Chapter-14

factorization
CONTENT:
 Introduction
 Factors of algebraic expressions
 Factorisation
 Method of common factors
 Factorisation by regrouping terms
 Exercise- 14.1
 Factorisation using identities
 Factors of the form ( x+a )( x+b )
 Exercise -14.2
Factor:-

The numbers -12, -6,-4,-3 -2, -1, 1,

2,3,4, 6, and 12 are all factors of 12
because they divide 12 without a
remainder. It is an important process
in algebra which is used to simplify
expressions, simplify fractions, and
solve equations. It is also called as
Algebra factorization.
Prime factors of 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 is
called the prime factorization of 12.

Prime factors are those factors

which cannot be further expressed
as a product of factors. Prime
factors are also called irreducible
factors.
Definition Of Factorization

Factorization is a method of writing

numbers as the product of their factors or
divisors.
More About Factorization
When the factors of a number are
multiplied together, they give the original
number.
Normally factorization is done by using
prime factorization method.
Factorisation is the reverse process of
multiplication.

factorisation

Algebraic expression Factors

multiplication
Factorisation:-

When we factorise an algebraic

expression, we write it as a product of
factors. These factors may be
numbers, algebraic variables or
algebraic expressions.

Expressions like 2
3𝑥𝑦, 5𝑥 𝑦, 2𝑥(𝑥 + 2)
are already in factor form.
Exercise – 14.1
Find the common factors of the given term.
(iii) 14pq, 28p2q2
Solution:
14𝑝𝑞 = (2 × 7 × 𝑝 × 𝑞)

28𝑝2𝑞2 = (2 × 2 × 7 × 𝑝 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 × 𝑞)

Common factors are 2 × 7 × 𝑝 × 𝑞 = 14𝑝𝑞

Hence, the common factor = 14𝑝𝑞

(v) 6𝑎𝑏𝑐, 24𝑎𝑏2, 12𝑎2𝑏
Solution:-
6𝑎𝑏𝑐 = (2 × 3 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑐)

24𝑎𝑏2 = (2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 × 𝑏)

12𝑎2𝑏 = (2 × 2 × 3 × 𝑎 × 𝑎 × 𝑏)

Common factors are 2 × 3 × 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 6𝑎𝑏

Hence, the common factor = 6𝑎𝑏

(vi) 16𝑥3, −4𝑥2, 32𝑥
Solution:-
16𝑥3 = (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥)

−4𝑥2 = −(2 × 2 × 𝑥 × 𝑥)

32𝑥 = (2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 𝑥)

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 2 × 2 × 𝑥 = 4𝑥

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 4𝑥

(viii) 3𝑥2𝑦2, 10𝑥3𝑦2, 6𝑥2𝑦2𝑧
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
3𝑥2𝑦2 = (3 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦)

10𝑥3𝑦2 = (2 × 5 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦)

6𝑥2𝑦2 = (2 × 3 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 × 𝑧)

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑦 × 𝑦 = 𝑥2𝑦

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥2𝑦2.

Factorise the following expression.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 7𝑎2 + 14𝑎
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
7𝑎2 + 14𝑎
= 7𝑎(𝑎 + 2)

(𝑣) 20𝑙2𝑚 + 30𝑎𝑙𝑚

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: −
20𝑙2𝑚 + 30𝑎𝑙𝑚
= 10𝑙𝑚(2𝑙 + 3𝑎)
(ix) 𝑥2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦2𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: −
𝑥2𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦2𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧2
= 𝑥𝑦𝑧(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)

(𝑥) 𝑎𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦𝑧

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: −
𝑎𝑥2𝑦 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦2 + 𝑐𝑥𝑦𝑧
= 𝑥𝑦 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧)
Factorise:
(ii) 15xy – 6x + 5y – 2
Solution:-
15xy – 6x + 5y – 2
Grouping the terms, we have
(15xy – 6x) + 1(5y – 2)
= 3x(5y – 2) + 1(5y – 2)

= (5y – 2)(3x + 1)
Hence the required factors= (5y – 2)(3x + 1)
(v) z – 7 + 7xy – xyz
Solution:-
z – 7 + 7xy – xyz
Grouping the terms, we have

= (-xyz + 7xy) + (z – 7)
= -xy(z – 7) + 1 (z – 7)
= (-xy + 1) (z – 7)

Hence the required factors = (1 – xy) (z – 7)

Factorisation using identities:-
2 2 2
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏

𝑎−𝑏 2 = 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎 2 −𝑏 2

Factors of the forms:

