS
~in-----------------------------------------------------------------~ 00009~'OOVO
a. 5.
a 2 - ~ 5 a ~ a a = a i
i Na e ~LI~*a a~~~~~
'
a = a a a a0 a a- ,a Eo
- a I - a 000. Z
ao~ a . -a a L 2
-. - C I OOGO
- CDm
I"---------------------------------------------------59 000
•=
- • • !•= I*• • _ 000o009
V v v-I- r- -I 000009
S- 000009
---- = ..E t 000,00;
•= _ __:I'000"00V
-;_
> = 1= = I = - - -• I= • • I ; ,
= = = != = • I ' i ! u000'00E
g =",
=" '- , I-I I, ' ,, AA M
i==
000,00;
-o 000•009 C•
, '- = a a
. .. C= __. = . . .. 1=U=-
_ U -- ' 000,00t
C' C C .,, C
- -1
- - o -
-000.00E -C[-
IF ,
000,00E 0 0
S- - - - -
I ts 0
a a S- s
. . . .
=,-=~~000o - " eK.
" " '; oooDoo;
oo• £ , Z
Z0 r-""
W 000*009
a~ ~~~~~ I I I I I
a,
m_ =E I e E LL
0 Or0 >~.
U U U W
I - 00=.00a
a S 00*0 00
5, W rE ME a i =
=
==..
-•- -- -=-,/ !-- - - - - - - - -I=• ,.
". • L
= 000,009
.a . . .. U. -I,= ..
E,- ,.
ast' a I , _ ooo0oo0.
E 1 E•= " !=
1• - El: - -~ ~ -. t '- 1 1E 1 I , •
d 1 000,00t
o =b C= °C ° = - = 222
-----
S 1,..-
60
z
z 0 Ci
0z w
Z .LLJC~)
C_ 0 Z
(i,6* - wiu
0i <
~LLJ
10 -elH
21NP
F3 'W -OGG
0 -61
z
L-LiJ
ow U
0-~
Is.. SL
CY~ CL zL0
i ~ 78
.06 ._jO L
.o ________o__
CD L.,
-0. - --a co -
-j
u -4
'o \40Yr _____
t .o
c o~ i (
0.6 2 96_j i0
i62
b. The second and third characters of the MGRS coordinate
are letters representing a 100,000 meter grid square. The letter
pair can be selected from figure 7.9 or 7.10 (from DMA TM 8358.1.)
Reduce the UPS easting and northing values to the nearest 100,000
meters. Locate the corresponding 100,000 meter northing and
easting grid lines for the UTM zone number on the figure. The
grid square identifier will be immediatly above and to the right
of the intersection of the easting and northing grid lines on the
figure.
63
4. The map projection coordinates (Xp, Yp) and scale factor
(kp) can be converted to local projection coordinates
using equations 7.55 if the origin of the local
projection is the same as the origin of that projection
as used in this technical report. Those origins are
central meridian (%o) and equator for Transverse
Mercator and Mercator projections, and standard
parallel(s) and equator for the Lambert Conformal
projection.
X =koXp + E
Y =kYp + N (7.55)
k =kkp
7=YP
where
64
Y = koYTM + N - koSýo (7.56)
where
65
8. SELECTION OF TECHNIOUES. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT, AND TESTING
where
66
b. Figure 8.2 represents coordinate conversions within a
datum as described in Section 4.3.4 and 6.5.
X,Y,Z
where
X, Y, Z = Cartesian coordinates
4, X, h = geodetic coordinates (latitude, longitude,
geodetic height)
H = elevation
B = geodetic height to/from elevation conversion
C = geodetic coordinate to/from Cartesian coordinate
conversion
Note that a conversion between Cartesian coordinates (X,Y,Z)
and local datum coordinates(o,%,H) is not a direct conversion
and requires going through the geodetic coordinates (OA,h).
