science pt 2

MODULE 9

1. Theory of CREATION

CONCEPT NOTES:

THEORY OF CREATION:

A supreme being has created all life forms existing today on Earth. Most creationists
believe that the current form of species is the same as God's original form.

The organisms created by God can't produce new forms of organism only God can do
this.

The most common theory follows the accounts in the Biblical Book of Genesis, but most
religions have their own creation story.

Seven days (7) of Creation

∙ In the beginning - God started creation.

∙ 1st day – The light was created.

∙ 2nd day - The sky was created.

∙ 3rd day - The dry land, seas, plants, and trees were created.

∙ 4th day - The sun, moon, and stars were created.

∙ 5th day - The creatures that live in the sea and creatures that fly were created.

∙ 6th day – The animals that live on the land and finally humans, made in the image of
God, were created.

∙ 7th day - God finished his work of creation and rested, making the seventh day a special
holy day.

(For detailed explanation, refer to your book Science in Today’s World: Earth & Life
Science on pages 90-93.)

Theory of BIOGENESIS
Living things come from living things. Louis Pasteur argued that life comes from
preexisting experience and not from nonliving material.

Theory of ABIOGENESIS (Spontaneous Generation)

Living things were naturally created from nonliving things such as simple organic
compounds. The Greek scientist and philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE) was one of the
earliest scientists to describe a theory for abiogenesis. All life arose directly from
different combinations of Earth, wind, fire, and water.

CONCEPT NOTES:

Theory of CATASTROPHISM

This is said to be a modification of the Bible story's creation, which was supported by
George Cuvier and Orbigny.

Catastrophism states that natural history has been punctuated by catastrophic events
that altered the way life developed. (There have been several living creations from God,
each encountered a catastrophe, which destroyed them.)

Examples

1. Catastrophic meteor strike at the end of the Mesozoic, combined with the gradual
separation of Pangea, led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, most marine reptiles, and
many other life forms. 2. 2011 Japanese earthquake that drastically reduced the local
population of mud snails and that spread local Japanese flora and fauna across the
Pacific Ocean with the tsunami debris.

3. The eruption of large volcanoes like Tambora caused impact on local ecosystems
while influencing weather patterns world-wide.

Although Life Science is the “study of life,” what is meant by “life” varies significantly.
Eukaryotes, such as most plants, animals, and fungi, are multi-cellular, and those cells contain
nuclei that hold genetic information. Prokaryotes are small, single-celled organisms like
bacteria. Their cells do not have nuclei. Regardless of their size and structure, all living things
share connections. These links make up the ten themes of Biology or Life Science. In this
module, let’s see what themes demonstrate the connections in all living things.

MODULE 10

I. CONCEPT NOTES

Unifying Themes in Life Science

1. Biological Systems- These refer to the interaction of organisms with each other and with the
non-living

environment.

2. The Cellular Basis of Life- All organisms are made up of cells.

3. Levels of Organization – These refer to the hierarchy of increasing complexity.

● Atom à Molecule à Organelle à Cell à Tissue à Organ à Organ System à Organism

à Population à Community à Ecosystem à Biome à Biosphere

4. Structure and Function- The structure determines function; function reflects the structure.

5. Reproduction and Inheritance - The inherited information in the form of DNA enables
organisms to

produce their kind.

6. Environmental Interactions- Each organism interacts continuously with its environment.

7. Energy and Life- Energy requires moving, growing, reproducing, and other activities of life. It
enters the

ecosystem as sunlight.

8. Regulation- The organisms can regulate their internal conditions.

9. Evolution and Diversity- This explains the changes in organisms over long periods of time

.10. Science, Technology, and Society- The knowledge about Science and Technology can be
applied

Characteristics of Life

Even though an amazing variety of living things exist on Earth, they are alike in several ways.
Does a dog have anything in common with a tree? What does a fish have in common with a
mushroom? Do you have something in common with other living things? Here are the
characteristics of life that are shared by all living things:

1. All living things have a cellular organization.

2. All living things are composed of chemicals.

3. All living things metabolize

4. All living things react to stimuli.

5. All living things grow and develop.

6. All living things can reproduce.

7. All living things use energy

8. All living things can move.

9. All living things will die.

MODULE 11

**I. CONCEPT NOTES

MODES OF REPRODUCTION

1. Asexual Reproduction

This type of reproduction produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent because
the offspring are all clones of the original parent.

