MARINILL P.
SOLIMAN 3-H
2-5 STUDY POPULATION AND SAMPLING
SAMPLE SURVEY
 simply referred as “survey”
 just a part of the population who is
answering the questionnaire
 Sample –it is considered to be a part of the
population which is representative of the
characteristics of the population.
 Survey –economical and practical than the
census
o Census –is a population study.
Everybody will be included as
respondents.
ADVANTAGES OF SURVEY
Faster and cheaper
More comprehensive information
More accurate
Much larger and much variated
SAMPLING
 Process of selecting individuals from the
total population to be studied
 Ensures that the sample is representative of
the study population
 Representativeness (main goal)
POPULATION
 All members, units or elements of any well-
defined set of group of people or objects
which is the focus of the investigation and
from which a sample is drawn.
STRATUM
 Defined by one or more specification that
divides a population into mutually exclusive
components or parts
TARGET POPULATION
 Group or set of individuals, check, or events
which is the subject or focus of the
investigations.
HOMOGENOUS
 If the units or members have identical or
similar characteristics like age, sex, marital
status, economic status, religion, education
and ethnicity.
HETEROGENOUS
 If the units or members have extremely
diverse or different characteristics.
SAMPLE
 Subgroup or portion of the population
 Represents the population which is based
any statement about the population from
which it is drawn
CENSUS
 Count or study of every unit or member of a
given population
 Determination of the distribution of their
characteristics, information obtained for
each of the units
SAMPLING DESIGN
 Scheme, strategy or procedure of arriving at
the sample which involves specification of
the target population, the respondent
population and the method of selecting the
sample
MARGIN OF ERROR –refers to the limit of
accuracy
1% = 0.1 (99% accurate)
5% = 0.05 (95% accurate)
10% = 1 (90% accurate)
PROBABILITY
 Refers to the level of confidence in
investigator has on the accuracy of his
finding which may be set statistically at
certain percentage
 5% margin of error-probability of 95%
SAMPLE SIZE
 Number of samples to represent the
population under study which should be
adequate to warrant generalization of the
findings
CRITERIA IN SAMPLING
ADEQUACY OF SAMPLE
 Quantity or number of required sample to
represent the population
 Computation using sample size formula
REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE
SAMPLE
 Sample mix characteristics which are similar
or identical to those of the population from
where it was taken
 A miniature of the population – just like it,
only smaller
RANDOMIZATION
 Process of assigning subjects to control
groups or to groups which are to be
compared in a non-experimental
MARINILL P. SOLIMAN 3-H

2-6

DETERMINING THE SAMPLE SIZE  Where:

o K is the sampling interval
 Desired confidence (alpha)
o N is the total number of the
o 0.01 (1%)
population
o 0.05 (5%) o n is the total number of the
o 0.10 (10%) sample
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING
2  Heterogeneous population
N Z −p (1− p)
n=  Ensures adequate representations for each of
N e 2 +Z 2 p (1− p) the population subgroups or strata in the
sample
Where Z is the confidence level value, as follows:  Stratified simple random sampling
99% confidence level Z = 2.58  Stratified systematic sampling
 Stratified proportion sampling
95% confidence level Z = 1.96
4. CLUSTER SAMPLING
90% confidence level Z = 1.65
 Random selection of groups, not individuals,
p is the largest possible proportion equals 0.50 as samples
(assumed preliminary estimate)  Cluster refers to any entire group of
n = sample size individuals or objects which share similar
N = population size characteristics important in a study
e = sampling error  Area sampling
 Geographical consideration
SAMPLING DESIGNS 5. MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING
 Several stages or phases
Slovin’s formula:
 Population units are grouped and arranged
N into hierarchal order or level
n=
1+ N e 2  Sampling is done successively
 sample regions and provinces
2 MAJOR TYPES ADVANTAGES
 Less bias
Probability sampling –random-sampling
 Equal chance to be selected
technique. DISADVANTAGES
 Equal probability that it will be included in  Time consuming
the sample  Expensive
 Fair sample selection and allows estimation  Inconvenient
Non-probability sampling –non-random
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGNS
sampling technique
 No way of estimating the probability that 1. Purposive sampling
each unit has a chance of being included in  Good judgment and appropriate strategy
the sample 2. Convenience sampling
 Convenience and economical  “whoever is available” constitute the
sample and continues doing so until the
PROBABILITY SAMPLING DESIGNS predetermined sample size is reached
3. Quota sampling
1. Simple random sampling
 Equivalent of stratified sampling under
 Basic, best known probability sampling the probability category
design  Selection of the subjects to constitute
 Equal chance of being included in the the sample in each stratum is done in a
sample non-random manner
2. Systematic sampling 4. Snowball sampling
 No available list of population units to
 Establish the sampling interval work on
 Requires identification of a few persons
N who meet the requisite characteristics
 K= important to the study
n
MARINILL P. SOLIMAN 3-H

Researchers must be cautious in the sample

ADVANTAGES selection process in order to eliminate or
 Convenient control extraneous variables
 Easy to produce anytime SAMPLING AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
 Less time spent for selection of the  Inferential statistics in sample size
respondents  Statistics in complete enumeration
 Economical
 Less expensive
 No fixed budget required
DISADVANTAGES
 Produce biased samples or errors in
judgment
 No estimation of precise elements of the
population that will be included in the
samples
 Not equal chances
5. Theoretical sampling
 An approach used in grounded theory
studies
 Aims to advance the development of a
selected theory
 Researcher’s goal of theoretical
sampling is not the same as with
probability sampling nor the
representative
 Can be viewed as a technique of data
triangulation using independent pieces
of information
UNIVERSE
 Is a totality of elements to which research
findings may apply
 Target population
 People or objects from which the researcher
intends to collect data and generalize the
findings of the study
ELEMENTS
 The entities that make up the sample and
the population
SAMPLING BIAS
 Is influenced by external factors so that the
data no longer represents the entire
population
STEPS IN SAMPLING
1. Identify the target population or the universe
2. Identify the respondent population
3. Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria
for respondent selection
4. Specify the sampling design
5. Recruit the subjects
INCLUSION CRITERIA
 Guidelines choose fitting subjects with a
predetermined set of characteristics
 Demographic, geographic and temporal
criteria as appropriate
INCLUSION CRITERIA
 Characteristics that exclude potential
subjects from the study
 Not suitable for the study even though they
meet the inclusion criteria