2
𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
Exercise – 14.2
1) Factorise the following expression.
(ii) p2 – 10p + 25
Solution:-
p2 – 10p + 25
= 𝑝 2−2×𝑝×5+ 5 2

2
𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

= (p – 5)2

= (p – 5) (p – 5)
(v) 4x2 – 8x + 4
Solution:-
4x2 – 8x + 4
= 4(x2 – 2x + 1) [Taking 4 common]

=4 𝑥 2−2×𝑥×1+ 1 2
2 2
𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

=4 𝑥−1 2
=4 𝑥−1 𝑥−1
(vi) 121b2 – 88bc + 16c2
Solution:-
121b2 – 88bc + 16c2

= 11𝑏 2 − 2 × 11𝑏 × 4𝑐 + 4𝑐 2

𝑎 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (11b – 4c)2
= (11b – 4c) (11b – 4c)
(vii) (𝑙 + 𝑚)2 – 4𝑙𝑚.
Solution:-
(𝑙 + 𝑚)2 – 4𝑙𝑚
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (𝑙 + 𝑚)2, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑎 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
𝑙2 + 2𝑙𝑚 + 𝑚2 – 4𝑙𝑚
= 𝑙2 – 2𝑙𝑚 + 𝑚2
= 𝑙 2−2×𝑙×𝑚+ 𝑚 2
2 2
𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2

= (𝑙 – 𝑚)2
= (𝑙 – 𝑚) (𝑙 – 𝑚)
(viii) a4 + 2a2b2 + b4
Solution:-
a4 + 2a2b2 + b4
= 𝑎2 2 + 2 × 𝑎2 × 𝑏2 + 𝑏2 2

𝑎 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2

= (a2 + b2)2

= (a2 + b2)(a2 + b2)

2) factorise:
(ii) 63𝑎2 – 112𝑏2
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
63𝑎2 – 112𝑏2
= 7(9𝑎2 – 16𝑏2)
= 7 [(3𝑎)2 – (4𝑏)2]

[∵ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]

= 7(3𝑎 – 4𝑏)(3𝑎 + 4𝑏)

(iii) 49𝑥2 – 36
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
49𝑥2 – 36

= (7𝑥)2 – (6)2

[∵ 𝑎2 – 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏)]

= (7𝑥 – 6) (7𝑥 + 6)
(iv) 16𝑥5 – 144𝑥3
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
16𝑥5 – 144𝑥3
= 16𝑥3 (𝑥2 – 9)

= 16𝑥3 [(𝑥)2 – (3)2]

[∵ 𝑎2 – 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏)]

= 16𝑥3(𝑥 – 3)(𝑥 + 3)
(v) (𝑙 + 𝑚)2 – (𝑙 – 𝑚)2
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
(𝑙 + 𝑚)2 – (𝑙 – 𝑚)2
= [(𝑙 + 𝑚) – (𝑙 – 𝑚)] [(𝑙 + 𝑚) + (𝑙 – 𝑚)]
[∵ 𝑎2 – 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏)]

= (𝑙 + 𝑚 – 𝑙 + 𝑚)(𝑙 + 𝑚 + 𝑙 – 𝑚)
= (2𝑚) (2𝑙)
= 4𝑚𝑙
(vii) (𝑥2 – 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2) – 𝑧2
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
(𝑥2 – 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2) – 𝑧2
𝑎 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (𝑥 – 𝑦)2 – 𝑧2
[∵ 𝑎2 – 𝑏2 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 – 𝑏)]

= (𝑥 – 𝑦 – 𝑧) (𝑥 – 𝑦 + 𝑧)
(viii) 25𝑎2 – 4𝑏2 + 28𝑏𝑐 – 49𝑐2
Solution:-
25𝑎2 – 4𝑏2 + 28𝑏𝑐 – 49𝑐2
= 25𝑎2 – (4𝑏2 – 28𝑏𝑐 + 49𝑐2)
= 25𝑎 2 − 2𝑏 2 − 2 × 2𝑏 × 7𝑐 + 7𝑐 2
2 2 2
𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏
= (5𝑎)2 – (2𝑏 – 7𝑐)2
[∵ a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)]
= 5𝑎 – 2𝑏 – 7𝑐 5𝑎 + 2𝑏 – 7𝑐

= (5𝑎 – 2𝑏 + 7𝑐)(5𝑎 + 2𝑏 – 7𝑐)

3) Factorise the expression.
(iv) 𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑛2 + 𝑎𝑛2
Solution:-

