Physics Structure Guessing Platinum Tute-Amith Pussalla

2021 Advanced Level - Physics
Theory / Revision PLATINUM BOOK PHT6738

2021Th/Re 2022/01/27
ISBN 978-955-7610-11-5
Wiia fm< fN!;sl úoHdj
wñ;a mqiaie,a,
ishü ysñlï wejß‚.
fuu ksnkaOkh iïmQ¾Kfhkau fyda fldgia jYfhka l=uk

wdldrfhka fyda l=uk l%uhlska bf,lafg%dkslj, hdka;%slj
fyda Pdhdmsgm;a u.ska msgm;a lsÍu yd .nvd lr ;eîu
imqrd ;ykïh.
tf,iu fuu fmdf;a wvx.= lreKq uqøKh lr fyda tys
lsis÷ fldgila Pdhdmsgm;a lr fnod yeÍu iodpdr iïmkak
fkdjk w;r th o~qjï ,eìh yels jrola o fõ.
ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

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fuu
A fldgi - jHqy.; rpkd ;Srfha
m%Yak ish,a,g u ms<s;=re fuu m;%fha u imhkak. lsisjla
(g = 10 m s-2) fkd
,shkak.
1. (a) n, iudka;rdi% kshuh i;Hdmkh lsßu i|yd my; wdldrfha wegjqula mÍlaIKd.drfha §
wgjd ;sfí. okakd Ndr folla, fkdokakd Ndrhla, ieye,a¨ mä r|jk yd iqÿiq mßÈ ;ka;= o ta
iuÕ imhd we;.
(i)X f,i olajd we;af;a l=ulao@

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(ii)n, iudka;rdi% kshuh i;Hdmkh lsßu i|yd Ndr yd ;ka;= fuys ilik wdldrh we|
olajkak. tys fkdokakd Ndrfha ialkaOh M o, okakd Ndr foflys ialkaO m ne.ska o fõ kï,
th by; rEmfha kï lrkak.
(b)(i)fuys lmamsj, ;sìh hq;= m%Odk .=Kdx.h l=ulao@

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(ii)by; .=Kdx.h lmams i;= oehs mßlaId lsÍug isiqjd úiska l=ula l, hq;= o@
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(iii)mÍlaIKfha Ndú;d l< hq;= ;ka;= i;=j ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. folla ,shkak.
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(iv);ka;= j,g by; ,laIK fol ;sîfï m%Odk wjYH;dj l=ulao@

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(c)(i);ka;= j, msysàu X ys ,l=Kq lsÍu i|yd isiqjd úiska wkq.ukh l< yels l%u folla kï
lrkak.
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(ii)by; l%u fol fláfhka úia;r lrkak.
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(d)(i);ka;= j, msysàu ,l=Kq lsÍug ;j;a isiqfjl= úiska úÿ,s mkaoula wdOdrfhka ;ka;=fõ ;Srfha
lsisjla
fijke,af,a msysàu ,l=Kq lsÍug fhdackd flß‚. ta iuÕ Tn tlÕ fõ o, fkdfõo@ fya;=j fkd
myokak. ,shkak.
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(ii);ka;= j, msysàï X ys ,l=Kq lsÍfuka wk;=rej, n, iudka;rdi% kshuh i;Hmkh lsßug

wkq.ukh l,hq;= l%shd ms<sfj, i|yka lrkak.
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(iii)m = 30 g g jk úg my; wdldrfha X ys ;ka;= msysàï olakg ,eì‚. iqÿiq ks¾udKhla
u.ska M ys ialkaOh ks¾Kh lrkak.
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2. øjudkhla Ndú;fhka úúO øjj, >k;aj ks¾Khg my; ir, hdka;%Kh Ndú;d fõ.
V - k,fha nr fhÿ bá iys; fldgfia mßudj.

