International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3, September 2019
An Experimental Research on Partial
Replacement of River Sand by Silica Sand and
Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS in
Rigid Pavements.
Krishna Murthy H, Brijbushan.S, Maneeth.P.D
 1. Silica Sand:
Abstract:-iThe utilization of substitutes aggregats like silica
sand is a characteristic advance in solving some common
aggregate. The examination on substitute material for concret
making began before 50 years. concret produced using silica
sand as partial additional of River sand will be studies for
workability, compressive strength, Flexural strength and split
strength, and modulus of elasticity. I will used of silica sand as
partial additional of River sand by various rate for making
concert of grade M-40. The rate of additional substitution will
be 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% with common River sand. For
making concrete OPC-53 grade cement is utilized. cube
shapes, cylinder and beams will cast and testing compressive
strength, Split strength, and flexural strength just as for
durability properties. Ideal additional of silica sand can be
utilized in structural concerts.
GGBS is a Ground Granulate Blast Furnace slag, which is in
powdered forms, In concert, it help to decrease the damage
caused by an alkali silica chemical attack and also gives higher
attrition to chloride. Therefore 35% of GGBS is replacement to
cements.
Keywords: Silica sand and GGBS.
I. INTRODUCTION
Every year a great many tons of waste materials are arranged
on the profitable land which results in the occupation and
corruption of important land[1]. Decreasing of normal
resources is a common in creating nations likekIndia because
of quick urbanization and industrialization including
development off infrastructures[4]. Currently waste handling
is big problem. Therefore, many investigations are carried
out in order to utilize industrial, constructional and domestic
waste for concrete mix[7]. There are many investigations are
carried out on the using of rubber of tires, plastic waste, fly
powder, copper slag, quarry dust, tiles, reused Agg, waste
glass and so forth[9].
Revised Manuscript Received on September 15, 2019
Krishna Murthy H, Department of Highway Technology, VTU CPGS,
RO kalaburagi, India. Email krishnamurthy183@gmail.com
Prof. Brijbhushan. S, Associate Professor, Civil Construction Technology
Depaetment, VTU CPGS, RO kalaburagi, India.
brijbhushanvtupgct@ggmail.com
Prof. Maneeth. P.D, Associate Professor civil construction technology
department, VTU CPGS, RO kalaburagi, India.
maneeth.pd@gmail.com
Retrieval Number: C5631098319/2019©BEIESP
DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5631.098319
Silica sand is gotten from the raw materials (locally
accessible in mamuara town in Kutch region). After washing
the raw material the silica sand is separated by-sieve measure
1.18 of raw material[3] A raw material is a
washeddforrtaking out the dirt materials which is valuable in
making theetiles. Innthe rawwmateriallabout 10% is clay
which is provided to thee industrial facilities. From the raw
material diverse size of silica sand are separated by various
size of sieve. Sand size of 30 mesh too80 mesh (500 micron)
utilized in the glass industrial. Sand measure 1.18mmtto
600imicron cannbe utilized in making concert mixed as the
partial additional of fine agg. Almost around 300 tons of
silica sand is acquired day by day in the washing theeraw
materials[5]. Here and there it is utilized in theeglass
industrial facilities else theyddump them once more into the
mines. Silica issthe organization of siliconnandooxygen are
the world's two most rich components. Silicaaissone off the
earth’s three most normal rock framing material. Silica
happens in three fundamental crystalline structures[6]. It is
an entirely strong material impervious to warmth and
compound assault. The principal mechanical employments
of crystalline silica were most likely identified with
metallurgical land glass making exercises a couple off
thousand yearssBC. It is aakey raw material in the
mechanical upset particularly in glass, foundry and
earthenware enterprises. Presently now day's silicones
utilized in data innovation items like plastic of PC mouse and
giving the raw material to silicon chips[8]. For modern stores
of silica sand equipped for yielding products at any rate 95%
silicaaareerequired.
A. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
A) PartiallyzReplacementzof fine aggregate with silica sand
by volume.
B) To evaluate the concrete behavior when its ingredients
are partially replaced with Silica sand & GGBS.
C) To investigate the fresh hand hardened properties slump
test, compressiveestrengh, Tensile strength, Flexural
strength & Durability test of concrete M40 grade ofrconcrete.
D) To determineethe strengthaof design mix concrete,iwith
addition of various percentages of Silica sand & GGBS
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An Experimental Research on Partial Replacement of River Sand by Silica Sand and Partial Replacement of Cement
by GGBS in Rigid Pavements.

