 Temperature

◦ Average kinetic energy of particles in a material

◦ As particles move faster, temperature increases
◦ Unit is Kelvin, K or Celsius, °C
 Thermal Energy
◦ Sum of kinetic and potential energy of particles in a
material
◦ Depends on three things
1. Mass
2. Temperature
3. Phase
 Heat
◦ Energy transferred between objects
◦ Always transfers from hot to cold
◦ Measured in Joules, J
 Specific Heat
◦ Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of
a material by 1°C
◦ Unit of J/g°C
◦ Q = mcDT
◦ A calorimeter measures specific heat
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 Conduction
◦ Transfer of thermal energy by collisions of particles
in matter
◦ Requires matter
◦ Thermal conductors-conduct heat well
 Metals, glass
 Convection
◦ Transfer of thermal energy in fluids
◦ Requires matter
◦ Convection currents-heat moves in a loop
 Hot air rises, lava lamps, ocean currents
 Radiation
◦ Transfer of energy by waves through space
◦ Does not require matter
◦ Transfers more rapidly through gases
 Controlling Heat
◦ Thermal insulators-do not allow heat to transfer
easily
 Air, Styrofoam, wood, plastics
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 Heating Systems
◦ Use convection to move warm air around
 Forced-air Systems
◦ Furnace burns fuel and heats air
◦ Transferred through air ducts
 Radiator Systems
◦ Furnace burns fuel and heats water
◦ Transferred through pipes
 Electric Heating Systems
◦ No furnace, uses electric coils
◦ Transferred to the air by conduction
 Solar Heating
◦ Using the sun as a source of
energy
◦ Passive solar heating
 Absorbs radiant energy but
cools quickly
◦ Active solar heating
 Solar collector absorbs radiant
energy
 Energy is transferred to water
pipes
 Pipes circulate hot water
 Cool water piped back to solar
collector
 Thermodynamics
◦ Study of relationship between thermal energy, heat,
and work
 First law
◦ Thermal energy equals work done and the heat
added
 Second law
◦ Energy never spontaneously goes cold to hot
 Heat Engines
◦ Device that converts thermal energy to mechanical
energy
◦ Internal combustion engine
 Fuel burned inside a cylinder causes a piston to move
 Most energy not converted to mechanical energy
 Doing Work to Transfer Thermal Energy
◦ Requires work to transfer from cold to hot
 Refrigerators
◦ Coolant changes into a gas, making it colder
◦ Gas absorbs thermal energy
◦ Gas pumped to a compressor
◦ Gas changes to a liquid
 Air Conditioners
◦ Operation similar to a refrigerator
 Heat Pumps
◦ A two-way air conditioner
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 1. A scientist wants to raise the temperature
of a 100 gram sample of glass from -45°C to
15°C. How much heat energy is required to
cause this change? Specific heat of glass
0.800J/g°C.
 2. What is the mass of a block of concrete
that gains 52,800 Joules of energy when its
temperature is increased by 5°C? Specific
heat of concrete 0.880 J/g°C.
 3. A 250 gram sample of aluminum is heated
with 5000 J of energy. What will be the
change in temperature? Specific heat of
aluminum is 0.900 J/g°C.
 4. What is the change in temperature for
2000 grams of water that loses 8500 J of
energy? Specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g°C.