^jl% fldgfia ndysr mßudj&
M - wvx.= øjH iys; k,fha uq,a ialkaOh.
A - k<fha is,skavrdldr fldgfia ndysr yrialv j¾.M,h.
m - k,h ;=,g tl;= l< wu;r ialkaOh. îalkaO mä Ndú;dlr&
r - øjfha >k;ajh.
l - k,h bmsf,k úg .s,S we;s is,skavrdldr fldgfia Wi.
^k,fha we;s bá mDIaGfha isg&

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fuu
(i)wdlsñäia uQ,O¾uh yd bms,Sfï uQ,O¾uh ,shkak. ;Srfha
lsisjla
fkd
(1)wdlsñäia uQ,O¾uh ,shkak.
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(2)bms,Sfï uQ,O¾uh
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(ii)fuys§ Bhï uQksiaiï fh§fï wruqK l=ulao @

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(iii)m tÈßj l m%ia:dr .; lsÍu i|yd iólrKhla iqÿiq mßÈ ilikak.

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(b)by; mÍlaIKh fjkqjg <ufhl= úiska wNHka;r úIalïNh (d1) yd ndysr úIalïNh (d2) jk
fjk;a mÍlaIK k,hla Ndú;d lr (2) rEmh mßÈ ìhqfrÜgqjla wdOdrfhka riÈh jeks by,
>k;ajhlska s hq;=, (q) øjhla oud by; mÍlaIKh kej; isÿlsÍug iqÿiq wegjqula ilia lrk
,§.
kj k,fha ialkaOh Mx fõ. ;jo k,fha jl% fldgfia ndysr mßudj Vo fõ.

wdrïNfha § q ødjKfhka hïlsis mßudjla (Vx) oud k,h isriaj iu;=,s; lrf.k bkamiq fmr
mßÈu mdGdxl lsysmhla f.k m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lr.; yel.

(i)w¢kq ,nk m%ia:drfha fydo úisreula ,nd .ekSu i|yd lrkq ,nk mQ¾fjdamdhka úia;r lrkak.
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fuu
(ii)m%ia;drhla we§ug iqÿiq mßÈ iólrKhla f.dv kÕd iajdh;a; yd mrdh;a; úp,H kï lrkak. ;Srfha
lsisjla
................................................................................................................................................................ fkd
,shkak.
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(1)iajdh;a; úp,H - ..................................................................
(2)mrdh;a; úp,H - ..................................................................

(iii)mä fh§fï l%uhg jvd >k;ajfhka jeä fujeks øjhla Ndú; lsÍfï jdish yd wjdish ne.ska
i|yka lrkak.
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(c)fuys§ p, wKaùlaIh wdOdrfhka l ñkqu .kq ,nkafka kï k,fha by< yd my< mdGdxl .kq
,nk úg m%;sìïnh fmfkk wdldrh my; rEm j, we| fmkajkak.
(mÍlaIK k,h p, wkaùlaIh ;=,ska neÆ úg (3) rEmfha mßÈ fmfkk nj i<lkak.)
mÍlaIK k,h
q øjh
3. (a) iumd; l%ufhka W;a;, ldphl m%;sìïnj, msysgqu ,ndf.k tuÕska ldpfha kdNsh ÿr
fiùug Tng kshu ù we;.
(i);d;a;aúl m%;sìïn ,nd.ekSug wdOdrlhlg iú l< W;a;, ldphla yer wjYH wfkl=;a
whs;uhka fudkjd o@
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(ii)by; Tn i|yka l< whs;uhka tajdfha o< msysgqïj, we| olajñka my; wegjqu iïmQ¾K
lrkak.

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(iii)ldpfha kdNsh (F) yd 2F w;r jia;= l+r ;nk ,oafoa kï, ldph ;=<ska fmfkk tys ;Srfha
m%;sìïnfha ,laIK ,shkak. lsisjla
fkd
......................................................................................................................................................... ,shkak.
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(b)ldpfha o< kdNsh ÿr fidhd.ekSug wkq.ukh lrk mshjr ,shkak.

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(c)W;a;, ldpfha isg hï ksYaÑ; ÿrlska jia;= l+r ;nd we;ehs is;kak. oeka ldph ;=<ska fmfkk
tys m%;sìïnfha ;=v iuÕ iumd; jk mßÈ wfkla ksfõIK l+r iSreudre lrk ,§.
(i)m%;sìïnh iy ksfõIK l+r iumd; ù we;s wjia:dj y÷kd.kafka flfiao@

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(ii)ldph ;=<ska neÆ úg m%;sìïnfha ;=v ldpfha uOHfha fkdfmfka kï l< hq;af;a l=ula o@
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(iii)fidhd.;a o< kdNsh ÿrg wdikakj, ldpfha isg wei we;s me;a;g m%;súreoaO me;af;a jia;=
l+r ;nd we;s úg meyeÈ,s m%;sìïnhla fkdfmkqks. thg fya;=j l=ula úh yelso@
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(d)jia;= l+f¾ msysgqu fjkia lrñka ,nd.;a jia;= ÿr u yd m%;sìïn ÿr v w.hka my; mßÈ úh.
(i)fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd u,v yd kdNSh ÿr f w;r iïnkaO;djh ,shd olajkak.