E) The properties of river sand and silica sand concrete is 2) GROUNDdGRANULATEDdBLASTtFURNACE

examined and the use of silicaasand innconstruction is It is the co-product which is produced with iron. Slag in
tested. the furnace is cooled instantly by quenching in large
F) Useeof waste silicaasand as the fineematerial in concert quantity of cold water and it is called as granulation, to
the interest of characteristiccsand. produce granulated blast furnace slag. In this project, we
used 35% of GGBS with partiallreplacement ofccement to
II. Uses of Silica Sand enhance the compressive strength. [28 days][2]
A) Foundry casting.
B) Glass.
C) Filtration.
D) Specialist building.
E) Sand blasting.
F) Pigments
A. MATERIALS
1) Cement:-Cements a binding material or binder, it helps
to set, harden and adheres to other materials. When cement
binds with only sand then it becomes mortar and it is used for
masonry work, if cement binds with both sand and gravel
then it becomes the concrete. In this project, we have used 53
grade of OPC J.K. CEMENT. Which gives high strength,
better quality and it contains 56-60% of Tri-Calcium silicate
and gypsum . Which is used for high strength, high rise
buildings, multi-purpose buildings, fly-over, underwater Figure 3.2: GGBS
concrete and it gives high strength nearly 60 MPa for 28 Table 3.3: Properties of GGBS
days.(IS 1489 PART)[4]

Table 3.4: Chemical Composition Of0GGBS Material

Figure1: J.K. CEMENT OPC 53 GRADE

Tab1:1ChemicallCompositionnOf0Cementitious
Material
3) FINE AGGREGATES
It is filler material in the concrete, which is formed by the
river or crushed stones etc. In this project, we have used river
sand Zone II grade[5]

Note: *all dimensions are in Percentage

Table 3.2: Assessment Synonyms of cement

Figure 3.3:FFineeAggregate,Zone II

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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5631.098319 4972 Sciences Publication
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3, September 2019

Table 3.5: Properties off Fine Aggregates Table 3.7: Propertiessof silicaasand
01. Type of sand River Sand 01. Type of sand Silicaa
Sand
02. Grade of concrete Zone II
02. Grade of Sand Zone I
03. Specific Gravity 2.66 03. Specific Gravity 2.59
04. Fineness Modulus 3.36
04. Fineness Modulus 2.56
05. Moisture content 1.4%
05. Moisture content 1.4%
06. Silt content 1.75% 06. Silt content 0.96%

Table 3.6: Sieveeanalysissofffineeaggregate

Sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulativep Cumulativee
Sievees Weighttr Cumul Cumul Cumulativ
esize retain weighttreta ercentageewe percentag
izee etainn ativeew ativeep ee
e (grams) i (grams) ighttretainn(
(mm) (gms) eighttre ercenta percentage Weighttpassi
mm %)
tain gee e ngg
(gms) weightt weightpass
retain( ingg 10i 0 0 0 100
%)
4.75i 3 3 0.15 99.85
10i 0 0 0 100
2.36i 16 19 0.95 99.05
4.75i 116 116 5,80 94.2
1.18i 148 167 8.35 91.65
2.36i 74 190 9.50 90.5
600 849 1016 50.8 49.2
1.18i 298 488 24.40 75.6
micr
600 344 832 41.60 58.4 on
micron
300 949 1965 98.25 1.75
micr
300 885 1717 85.85 14.15
micron 150 29 1994 99.7 0.3
150 152 1869 93.45 6.55 micr
micron Table 3.8: Sieveeanalysissoffsilicaasand