Fission – It occurs in multi-celled organisms in which an organism splits into two separate
organisms.

Budding – It results from the outgrowth of a part of a cell or body region leading to a separation
from the original organism into two individuals.

Fragmentation – It refers to the breaking of the body into two parts with subsequent
regeneration.

Parthenogenesis – It is a form of asexual reproduction where an egg develops into a complete

individual without being fertilized.

(Continuation)

2. Sexual reproduction

This is the type of reproduction through the fusion of male and female gamete. Organisms are
genetically diverse because of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction begins with sperm and
egg cells, which are produced through a process called meiosis. These cells are referred to as
haploids because they contain half of the number of chromosomes as the parent. In sexual
reproduction, a haploid sperm from the male parent fertilizes the haploid egg from the female
parent to produce what is called a diploid zygote.
(https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/sexual-reproduction/)
Hermaphroditism- It occurs in animals where one individual has both male and female
reproductive parts. (e.g., invertebrates)**

I. CONCEPT NOTES

Genetic Engineering

● It is used to manufacture proteins, repair damaged genes, and identify individuals who
may carry an allele

for disease.

● It allows a specific gene from one organism to be transferred into the DNA of another
organism.

Example: Human à Bacterium, Bacterium à Plant, Human à Sheep, Fish à Plant

Selective Breeding- It involves choosing and breeding an organism with the desired traits.

Vector- It is needed to transfer a gene into a host cell; it could be plasmids or virus.

Recombinant DNA- It is made from two different organisms.

Insulin- It is the first hormone to be synthesized using genetic engineering.

Process of Genetic Engineering

1. DNA carrying a gene of interest is taken from a (e.g., a human) cell.

2. The gene is inserted into the DNA of another (host) cell.

3. The host cell now contains recombinant DNA.

4. The host cell multiples.

5. The desired protein is produced.

Transgenic/Genetically-Modified Organism (GMO)

● It refers to any organism that has a modified or inserted gene (transgene) from another
species.

Examples of Genetically-Modified Organisms:

1. Tobacco plant glows in the dark (gene taken from a firefly)

 2. Golden rice (rich in Vitamin A)

3. Tadpoles which Fluoresce (modified with jellyfish genes)

I.CONCEPT NOTES

Genetically Modified Plants - These are used to produce bigger, more productive
livestock.Advantages:

A. Pest-resistant crops- These no longer need insecticides.

B. Disease-resistant crops- These are resistant to diseases and would make farmers save a lot
of money.

C. Herbicide-resistant crops- These solve problems in controlling weeds or unwanted plants that
compete with crops for space, water, and nutrients.

Glyphosate – It kills weeds, but it also stops the crops from producing essential aroma
needed for growth.

D. Plants with More Nutritional Values- These greatly benefit the consumers.

Genetically Modified Animals

● It is used to allow the production of fishes, cows, pigs, rabbits, and sheep with increased
size and mass or

by having productive livestock.

● It is used to produce pharmaceutical products for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

Cloning- It is done in the context of reducing the impact of using animals for experimentation.

Uses or Benefits of Genetic Engineering:

1. To make insulin for use by diabetic persons 5. To make animals grow faster

2. To make growth hormone to treat dwarfs 6. Higher production of milk by cows

3. To prepare vaccines 7. To make pigs with less fat-leaner

meat

4. To make plants resistant to disease 8. To use as a gene therapy

Concerns or Possible Hazards or Risks of Genetic Engineering:

 1. Risks of higher chances for cancer in humans

2. Risks of example higher cases of infection in animals

3. Risks of creating new microbes that are difficult to kill by antibiotics

I. CONCEPT NOTES

A System is a group of organs working together. It provides an organism with an advantage for
survival.

Organ Systems:

1. Nervous system- It sends messages for controlling movement and feeling between the
brain and the other parts of the body.

2. Reproductive system- It is controlled by hormones carried in the blood to the different

organs.

3. Excretory system- It consists of the small and large intestines.

4. Skeletal system- It consists of the bones and muscles. The bones form the skeleton,
which is the body’s framework that carries the weight and supports it.

5. Digestive System- It consists of teeth, mouth, gullet (esophagus), stomach, liver,

intestine, pancreas, and rectum.

6. Circulatory System- It consists of the heart and the blood vessels (tubes). The heart is
found in the chest cavity. It is a muscular pump that sends blood around the body.