67
L~Q~LIDatimWGS 84
o x•yJiii~zi •
x-•
X, Y, Z = Cartesian coordinates
•, , h = geodetic coordinates (latitude, longitude,
geodetic height)
H = elevation
C = geodetic coordinate to/from Cartesian coordinate
conversion
AA = Cartesian coordinate-based datum shifts
BB = geodetic coordinate-based datum shifts
CC = elevations are unchanged
68
WGS 84
x, Y, z
Bh
A ,IHX, A
___HH
where
69
g. The Cartesian coordinate-based datum shifts (AA) include:
70
a. Aoproach 1 - Three-steo method using a seven-parameter
shift.
71
2. Compute (0,%)LGS from (X,Y,Z)LGS using equation sets
4.6 through 4.10 with the parameters of the local
ellipsoid.
72
a. Aporoach 1 - Usina a seven-parameter datum shift
73
Special, high accuracy applications are outside the scope of this
Technical Report (see Section 1.2).
Parameter sets for AX, AY, AZ shifts are found in Appendix B, and
seven-parameter geometric shifts are contained in Appendix E. Be
sure to use the same method throughout a project, identifying the
method chosen in the project documentation so that future users of
the data can replicate or backtrace your results.
74
parameters were deri'ýed from essentially the same set of
control data, and errors were estimated by using a
comparison to the same data. For small datums, with
poorly distributed control, the better fitting shift type
may not be more accurate. The seven-parameter model
cannot accurately represent datum rotations and scale
changes unless the control is geometrically well
distributed across the datum.
75
accurate, but acceptable, technique. The data are simply
degraded less by the more accurate method; the
transformed data can be no better than the input data.
For example, techniques that achieve geodetic accuracy
must be used when geodetic accuracy is needed. Such
techniques can be used with a 1:250,000-scale product,
but the transformed data still have the accuracy of a
1:250,000 product.
76
acceptable accuracy. Since the code for a transformation
and its inverse might contain mistakes that cancel each
other, circular testing can not prove that code is
correct. At best, it can demonstrate that code is
faulty.
77
coordinate conversion and datum Shifting are primarily software
processes. For the datum shifting and coordinate conversion, the
system model will probably be a simple, serial process. That is,
the output of one process will be the input for the next, with no
feedback to prior processes. For trade-off studies, alternate
system models can be developed to evaluate accuracy versus
implementation.
8.3.2 Error estimates. Once the system error model has been
described, error estimates must be assigned to each process and
data source in the model. When this is done, the analyst will
quickly determine which error sources can be neglected and which
must be propagated through the model.
78
Table 8.1. Accuracy auidance for ecuations
79
a. The reference for the error estimates must be established
(i.e. the ellipsoid or the map sheet). It may be
necessary to scale from one reference to another.
+2(x
OV) (8.1)
if the values of Ox and Oy are reasonably close.
Factors to convert between different levels of
probability are given in Table 8.2.
8.3.4 Error Dronaaation. Assuming the error estimates are
statistically independent and have been converted to the same
units and statistical type, they may be propagated through a
simple, serial system model using the Root-Sum-Square (RSS)
technique. 1
80
Table 8.2. Probability Level Conversion Factors
Notation
81
a. The system model is shown in Figure 8.5. In this model,
it is assumed that computer-related issues will
not degrade coordinate conversion and datum shift
calculations. Also, it is assumed that the
representation of the digitized data will not change
through the rest of the process. Often this assumption
is not valid because digital data representation must be
changed to a predetermined format. Such data
modifications can introduce error.
b. The error estimates for each of the elements in the model
are
Element Error
82
3. The datum shift parameter error estimates, YAx, GAY,
GAz, must be converted to YAO and GA, then to CEP.
Using the above values for GAx, GAY, and GAz, 0 = 37.50
and X = 1270, equation set 6.8 yields CA = 3.34 m
and GA = 4.38 m.
83
Figure 8.5. System Model
1:50,000
Class A Map
Digitize
Convert UTM to
Geodetic
Convert Geodetic
to XYZ
3-S'Dte Datum Shift1
Shift Tokyo Datum Paraeters
('.Datum.