4) Silica sand Table 3.9: Chemical Composition Of0Silicansand

1)SieveeanalysissoffSilicassand: Material
The locally accessible silica sand utilized as
partiallreplacementtof fine agg. Thenproperties of SL NO COMPONENTS Silica sand
silicaasand were controlled by leading tests according to 01. Silica (SiO2) 22.60
ISs2386i(Part-I).the strainer examination is directed to 02. Alumina (Al2O3) 4.30
decide the molecule measure dissemination of silicaasand. 03. Ferric oxidee(Fe2O3) 2.40
The various strainers sizes utilized for sifter investigation of 04. Calcium oxide( CaO) 64.40
silicaasand was 4.75imm, 2.36imm, 1.18imm, 600iμm, 05. Magnesium oxidee(MgO) 2.10
300iμm, 150iμm and 75iμm. Sifter investigation results 06. Soda( Na2O) 0.6
given in table.[6] 07. Potash (K2O) 0.6
08. Titania (TI02) 0.004
09. Loss on ignition 0.02
Note: *all dimensions are in Percentage

5) COARSE AGGREGATES
Coarse aggregate is the inert material and it was used
in concrete which gives the feasible stability to harden
concrete volume[8]. In this our project work, we have
used the crushed stone aggregates which are 20 mm
downsize; Basic test of aggregate is calculated.

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An Experimental Research on Partial Replacement of River Sand by Silica Sand and Partial Replacement of Cement
by GGBS in Rigid Pavements.

two sides of specimen, The size of specimen is 150mm

X 150mm X150mm.
2)Place specimen in compressionntestinggmachineeand
make sure that loads applieduuniformlyoontthe specimen,
The load is continuously applied until it reaches peak,
further collapse, the load applied on specimen must be
surface perpendicular to directionof0tamping.
3)Theeloaddis continuously increasedduntil it failssor
Figure 3.5: Coarse Aggregate 20mm Downsize cracks, Make the note on peak reading or maximum
reading.
Table 3.10: Properties of Coarse Aggregate 4) Compressive strength calculated by using the formula.
NATURAL
1. TYPE OF CA
CRUSHED STONES
2. Size of stones 20 mm Downsize
3. Fineness modulus 4.32
4. Specific Gravity 2.74

6) WATER
Using the Water which is portable, drinkable and contains
the less impurities, it is confirming the requirement for
concreting and Curing as per IS: 456-2000. Compressive testing machine
Compressive test = (P/A)
III. PROCEDURE FOR MIXING Where, is

The percentage of Silica sand as 0%, 25%, 50% and 75% P = LoaddinnkN/A = Areaaof0cube = 150mm X 150mm.
is replaced with volume of sand ,GGBS 35% is partial
replacing with the cement by its volume is used in concrete SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH:
has been shown in the following table Mixing: The tensile strength of concrete is the one off the basic
methods to determineethe tensile strength. This type of
MIXxDESIGN: test is conducted using a concrete cylinder having a
The mix is designed for M40 grade of0concrete, Calculation dimensions of diameter 150 mm and lengthh300 mm.
is done with reference of IRC 44-2008 The concrete is brittle in nature so it is very less resistance to
tensile or tension stress. When tension load is applied on
SL DESCRIPTION MATERIAL concrete it exposes the more cracks compared to compression
STATUS load. So it is necessary to determine the load at which the
A. Concrete grade M40 concrete member may develops the cracks or fail.
B. Cement OPC-53 grade
C. MaximumesizeeoffAg 20 millimeter Procedure of Split TensiletTest:
1) Take the cylinder which is used for7 &28 days curing and
gregate
kept at environment temperature for some time and wipe the
D. Least Cementtcontentt 325 kg/m3
specimen to remove surface water.
E. W/C ratio 0.50 2) Draw the line on the two end point of the specimen to
F. Workability 20+5 mm conclude that they are in same axial place.
G. ExposureeConditionn Severe 3) Measure the weight of specimen before testing.4)Set the
H. Maximumecementtcon 425 kg/m3 specimen in the compression testing machine with
tent appropriate measurement.
J. Sp. grtof cement 3.1 5) Keep the wooden strips bottom and above the specimen in
K. Sp. grtof Fine 2.66 (Zone II) the testing machine for uniform load distribution.
Aggregate 6) Set the testing machine by touching the upper part of
specimen wood to load and lock the machine and apply the
L. Sp. grtof Coarse 2.74
load uniformly.
Aggregate 7) At the peak point specimen will be crack or broken at
O. Sp.grtof GGBS 2.75 maximum load,.
8) Note-down the readings for further calculation.
IV. TESTING PROCEDURE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
1) Dimension of specimen can be determined by taking the
average measurement in perpendicular direction at least

