WEBINAR SERIES TEKNIK SIPIL SESSION 30

TEKNOLOGI BETON DAUR ULANG

(Recycled Concrete Technology)

7 Agustus 2020
Curriculum Vitae
Dr.Eng. Achfas Zacoeb, ST, MT

Position
1999 - Now : Faculty Member in Department of Civil Engineering,
Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
2010 : Visiting Scholar in Department of Civil Engineering,
National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
2013 : Visiting Researcher in Environmental Construction Materials Lab.,
Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
Education
1998 ST in Civil Engineering from Brawijaya University, Indonesia
2003 MT in Structural Engineering from Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
(awarded the Postgraduate Program Scholarship/BPPS)
2009 Dr.Eng in Engineering Systems and Technology from Saga University, Japan
(awarded the Monbukagakusho Scholarship)
Interest : Structural, Concrete, and Forensic Engineering
Scopus ID : 36669740500
Mobile/WA : +62 81233978339 www.zacoeb.lecture.ub.ac.id
Outline Presentation

Overview:

1. Background
2. Constituent Materials
3. Recycle Process
4. Mix Design
5. Specimens
6. Testing
7. Application Example
Background

Several factors can be considered in this category:

❑ Reduced land disposal and dumping from CDW, the use of
recycled concrete pavement eliminates the development of
waste stockpiles of concrete.
❑ Recycled material can be used within the same area, which
can lead to a decrease in energy consumption from hauling
and producing aggregate.
❑ It can help improve air quality through reduced transportation
source emissions.
❑ Conservation of virgin/natural aggregate, many countries have
placed a tax on the use of virgin aggregates. This process is
being used as an incentive to recycle aggregates.
Constituent Materials

❑ Cement: (PC → SNI 15-2049-2004)

(PPC → SNI 15-0302-2004)
(PCC → SNI 15-7064-2004)
(SC → SNI 6385-2016)
❑ Water: (Specification → SNI 7974-2013)
▪ Potable water → no testing needed
▪ Non potable or combined mixing water → testing required
▪ Recycled Water → solids content tested daily
❑ Aggregates: (Coarse and Fine → SII.0052-80, SNI 03-1749-
1990, SNI 03-1750-1990, ASTM C33-16, SNI 2847-2019)
❑ Admixtures: 7 Types ( A, B, C, D, E, F, G) → ASTM C494-05)
❑ Mineral Additives: such as fly ash, steel slag, silica fume, etc.
(that contain CaO, SiO2, Fe203, Fe0, Mg0, and MnO)
Constituent Materials (cont’d)

Concrete configuration:

Filler Concrete Admixtures

Aggregate Mortar Pasta

Coarse Fine Additives Cement

Water
Aggregate Aggregate
Recycle Process

Process of waste concrete recycling:

Recycle Process (cont’d)

Development of reuse technology for “returned concrete"

Mix Design

❑ DoE Method developed by Department of Environment

(England), adopted by Public Work Department (Departemen
PU, Indonesia) as design standard → SNI 03-2834-2000,
"Tata cara pembuatan rencana campuran beton normal“
❑ ACI Method developed by American Concrete Institute
(American), adopted as reference → SNI 7656:2012, “Tata
cara pemilihan campuran untuk beton normal, beton berat
dan beton massa”
❑ Secara garis besar kedua metode tersebut didasarkan pada
hubungan empiris, bagan, grafik dan tabel, tetapi pada
beberapa prosedur terdapat perbedaan.
Mix Design (cont’d)

Prosedur perancangan campuran beton (Alkhaly, 2016)

SNI 03-2834-2000 SNI 7656:2012

Specimens
Specimens (cont’d)

Mixing Procedures of RAC (Tam & Tam, 2007)

Specimens (cont’d)
Testing

Fresh concrete tests measure factors such as strength,

consistency, unit weight, air content, and temperature. By
performing such tests consistently, you can detect changes in
concrete that may affect its long term performance.