Shiftto WGS 84 , AY, AZ
Convert XYZ
to Geodetic
Convert Geodetic
to U TM
Plot
84
8.4 Numerical Examples.
h = 203.380 m
a = 6378137
f = 0-.00335281066474
E2 = 2f - f2 = 0.00669437999013
b = a(l - f) = 6356752.3142
a
RN 1•- E2a sin2 =I
6388070.57383009
85
ZWGS 84 = RN + h sino= 4323399.2717
N27
f0 = arctan a Z
+ y2
] = 0.74788820090716142 radians
b 4X2
82 = 2f - f2 0.0067686579973
.
and
8'e2
12 -le e2 = 0.0068147849459
.
2.1 Find the UTM zone z and the central meridian Xo from
equations 7.22 and 7.23.
86
(180 X
z = greatest integer <I - 29
z = 19
A2 = (
(62 + + ý6 8 = 0.2542555420215 x 10-2
15•3677-8
A4 = (--81--8) 0.2698010542695 x 10-s
35 F6 41 8)X 0-
A6 302 6 - = 0.3502448582027 x 108
315
A 8 = - 131072 88 = -0.5044416191579 x 10-11
So= 4756711.680282
N =N =
N=RN= V1 - E2a sin2 = 6388250.562973
A= -- = -0.04585156272818 radians
8
87
2.2.2 Calculate the Transverse Mercator projection
coordinates (xTMyT
N A2
y~m so + -2 sin 4cos 4
N 24 sin 4cos3 * (5 -t2 + 9112 + 4114)
xTm -214408.9715411
yTm= 4760061.989246
XUTM = 285676.792
YUTM = 4758157.964
8.4.2 Exmle85 Convert WGS 84 geodetic coordinates
(4),,h) to geodetic coordinates (OA,,h) in the NAD 27 reference
system using the standard Molodensky method.
This example converts WGS 84 geodetic coordinates to NAD 27
coordinates using the standard Molodensky method.
88
Step 1: Compute Aa, Af, W2, M, N, E2, and e,2 using equation set
6.5. Obtain aWGs 84, ANAD 27, fWGS 84, and fNAD27 from Table A.1.
82 = 2f - f2 = 0.006694379990
82
E82 E2 0.006739496742
W 4i 2
= - 82 sin o = 0.9984449805
a
N RN =: = 6388070.574
a(1 - 82)
M W3 6365086.681
Step 2: Compute AO and AX, and Ah using equation set 6.5, and
AX, AY, and AZ datum shifts from Appendix B for datum code NAS-A.
In this example, the signs of AX, AY, and AZ are reversed from
those of Appendix B due to the direction of the datum shift (WGS
84 to local coordinates).
8 2 sin4~cos•Aa+
A= [(-sinocosXAx - sinosinXy + cos4Az + W +
AO 0.131,,
[-sinX&x + cosXAy]
{(N + h)cos2]
X
a(l - f) snfA
Ah = cosocosXx + cososinXAy + sinOAz - WAa +sin 2f Af
Ah = 28.65 m
89
ONAD 27 = *WGS 84 + AO = 420 56'52.294"N
E = 42f - f 2 = 0.0818191908426
[t I• 2•> ( 1 - 8 sin • 21 - 5274911.868
y = a ln [tan (+ "2)1 + 8 sin 0 =)1
x = 41569.357
y = 5274911.868
90
This example converts WGS 84 Mercator coordinates to WGS 84
latitude and longitude.
x = 41569.3572
y = 5274911.8684
ko = 2880E = 5.0265482457 radians
82 = 2f - f2 = 0.00669437999013
8 = 0.0818191908426
n1 r- - sin On 2
On+1 2 - 2 arctan (t Li +8 sin
= 0.7495688569418636
91
X= 2880 22' 24.326"E or 710 37' 35.674"W
1
YTM - 0.9996 YUTM = 4,760,058.8796
E2 = 2f - f2 = 0.6768657997291 X 10-2
82
92
12
8 63 64 25 p6 175
6 8 0.998305681856
A0 6 256 16384
A2 =
3(214
8:f+2
1586
128 855
4096 C8= 0.2542555420215 X 10-2
15 3 6 77
A_ _ ( + -8 = 0.2698010542695 X 10
35 ( -41 )
A6 - 3072 (8-6 - 88 = 0.3502448582027 X 10-8
315
A8 = - 131072 88 = - 0.5044416191579 X 10-11
= M = 0.7463005398433 radians
a
So = 0.4735829138159 X 107
2.6 Calculate S'O using equation set 7.11 and the estimate of
0o 4i.