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 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3, September 2019

Water absorption of concrete:

SplittTensile test
CALCULATIONS:-
As per is:456,SplittTensile Strength of0Concrete = √ V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
(O.7×fck.) The splitting tensile strength is calculated by COMPRESSION TEST RESULTS:-
formula 2P/πDL.
Compression Results For 28 Days
FLEXURALlSTRENGTH TEST: When comparing to the above test results values for 50%
1) Take the prism mould, and cast the concrete in mould replacement of silica sand showing higher strength than the
and de-mould after one day for environment temperature normal concrete with the increases in % of 0.21% which for
further it is cured for 7 &28 days. The specimen dimension 50% replacement the strength is 47.35 so it is nearly equal to
100mm X 100mm X 500mm the normal concert
2) Situated those bearing Plates Square with those beams
Also alter for separation Toward a method for those guide Compression results for 28 days
plates outfitted with that machine. SAMPLE % OF LOAD AVG COMPpST
3) Insert the specimen in the flexural testing machine with NO SILICA kN LOAD RENGTH
effective length, leaving both ends 50mm. SAND (kN) IN
4) And gradually applying the load until specimen to crack (N/mm2)
at centre and note down the load at which it fails 1060
5) The breaking load indicates the flexural load and cracks A1 1065 1063.33 47.25
are obtained in the beam. 0% 1065
1055
A 1055 1056.66 46.99
2 25% 1060
1065
A 1060 1065.33 47.35
3 50% 1070
1055
A 1050 1055.66 46.90
4 75% 1060

Flexuralistrengthitest
FLEXURALlSTRENGTH = PL/bd2 47.4 Compression Results 47.35
For 28 Days
47.25
STRENGTH N/mm2
COMPRESSIVE

Durability test 47.2

Sulfuric Acid-Attack:- 46.99
47 46.9
In this test taking the specimen which is cured for 28 days
and weighing accurately Then it is subjected to Sulfuric acid 46.8
(H2SO4) which having=2.5 anddpH=3 for 7 days, after the
46.6
seven days, wiping the specimen with cloth and allow to dry
0% 25% 50% 75%
and weighing the weight of the specimen. % OF SILICA SAND
compression results for 28 days

SplittTensileeTest for 28Days

When comparing to the above test results values for 50%
replacement of silica sand showing higher strength than the
normal concrete with the increases in % of 1.06% which for
50% replacement the strength is 3.74 so it is nearly equal to
the normal concrete.

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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5631.098319 4975 & Sciences Publication
 An Experimental Research on Partial Replacement of River Sand by Silica Sand and Partial Replacement of Cement
by GGBS in Rigid Pavements.

Split tensile test for 28 days normal concrete with the increases in % of 9.14% which for
50% replacement the strength is 7.33 so it is nearly equal to
the normal concrete

DURABILITY TEST:
Sulfuric Acid-Attack:
In this test taking the specimen which is cured for 28 days
and weighing accurately Then it is subjected to Sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) which having=2.5 anddpH=3 for 7 days, after the
seven days, wiping the specimen with cloth and allow to dry
and weighing the weight of the specimen.