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(ii)m%ia:dßl l%uhlska ldpfha kdNsh ÿr fidhd.; yels jk mßÈ by; m%ldYkh kej; ilia
lrkak.
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(iii)by; oelafjk j.=fjys ysia;ekaj,g iqÿiq w.hka ,shd olajkak.

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(iv)1/u g tÈßfhka 1/v m%ia:drh my; cd,h ;=< w¢kak. ;Srfha
lsisjla
fkd
,shkak.
(v)by; we¢ m%ia:drh weiqfrka ldpfha kdNsh ÿr .Kkh lrkak.

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(e)(i)my; olajd we;af;a w;d;a;aúl m%;sìïn ,nd .ekSug ilia l< wiïmQ¾K wegjquls.
whs;uhkaj, o< msysgqï olajñka th iïmQ¾K lrkak.^my; we| we;s whs;uhka Tng imhd
we;.&
iqÿ ;srh
(ii)ksfõIK l+r iy ldph ;=<ska jia;= l+f¾ m%;sìïnh Tng fmfkk wdldrh my; we|
fmkajkak.

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fuu
(f)fuu mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍu i|yd YsIHfhla úiska my; wegjqu fhdackd lrk ,§. ;Srfha
lsisjla
f,ai¾ mkaoï fkd
,shkak.
by; olajd we;s mkaoï wdOdrlfha f,ai¾ mkaoï folla r|jd we;. tajdhska isyska f,ai¾ loïn
folla ksl=;a lrhs. W;a;, ldpfhka j¾;kh jQ miq loïn fol fþokh jk ia:dkhg wod<
mßudK lshùu ,nd.ekSug ksfõIK l+r Ndú; lrhs. f,ai¾ mkaoï fol w;r fldaKh wjYH
mßÈ fjkia lr.; yel.
(i) fuu l%ufha we;s jdishla iy wjdishla ,shd olajkak.

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(ii)jvd;au ksjerÈ mdGdxl ,nd.ekSug Ndú; l< hq;= f,ai¾ loïnfha j¾Kh l=ula o@ tu
f;dard.ekSug fya;=j l=ula o@
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4. (a) isiqfjla yg wj;, ldphl kdNsh ÿr fiùu i|yd iqÿiq mßÈ wdOdrl j,g iúlr we;s wj;,
ldphla, jia;= l+rla, ksfõYk l+rla yd ;, o¾mkhla ,nd § we;. Tyq úiska fïih u; yqKq
l+rlska f¾Ldjla we| tys uOHfha ldph ;nk ,§.
Tyqg fuu mÍlaIKh id¾:lj lrf.k hdu i|yd tla Wmdx.hla imhd fkdue;.
(i)th l=ulao@
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(ii)tu wjYH Wmdx.h Tyqg ,nd ÿkafka kï, th m¾fhaIKfha § ksjerÈj ;nd .kakd wdldrh
by; rEmfh we| kï lrkak.
(b)(i)bka wk;=rej tu isiqjd jia;= l+r ksfõYk l+r yd ;, o¾mkh ksjerÈj ;enqfõ kï tys
wjidk msysgqï by; rEmfha weo olajkak.
(ii)ksfõYk l+f¾ ksjerÈ msysàu ,nd .ekSu i|yd isiqjd úiska wkq.ukh l< hq;= mshjr
i|yka lrkak.
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fuu
;Srfha
(iii)mdGdxl ,nd .kakd fudfydf;a§ jia;= l+f¾ m%;sìïnh yd ksfõYk l+f¾ m%;sìïnh ldph lsisjla
yd o¾mKh ;=<ska n,oa§ Èiajk wdldrh we| olajkak. fkd
,shkak.
(iv)jia;= l=f¾ yd ksfõYk l+f¾ m%;sìïn tlu isria f¾Ldjl fkdmeje;ajqfKa kï, isiqjd
úiska wegjqug l< hq;= foa l=ulao@
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(c)(i)isiqjd úiska mdGdxl ,nd.ekSu i|yd ueksh hq;= È. ñkqï ;=kla a, b yd c f,i tu rEmfhau
,l=Kq lrkak.
(ii)ta weiqfrka jia;= ÿr (u) yd m%;sìïn ÿr (v) i|yd m%ldYk ,nd.kak.

