Vector Spaces:

Vector Space: Let 𝑉 be a nonempty set

(i) Vector Addition: This assigns to any 𝒖, 𝒗 ∈ 𝑉 a sum 𝒖 + 𝒗 ∈ 𝑉.
(ii) Scalar Multiplication: This assigns to any 𝒖 ∈ 𝑉, and any scaler 𝑘, a product 𝑘𝒖 ∈ 𝑉.
Then 𝑉 is called vector space if the following axioms hold for any vectors 𝒖, 𝒗, 𝒘 ∈ 𝑉:
1. 𝒖+𝒗= 𝒗+𝒖
2. 𝒖+ 𝒗+𝒘 = 𝒖+𝒗 +𝒘
3. There is a vector in 𝑉 denoted by 𝟎, called zero vector that for any 𝒖 ∈ 𝑉.
𝒖+𝟎= 𝟎+𝒖= 𝒖
4. For each 𝒖 ∈ 𝑉, there is a vector in 𝑉, denoted by −𝒖, called the negative of 𝒖, such that
𝒖 + −𝒖 = −𝒖 + 𝒖 = 𝟎
5. 𝑘 𝒖 + 𝒗 = 𝑘𝒖 + 𝑘𝒗
6. 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝒖 = 𝑎𝒖 + 𝑏𝒖 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑠
7. 𝑎 𝑏𝒖 = 𝑎𝑏 𝒖
8. 1𝒖 = 𝒖, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑟
Vector Spaces:
Example:
1. Let 𝑉 = 𝑅𝑛 and define operations for 𝑉 to be usual operations of addition and scaler
multiplication, that is
𝒖 + 𝒗 = 𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , . . . , 𝑢𝑛 + 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , . . . , 𝑣𝑛 = (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 , 𝑢2 + 𝑣2 , . . . , 𝑢𝑛 + 𝑣𝑛 )
𝑘𝒖 = (𝑘𝑢1 , 𝑘𝑢2 , . . . , 𝑘𝑢𝑛 )
The set 𝑉 = 𝑅𝑛 is closed under addition and scaler multiplication.
2. Let 𝑉 = 𝟎 and define
𝟎+𝟎=𝟎 and 𝑘𝟎 = 𝟎
3. (Infinite sequences of Real numbers)
Let 𝑉 consist of elements of the form
𝒖 = (𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , . . . , 𝑢𝑛 , . . . )
In which 𝑢1 , 𝑢1 , . . .. , 𝑢1 , . . . is an infinite sequence of real numbers.
So all of the above examples are vector spaces.
Vector Spaces:
Example: Let 𝑉 be set of 2 × 2 matrices with real entries, and operation defined for 𝑉 be usual
operation of matrix addition and scaler multiplication, that is
𝑢11 𝑢12 𝑣11 𝑣12 𝑢11 + 𝑣11 𝑢12 + 𝑣12
𝑢+𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑢22 + 𝑣21 𝑣22 =
21 𝑢21 + 𝑣21 𝑢22 + 𝑣22

𝑢11 𝑢12 𝑘𝑢11 𝑘𝑢12

𝑘𝑢 = 𝑘 𝑢 𝑢22 =
21 𝑘𝑢21 𝑘𝑢22
The set 𝑉 is closed under addition and scaler multiplication.
0 0
𝟎= is zero vector
0 0
Then we can easily satisfy remaining axioms of vector space. So 𝑉 is vector space.

 In general set of all 𝒎 × 𝒏 matrices forms a vector space.

Vector Spaces:
𝑥
Example: Is V= 𝑦 : 𝑥𝑦 ≥ 0 a vector space?
No
1 −3
Suppose u = ,v =
2 −1
−2
u+v =
1
So V is not closed under vector addition. V is not a vector space.
Vector Spaces:
Example: Let 𝑉 be set of positive real numbers, and define the operation on 𝑉 to be
𝒖 + 𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗
𝑘𝒖 = 𝒖𝑘
Then 𝑉 is vector space by the operation defined above.