𝑎𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑚2 + 𝑏𝑛2 + 𝑎𝑛2

= 𝑚2 (𝑎 + 𝑏) + 𝑛2(𝑎 + 𝑏)

= (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑚2 + 𝑛2)
(v) (𝑙𝑚 + 𝑙) + 𝑚 + 1
Solution:-

(𝑙𝑚 + 𝑙) + 𝑚 + 1

= 𝑙(𝑚 + 1) + (𝑚 + 1)

= (𝑚 + 1) (𝑙 + 1)
(vii) 5𝑦2 – 20𝑦 – 8𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
5𝑦2 – 20𝑦 – 8𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧

= 5𝑦2 – 20𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑧 – 8𝑧

= 5𝑦(𝑦 – 4) + 2𝑧(𝑦 – 4)

= (𝑦 – 4) (5𝑦 + 2𝑧)
(ix) 6𝑥𝑦 – 4𝑦 + 6 – 9𝑥
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
6𝑥𝑦 – 4𝑦 + 6 – 9𝑥

= 6𝑥𝑦 – 4𝑦 – 9𝑥 + 6

= 2𝑦(3𝑥 – 2) – 3(3𝑥 – 2)

= (3𝑥 – 2) (2𝑦 – 3)
4) Factorise.
(𝑖) 𝑎4 – 𝑏4
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑎4 – 𝑏4
= (𝑎2)2 – (𝑏2)2
[∵ 𝑎2 – 𝑏2 = (𝑎 – 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)]
= (𝑎2 – 𝑏2) (𝑎2 + 𝑏2)

= (𝑎 – 𝑏) (𝑎 + 𝑏) (𝑎2 + 𝑏2)
(iv) 𝑥4 – (𝑥 – 𝑧)4
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: −
𝑥4 – (𝑥 – 𝑧)4
= (𝑥2)2 – [(𝑥 – 𝑧)2]2
∵ 𝑎 2 – 𝑏2 = 𝑎 – 𝑏 𝑎 + 𝑏
= [𝑥2 – (𝑥 – 𝑧)2] [𝑥2 + (𝑥 – 𝑧)2]

= (𝑥 – 𝑥 + 𝑧) (𝑥 + 𝑥 – 𝑧) [(𝑥2 + (𝑥 – 𝑧)2]

= 𝑧 2𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑧 2
(v) a4 – 2a2b2 + b4
Solution:-
a4 – 2a2b2 + b4
= 𝑎2 2 − 2 × 𝑎2 × 𝑏2 + 𝑏2 2
𝑎 − 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2
= (a2 – b2)2
= (a2 – b2)(a2 – b2)
[∵ a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)]
= 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎−𝑏 𝑎+𝑏
= [(a – b) (a + b)]2
= (a – b)2 (a + b)2
Examples based on splitting method:
2
1) 14𝑎 + 11𝑎𝑏 − 15𝑏 2 ( Factorise it)
Solution:-
14𝑎2 + 11𝑎𝑏 − 15𝑏2
Product of the first and the third term= −210𝑎2 𝑏2
Therefore,11𝑎𝑏 can be written as 21𝑎𝑏 − 10𝑎𝑏
2 2
Hence, 14𝑎 + 11𝑎𝑏 − 15𝑏
2 2
= 14𝑎 + 21𝑎𝑏 − 10𝑎𝑏 − 15𝑏
= 7𝑎 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 5𝑏 2𝑎 + 3𝑏
= 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 7𝑎 − 5𝑏
Which is the required factorisation.
2) 7𝑥 2 + 23𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2
Solution:-
2
7𝑥 + 23𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2
2 2
Product of the first and third terms= 42𝑥 𝑦
Therefore, the middle term 23𝑥𝑦 can be
written as 21𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦
Hence, 7𝑥 2 + 23𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2
2
= 7𝑥 + 21𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑦 2

= 7𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑥 + 3𝑦
= 𝑥 + 3𝑦 7𝑥 + 2𝑦
Which is the required factorisation.
(ii) q2 – 10q + 21
Solution:-
q2 – 10q + 21
Here, 3q+ 7q= 10q and 3q× 7q = 21𝑞 2
q2 – 10q + 21

= q2 – 3q – 7q + 21
= q(q – 3) – 7(q – 3)

= (q – 3) (q – 7)
(iii) p2 + 6p – 16
Solution:-
p2 + 6p – 16
2
Here, 8p– 2p= 6p and 8p × 2p = 16𝑝
p2 + 6p – 16
= p2 + 8p – 2p – 16

= p(p + 8) – 2(p + 8)

= (p + 8) (p – 2)