^1& jia;= ÿr (u) - .....................................................................................................................
^2& m%;sìïn ÿr (v) -..................................................................................................................
(d)(i)ldp iólrKh ,shd olajd th weiqfrka m%ia;dr l%uhg kdNsh ÿr fidhd .ekSug wjYH
iólrK f.dvkÕkak.
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(ii)m%ia:drfha o< yevh my; rEm igyfka weo olajkak.
(iii)ta weiqfrka wj;, ldp kdNSh ÿr ,nd .kakd wdldrh fláfhka olajkak.
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;Srfha
5. ksh; mßudjla we;s wp, jdhq ialkaOhl mSvkh iy ksrfmalaI WIaK;ajh w;r iïnkaO;dj lsisjla
i;Hdmkh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd mÍlaIKd;aul wegjqul wiïmQ¾K rEm igykla my; § fkd
we;. ,shkak.
(a)A, B yd C j,ska l=uk uÜgu olajd irdj ;=< c,h msrúh hq;=o@ Tfí ms<s;=r meyeÈ,s lrkak.
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(b)by; rEm igyfka fmkajd fkdue;s tfy;a w;HjYH WmlrK fol rEm igyfka we|
fmkajkak. ^ksis ia:dkfha, ksis m%udKhg&.
(c)jg wä ma,dial=fõ iy wdudkh iy jg wä ma,dial=j iïnkaO lrk k,fha úYd,;ajhka

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu ;=<ska fodaIhla wju lr.; yelsfõ.
(i)fïjdys úYd,;ajhka ms<sn| woyia olajkak
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(ii)tfia úYd,;ajhka f;dard.ekSfuka wju lr.; yels fodaIh l=ulao@
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(d)ùÿre fukau jd;ho fyd¢ka ;dmh ikakhkh fkdlrhs. tu ksid ma,dial=fõ we;s jdhqfõ
WIaK;ajh P,fha WIaK;ajhg iudk ùu i|yd hï ld,hla .; fõ’ tu ld,h ,nd§u i|yd
wkq.ukh l< hq;= mÍlaIKd;aul mshjr l=ulao@
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(e)fuu mÍlaIKfha§ c,fha WIaK;ajh 10 0C muK jQ m%udKj,ska jeä lrñka wjia:d lsysmhl§
mSvk mdGdxl ,nd .kS.
(i)c,h hï WIaK;ajhl mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;= mÍlaIKd;aul mshjr fol
,shkak.
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(ii)ma,dial=fõ we;s jd;fha WIaK;ajh c,fha WIaK;ajhg meñK we;s nj ;yjqre lr.; yels
l%u folla ioyka lrkak.
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(f)tla tla WIaK;aj i|yd ,nd.;a mSvk w.hkaf.a ksrjoH;djh ;yjqre lr.ekSu i|yd wkqukh
l< yels mÍlaIKd;aul l%ufõoh l=ulao@
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;Srfha
(g)fuu jg wä ma,dial=j ;=< úh<s jd;h iy wix;Dma; c,jdIam wka;¾.; fõ. q ° WIaK;ajfha§ lsisjla
c, jdIam j, wdxYsl mSvkh Pw Pa f,i o, wdudk mSvkh Pg Pa f,i o i,lkak. fkd
^jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh - Pa Pa&. fuu mSvk wdudkfhka wdudk mSvkh ,nd fokafka kï, fuu ,shkak.
ixfla; weiqßka jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh iy mSvkh w;r iïnkaO;dj f.dvkÕkak.
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(h)(i)mSvk kshuh i;Hdmkh lsÍu i|yd Tn úiska w¢kq ,nk m%ia:drfha o< igykla § we;s rEm
igyfka w¢kak. (g) fldgfia y÷kajdÿka ixfla; Ndú;fhka wlaI kï lrkak.
(ii)ksh; mßudfõ § jdhqjl mSvk ix.=Klh ,nd .kakd wdldrh m%ia:drh weiqßka ,shkak.
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6. úoHd.drhla ;=< § f,day j¾.hl úYsIag ;dm Odß;dj fiùug isiqfjl= úiska wgjk ,o
mÍlaIKd;aul ieleiaula rEmfha oelafõ.
(a)(i)WIaK;ajudk mdGdxlh 1000C jk wjia:dfõ§ Êj,k k<fha ì;a;s yryd ;dm ixl%duKhla
isÿ fkdjkafka kï tu wjia:dfõ§ f,day f.da,j, WIaK;ajh fldmuK o@
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(ii)fuu mÍlaIKh is÷ lsÍu i|yd w;HdjYH fjk;a WmlrKhla kï lrkak.
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fuu
;Srfha
lsisjla
(b)mÍlaIKh is÷ lsÍu i|yd my; wdldrfha le,ßógrhlg wjYH m%udKhg c,h mqrjd th ;=<g fkd
f,day f.da, tl;= lsÍu is÷ lrhs. ,shkak.
(i)fuys§ le,ßógrh ;=<g c,h tl;= lsÍu is÷ l< hq;af;a A,B,C uÜgï ;=fkka l=uk uÜgu
olajd o@
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(ii)tu uÜgu f;dard .ekSug fya;= folla fokak.