7. Respiratory System- It includes respiration (breathing), which consists of inspiration

(breathing in) and expiration (breathing out).

8. Urinary System- It consists of the two kidneys, which lie against the backbone, and the
bladder.

Homoeostasis is a stable internal environment that allows you (and your cells) to survive.

● All your body’s systems work together to maintain homoeostasis inside your body.

I. CONCEPT NOTES

Evolution – It is the cumulative change in population of organisms over time.

Evolution Patterns
1. Divergent Evolution

· It occurs when closely related species divert to new habitats as a result of diverging
lifestyles, ultimatelyproducing distinct species.

Example: Humans and apes may have come from a common primate ancestor.

2. Convergent Evolution

· It is a group of distantly related lineages that tends to evolve similar structures as

adaptations to a

similarhabitat or way of life.

Example: Flying squirrel (placental mammal) and sugar glider (marsupial mammal) evolve
similar traitsas a result of having the same environment of niches.

3. Adaptive Radiation

· It is the relatively rapid evolution of single species into many new species, filling a variety
of formerly empty ecological niches.

Example:Colorful birds that inhabit the Hawaiian islandshave radiated into more than20 different
kinds by adapting to the kind of food they eat.

4. Coevolution

· It is usually observed in predator-prey relationships and those close interspecific

interactions such

as mutualism and competition.

· It is a process in which one species evolves in response to the evolution of another

species.

Example: Acacia ants guarding the branches and thorns of Acacia collinsii (nesting ground and
source offood of Acacia ants).

I.CONCEPT NOTES

Taxonomy- It is a branch of Science concerned with the classification of organisms.

Classification of Organisms

1. Domain

· It is a new taxonomic group added above the kingdom.

Three Domains:

a.) Bacteria- typical bacteria; It consists of one kingdom called Eubacteria.

b.) Archaea- It is an ancient bacterium that are living in extreme environment; made of one
kingdom

called Archaea bacteria.

c.) Eukaryote- It contains four kingdoms (Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista).

2. Kingdom

· Itis the most basic classification of living things.

· Living things are placed into certain kingdoms based on how they obtain their food, the
typesof cells that make up their body, and the number of cells they contain.

3. Phylum

· It is the primary subdivision of a taxonomic kingdom grouping some kind of physical

similarities among organisms within a kingdom.

· It involves vertebrates, annelids, mollusks, nematodes, and arthropods.

· There are 30 phyla within the animal kingdom.

4. Class

· It is a way to further divide organisms of a phylum.

· The vertebrates have five classes: fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

· The Arthropods have four classes: crustaceans, arachnids, insects, myriapods.

· There are about 87 classes of organisms in the Animal Kingdom.

5. Order

· It is a taxonomy key used to determine to which order an organism belongs.

Taxonomykey– It serves as a checklist to see what characteristics an organism shares with

other organisms.

6. Family

· The organisms within a familyhave more in common than with organisms in any
classification level
above it.

· It includes the groups of organisms that share certain adaptive traits.

7. Genus

· It is a way to describe the generic name for an organism.

· It is used to determine the first part of its two-part name.

8. Species

· It is the lowest and strictest level of classification of living things.

· It determines the second part of its two-part name.

I. CONCEPT NOTES

Biotic Potential

· It is the ability of a population of a particular species to propagate under ideal

environmental conditions sufficient food supply, no diseases, and no predators.

Environmental Resistance

· These are the factors that limit the biotic potential of an organism. These factors include
abiotic and biotic factors that limit the organism from endlessly increasing its population.

BIOTIC FACTORS

1. Predation- It is an interaction in which one organism captures another organism.

2. Competition- It is an interaction between organisms or species in which both the organisms

and species are harmed.

3. Parasitism- It is a relationship between two species of plants or animals in which one

benefits at the expense of the other, sometimes without killing the host organism.

4. Disease- It refers to the abnormal condition of an organism that interrupts normal bodily
functions and often leads to feelings of pain and weakness, usually associated with symptoms
and signs.

ABIOTIC FACTORS

1. Climatic conditions- These are the major driver of the processes of speciation and
extinction.
2. Fire- It is often caused by a short-term fire that increases in wildlife foods that contribute to
increases in

****populations of some animals.

3. Temperature- It alters the life cycles of plants and animals.