s'= a[A0 - 2A 2 cos 24 + 4A 4 cos 4ý - 6A 6 cos 64 + 8A 8 cos 84]
93
For this example, the final value of 1i is:
a
N, = 6,388,261.949762
4i - 82 sin2 1i -
a (i1- 2)
R ( sin2
(,i ai- 82 = 6,365,044.225886
t 1 Nr~
L X-2 .B4 (X' 4 B6 (X 61
I (N ) -24
01 R,12 ~NJ + 720 (NJ)
= 0.74958094314009481 radians = 420 56' 52.168"
3( 5( %
=o + sec 0
94
Beginning WGS 84 coordinates are
Standard parallels:
Origin:
F = 42f - f = 0.0818191908426
in tan
[= ( +
xO
.(
I- e sin
]
where i = null, 1, 2, 0
q(O) = 0.8270301921136922
q(01) = 0.8164293462094778
q(02) = 0.8282703592274435
q(40) = 0.8164293462094778
N (0j) =a
i92
1) sin2 i
95
N(OO) = 6387903.46785173
N(02) = 6388090.05758619
L E-LqI
1 L E- 2
r =K-Lq(O) = 6888432.18075871
r0=K-LQ(o) = 6938179.32109766
y = r0 - r cos L(X - XO
0) = 49814.5521555
x = 30474.890
y = 49814.552
01 = 420 30'00" = 0.7417649320976 radians
02 = 430 00'00" = 0.7504915783576 radians
k = 420 30'00" = 0.7417649320976 radians
Xo = 2880 00-00" = 5.0265482457437 radians
96
Step 1: Compute E, L,r 0ok,NjN 2 ,go,q 1 , and q 2 using equation set
7.27. Obtain a from Table A.I.
E = V2f - f2 = 0.0818191908426
qo= 0.8164293462094778
ql = 0.8164293462094778
q2 = 0.8282703592274435
Ni=a a
1 - E2 sin2 *.
N, = 6387903.467851727
N 2 = 6388090.057586191
K Le-IQ
Nic=so, - Le-Lq 2- = 12076169.25203651
N2cs2
r - c - 6888432.18091526
97
Step 5: Compute q using equation set 7.28.
ln (r)
q L - 0.8270301920802524
98
Beginning coordinates are
82 = 2f - f 2
0.0067226700623
=
8 = 0.08199189022
£
2
K=] 2a (1 - 6)
= 12713920.17558161
b a + e)
SKtan
(•1 + E sin 10l1
r = sin 1 21)
2 303059.087879879
x = 2222991.410
y = 1797464.051
99
Xups - 2000000
X
=
-s 0.994 = 224337.434205231
Yus- 2000000
YPS = 0.994 = -203758.500100604
K Icos •I
q = 3.73652495299514
Step 6:. Compute f(# 0 ) and f' ( 0 o) using equation set 7.42.
f()1 -q + L [( + sin • (1- E sin •
E) 1
2 =n - sin 0)(1+ , sin
f(4o) = -0.006730109061328
I - F2
f() = - 1i2sn)os = 20.9875717033244
(I - 82 sin2o) coso
100
Step 8: Iterate steps 6 and 7 until successive values of the
geodetic latitude are sufficiently close.
S= 1320 14-52.303"E
8.5 List of test points. The test points listed here are
taken from DMA TM 8358.2 (1989) and Snyder (1987).