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(iii)fuu mÍlaIKh is÷ lsÍfï§ ,nd .; hq;= ñkqï wkqms<sfj,ska olajkak.
1) …………………………………………………….……………………………………………………… ( m1 hehs .ksuq )
2) ………………………………………………….………………………………………………………… ( m2 hehs .ksuq )
3) ………………………………………………….………………………………………………………… ( q1 hehs .ksuq )

4) ………………………………………………….………………………………………………………… (q2 hehs .ksuq )
5) ………………………………………………….………………………………………………………… ( m3 hehs .ksuq )
(iv)f,day f.da,j, ú.;d.Od.} CM , c,fha ú.;d.Od. } CW , uka:h iys; le,ßógrfha ;dm

Odß;dj } C kï , CM i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak.
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7. Tm oeuQ le,ßógrhla Ndú; lr ldur WIaK;ajh 30 0C jk ldurhl jd;fha idfmalaI

wd¾ø;djh iy ;=Idr wxlh fiùug Tng mjid we;.
(a);=Idr wxlh yÿkajkak.

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(b)(i) by; mÍlaIKh isÿlsÍu i|yd Tng my; WmlrK ,nd § we;.
(A) uka:hla
(B) ldur WIaK;ajfha we;s c,h
(C) WIaK;ajudk ;=kla
(D) úYd, whsia lene,a,la
mÍlaIKhg wjYH jk kuq;a by; i|yka fkdjk WmlrKhla$WmlrK i|yka lrkak.

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fuu
;Srfha
lsisjla
(ii),nd ÿka WIaK;ajudk ;=fkys o;a; my; mßÈ úh. fkd
,shkak.
(1)0 - 25 0C l%udxls; l=vdu ñkqu 0.5 0C WIaK;ajudkh.
(2)0 - 50 0C l%udxls; l=vdu ñkqu 1 0C WIaK;ajudkh.
(3)0 - 50 0C l%udxls; l=vdu ñkqu 0.5 0C WIaK;ajudkh.
fuu mÍlaIKhg jvd;au iqÿiq WIaK;ajudkh jkafka l=ulao@fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak.

................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(c)le,ßógrh ;=,g c,h msrúh hq;af;a l=uk uÜgugo@
................................................................................................................................................................

(d)(i)

oeka remfha mßÈ mÍlaIKh isÿ lsÍug ish,a, iQodkï lr we;. ó<Õg l, hq;=
mÍlaIKd;aul mshjr l=ulao@
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(ii)mÍlaIKd;aul mshjr isÿlsÍug fmr mÍlaIKfha id¾:lNdjh i|yd l, hq;= mQ¾fjdamdhka

we;. th l=ulao@
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................