Workability: ASTM C143-20 Air Content: ASTM C231-17

SNI 1972:2008 SNI 3418:2011
Testing (cont’d)

Hardened concrete tests is

important:
❑ To investigate the fundamental
physical behavior of concrete
such as elastic properties,  and
strength characteristics, .
❑ To determined physical material
constants like the modulus of
elasticity, E and poisson ratio, .
Compressive Strength:
ASTM C39-03
SNI 1974:2011
Application Example

❑ RCA (Recycled Concrete Aggregate or reclaimed concrete

aggregate), as a product of demolishing old concrete
structures, crushing the concrete, and using the crushed
materials as aggregate is not new.
❑ CCA (Crushed Concrete Aggregate or crushed returned
concrete), as a portion of the aggregate component in new
concrete on ready mix batching plant.
❑ RAC (Recycled Aggregate Concrete), is concrete that
produced by using fully or partially of RCA.
Application Example (cont’d)

Schematic diagram of recycled aggregate (RA)

Application Example (cont’d)

RAC Production
❑ Conventional
▪ Manually by hammering
▪ Machinery by crushing
❑ Non Conventional
▪ Physical technology by removing the adhered cement
pastes by mechanical forces or heat.
▪ Chemical technology by covering the adhered cement
pastes by immersing recycled aggregates into specific
chemical grout.
▪ Carbonation technology by improving the density of
attached cement pastes by carbonation reaction.
Physical Technology

1. Vertical eccentric grinding method

Put the recycled aggregates into the vertical eccentric grinding
equipment, under the high speed rotation of inner eccentric
wheel, cement paste adhered to recycled aggregates will be
removed, so are the recycled aggregates’ protuberant edges.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

Vertical eccentric grinding equipment

Source: Yanagibashi K, et al. A new concrete recycling technique for coarse
aggregate regeneration process[J]. Thomas Telford, 2002.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

2. Horizontal gyration grinding method

When recycled aggregates that need to be modified are put
into the horizontal gyration grinding equipment, under the
interaction effects of grinding blocks, lining plates and
aggregates, the strength of recycled aggregates will be
improved.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

Diagram and internal structure of horizontal gyration grinding equipment

Source: 李秋, 李云霞, 朱崇 ,等. 再生混凝土骨料强化技 究[J]. 混凝土,
2006(1):74-77
Physical Technology (cont’d)

3. Abrasive grinding method

The use of ball mill or rod mill to remove effectively the
adhering hardened cement pastes can produce high quality
recycled aggregates; this idea can be described as abrasive
grinding method.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

Ball milling equipment of abrasive grinding method

Source: Quattrone M, et al. Energy and CO2, from high performance recycled aggregate
production[J]. Resources Conservation & Recycling, 2014, 90(7):21-33.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

4. Heating and rubbing method

The preliminary crushed concrete blocks were heated to 300 ~
400℃ to make cement pastes brittle with their dehydration,
then the concrete will be rubbed in two equipment to
strengthen the recycled aggregates.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

Heating and rubbing method

Source: Shima H, et al. An advanced concrete recycling technology and its applicability
assessment through input-output analysis[J]. Journal of Advanced Concrete
Technology, 2005, 3(1): 53-67.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

5. Particle shaping method

Recycled aggregates put into the particle shaping equipment
will collide with each other. After several times’ collisions the
recycled aggregates will have smooth surface, good particle
shape, and the bulk density will be improved with higher purity.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

The configuration and structural diagram of the particle shaping equipment

Source: Li Q, et al. Strengthening technique of recycled concrete aggregate[J]. Concrete,
2006(1): 74-77.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

6. Microwave-assisted method
A novel microwave-assisted method may be effectively used to
partially remove the adhering cement paste by developing high
temperature gradients and high thermal stresses within the
mortar, especially at the interfacial zone with the gravels.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

Pilot microwave heating system used for experimental program

Source: Akbarnezhada A, et al. Microwave-assisted beneficiation of recycled concrete
aggregates[J]. Construction and Building Materials, 2011(25): 3469-3479.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

7. Pulse power discharge method

The method involves two principles of destruction: destructive
discharge paths, and shockwaves caused by heat expansion
from such paths. The discharges propagate into and weaken
the concrete’s cement paste based on its characteristic of
containing fine air bubbles where electric fields tend to
concentrate. Discharge paths from readily in cement paste, and
the resulting shockwaves create tensile stress boundaries
between paste and coarse aggregate, thereby causing them to
separate.
Physical Technology (cont’d)

Source: Inoue S, et al. Concrete recycling by pulsed power discharge inside concrete
[J]. International Journal of Plasma Environmental Science & Technology, 2012,
6(2):183-188.
Summary

Summary of physical technology with the assistance of the

mechanical/heat forces to remove the adhering old cement
pastes, then the modified recycled aggregates have high purity
of gravels. However, this technology has the following
disadvantages:
✓ Consume more energy and
resources;
✓ Demand complicated equipment;
✓ High cost.
Therefore, physical technology is not suitable for all cases. Even
so, the current recycled aggregates modification is mainly by
physical technology.
 Let’s Discussion
and
Thanks for Your Kind Attention!

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