Results of Sulfuric Acid-Attack

3.8 Split
3.7
Tensile Test For 3.74
28 Days
split tensile strength

3.7 3.63
in N/mm2

3.6
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.3
0% 25% 50% 75%
% of silica sand
Split tensile test for 28 days
sulfuric acid attack
FLEXURALlTESTtRESULTS :- WATERrABSORPTIONnTEST
Flexural Test For 28 Days

0.4 WATER
0.331 ABSORPTION
0.31
TEST 0.35
water absorption in

0.285

0.2
%

0
0% 25% 50%
% of silica sand 75%

Flexural Test for 28 Days
When comparing to the above test results values for 50%
replacement of silica sand showing higher strength than the
VI. CONCLUSION
1) By the replacement of silica sand in concrete, the
compressive strength was decreases up to 25% replacement
and then increases up to 50% replacement after starts
decreasing up to 75% replacement, compressive strength was
increases 0.23% at 50% replacement compares to normal
concrete.

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 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
2) By the replacement of silica sand in concrete, the flexural
strength was decreases up to 25% replacement and then
increases sup to 50% replacement after starts decreasing up
to 75% replacement, flexural strength was increases 9.14%
at 50% replacement compares to normal concrete.
3) By the replacement of silica sandmin concrete, the split
tensile strength was decreases up to 25% replacement and
then increases sup to 50% replacement after starts decreasing
up to 75% replacement, split tensile strength was increases
1.06% at 50% replacement compares to normal concrete.
4) Replacement off silica sand in concrete increases from 0%
to 75%, the sulphuric acid attack cube strength was decreases
at the 50% is 0.418 loss in percentage.
5) From thee result we are prefer 50% replacement of silica
sand concrete gives best result amongst other replacement of
silica sand.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am greatly thankful to our beloved my guide Prof.
BRIJBHUSHAN S for their guidance, support, motivation
and encouragement during the course of this project work.
Their readiness for consultation at all times, their concern
during this period has been invaluable.
I am very much thankful and highly obliged to my
Associate Professor and Course Coordinator Dr. N.
VENKATARAMANA for his encouragement and insightful
comments at virtually all stages of development of this
project.
I am pleased to express my sincere thanks and deep
sense of gratitude to Dr. BASWARAJ GADGAY (I/C)
Regional Director/PG Coordinator, who has created a
pleasant environment and guided towards the studies in our
university.
I am very much thankful to Prof. Mr.SHAFEEQ
HOD, civil engineering department, In Govt. Polytechnic,
DEOURGA. for providing laboratory infrastructure to
complete my project work.
I am very much thankful to RAGHAVENDRA B S
Technical Specialist Project Management Network
Bangalore, for his guidance and encouragement.
I would like to express my thanks to all faculty
members and my batch mates in Department of Highway
Technology and other department faculty members and
friends of this college.
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DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5631.098319
ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-3, September 2019
fine aggregate” APRN journal of engineering and Applied science, 2012,
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AUTHORS PROFILE
Krishna Murthy H,
M.Tech Department of Highway
Technology, VTU CGPS, RO Kalaburagi,
Karnataka, India. He has done his BE in HKBK
college of Engineering, Bangalore. He had got
2nd place in his project presentation of his final
year BE project held in the college. And he had
studied is diploma in civil engineering at
Bijapur, he had got 1st place in the project
presentation at final semester.
Brijbhushan S, Assistant Professor,
Department of Construction Technology,
VTU CPGS, RO Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India.
He has an industry experience of 3 years as
design engineer and Teaching experience of 7
years. At present, he is working as assistant
professor in the Dept. of Construction
Technology VTU center for PG studies. And he
had published many research papers. And he had
completed his M.tech from BMSCE, Bull
Temple Road Bangalore, he has done vast research in the construction
technology area. He is presently pursuing his Ph.d.
Maneeth PD, Assistant professor
Department of Construction Technology, VTU
CGPS, RO kalaburagi, Karnataka, India.
He has 7 years of Teaching experience, at present
he has working as Assistant Professor in the
department of Civil Engineering at VTU, Center
for Post Graduation studies, he has done his
M.Tech from NIT Surathkal Karnataka. He is
presentely pursuing is Ph.d and he has published
many National and International Journals.
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