Mercator
)= 350 N
= 750 W (2850 E)
x = 11,688,673.7 m
y = 4,139,145.6 m
k = 1.2194146
4 = 400 30' N
S= 730 30' W (2860 30' E)
x = 627,106.5 m
y = 4,484,124.4 m
k = 0.9997989
Origin: 00 = 230 N
Xo = 960 W (2640 E)
101
= 350 N
= 750 W (2850 E)
x = 1,894,410.9 m
y = 1,564,649.5 m
k = 0.9970171
y = 1,797,464.051 m
x = 2,222,991.410 m
102
9. NOTES
Cartography
Charts
Coordinate Systems
Datums
Elevation
Geodetic Satellites
Geodesy
Geodetic Coordinates
Geographic Coordinates
Grids
Hydrographic Surveying
Latitude
.Longitude
Map Projection
Mapping
Maps
MC&G
Mean Sea Level
Military Standards
Photogrammetry
Proj ect ions
Surveying
Topographic Maps
Topography
UTM
103
APPENDIX A
REFERENCE ELLIPSOID PARAMETERS
10. GENERAL
4J(3L 0)()--.
00 00 L ('4 U-~~)
O~4-)
Lr
c) N(Y)T
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1OOO r-AL)r N.)
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Q)(0rA- r 1) Q O r H - r - (1Q zd
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0 0 00)
APPENDIX B
10. GENERAL
10.1 Scop._ This appendix identifies the ellipsoid center shift
transformation parameters used to transform a local geodetic system
to WGS 84. An identifier, the reference ellipsoid, AX, AY, AZ
shifts, and the estimated errors (0) in the shifts are listed for
each local geodetic system.
20. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.
30.1 Aoolication. The AX, AY, and AZ shifts are used for datum
transformations using the three-step method discussed in section
6.3, and shown by equation sets 6.3 and 6.4.
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DATUM LIST
10. GENERAL
10.1 Scone. This appendix consists of a list of countries and
geographic areas and their associated datums.
20. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.
129
TABLE C-I
Countries and Their Associated Datums
Bangladesh Indian
Cameroon Adindan
Minna
Eritrea Massawa
Ethiopia Adindan
Gabon M'poraloko
Ghana Leigon
Guinea-Bissau Bissau
Guinea Dabola
Korea Tokyo
Mali Adindan
Morocco Merchich
Namibia Schwarzeck
Nepal Indian
Niger Point 58
Nigeria Minna
Okinawa Tokyo
Oman Oman
Senegal Adindan
Somalia Afgooye
Sudan Adindan
Surinam Zanderij
Taiwan Hu-Tzu-Shan
Thailand Indian
Tunisia Carthage
Uruguay Yacare
TABLE C-1 (cont'd)
Countries and Their Associated Datums
COUNTRY/QEOGRAPHIC AREA
Vietnam Indian
Where
a 0 = N,
a, = N2 - N1
a 2 =N 4 - N,
a 3 = N1 + N 3 - N 2 - N 4
x= (0 - )
(02 - 01)
145
= Geodetic latitude of Point P
X = Geodetic longitude of Point P
N1 , N2 , N3 , N4 = Known geoid heights at grid points used in the
interpolation process.
N(( 0)Ns( •
N4,0) N( 0 X2,
N(Or X)
N2(01, X2
146
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10. GENERAL
10.1 Scope. This appendix provides the data needed to perform
seven-parameter geometric datum shifts between two local geodetic
systems and WGS 84.
20. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS.
149
TABLE E.1
150
APPENDIX F
Old Hawaiian Datum with International Ellipsoid'
10. GENERAL
10.1 Scope. This appendix provides the information needed to
shift coordinates between the Clarke 1866 and International in the
Old Hawaiian datum.
In UTM Zone 4
Ec 6 6 = EIN - 3 (I.l)
NC6 6 = NINT - 169
In UTM Zone 5
Ec 6 6 = EIN + 13 (1.2)
Nc66 = NINT - 169
151
To convert Old Hawaiian datum UTM coordinates on the Clarke
1866 ellipsoid to the International ellipsoid use:
In UTM Zone 4
In UTM Zone 5
EINT = Ec 6 6 - 13 (1.4)
NINT = Nc66 + 169
Zone = 4
EINT= 606,428
NINT = 2,358,722
EC6 6 = 606,425
NC66 = 2,358,553
152
(OWGS 84 = 210 19' 26. 069"N
XWGS 84 = 1570 58' 15.766"W
153