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fuu
(e)(i)fuys§ uka:h i|yd oe,af.dgq uka:hla Ndú; lsÍu w;HjYH fõo@$fkdfõo@ ;Srfha
lsisjla
........................................................................................................................................................ fkd
,shkak.
(ii)by; (i) ys ms<s;=rg fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
(f)le,ßógrh isis,a lrf.k hk úg mDIaGfha Tmh 24 0C § hka;ñka ke;s úh. bkamiq kej;
WIaK;ajh jeä fjkakg ;enQ úg le,ßógrfha Tmh we;sjk WIaK;ajh 25 0C úh.
(i)ldurfha ;=Idr wxlh l=ulao@
..........................................................................................................................................................
(ii);=Idr wxlfha wúksYaÑ;;djh fldmuKo@
..........................................................................................................................................................
(g)ldur WIaK;ajh iuÕ ix;Dma; jdIam mSvkh (P/ Hgcm) úp,kh jk wdldrh my; m%ia:drfha
oelafõ.
m%ia;drfhka wjYH o;a; f.k by; ldurfha idfmalaI wd¾ø;djh .Kkh lrkak.
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

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fuu
;Srfha
8. lsisjla
fkd
,shkak.
(a)mÍlaIKh wdrïNhg fmr i¾mkh h;=r lïìfha fofl<jr ;nd .e,ajfkdaóg¾ mdGdxlh
foÈYdjg mj;skafka oehs mßlaId lsÍug fya;=j l=ulao@
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(b)by; mßm:hg m%;sfrdaOlh iu. K2 iaúphla iïnkaO lsÍug m%Odk fya;=j l=ulao@
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(c)by; Rq , RB , l1 yd l2 w;r iïnkaOh l=ulao@

................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(d)by; m%ldYh o fhdod .ksñka m%ia;dßl l%uhla weiqfrka f,dayfha m%;sfrdaOh WIaK;aj
ix.=Klh fiùu ioyd wjYH jk my; m%ldYh ,nd.kak.
l1 R0aq R0
= +
l2 RB RB
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(e)by; tla tla wjia:dfõ § ,efnk l1 w.h yd l1 / l2 w.hka u.ska my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak.

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fuu
;Srfha
(f)iqÿiq mßÈ wlaI iïmQ¾K lr ksjerÈj LKavdxl ,l=Kq lr m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lrkak. lsisjla
fkd
,shkak.
(g)by; m%ia:drfha wkql%uKh fidhkak.

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(h)by; m%ia:drfha wka;#LKavh l=ulao@

............................................................................................................................................................

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fuu
;Srfha
(i)m%ia:drfhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka f,dayfha m%;sfrdaOfha WIaK;aj ix.=Klh fidhkak. lsisjla
............................................................................................................................................................ fkd
,shkak.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(j)i¾mK h;=r óg¾ fia;=fõ lïìh Èf.a weof.k fkdhd hq;af;a wehsoehs i|yka lrkak.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(k)lïìfha yrialv j¾.M,h taldldr fkdùfï fodaIh u.yrjd .ekSfï Wml%u fudkjdo@
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(l)1W yd 1MW jeks m%;sfrdaO ixikaokhg óg¾ fia;=j iqÿiq fõo@ fya;= myokak.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
9. fÊ.d¾ l%uh u.ska øjhl mDIaÀl wd;;sh fiùu i|yd ilia lrk ,o wegjqul fldgila my;
rEmfha olajd we;.
(a) wegjqug iïnkaO l, hq;= X f,i ,l=Kq lr we;s fldgi by; rEmfha we| olajkak.
(b)(i)mdGdxlh ,nd .ekSug fmr w,afmfk;a; ilia lr.; hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak.
............................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

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fuu
;Srfha
(ii)by; rEmfha i,l=Kq lr we;s h1 yd h2 Wij,a uek .ekSu i|yd p, wKaùlaIh Ndú;d lrhs. lsisjla
h1 Wi uek .ekSfï§ X1 yd X2 mdGdxl ,nd .kakd wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak. fkd
,shkak.
X1 - .............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
X2 - .............................................................................................................................................
(iii)X1 yd X2 mdGdxl ,nd .kakd úg p, wkaùlaIfha wod, ñkqï ,nd .kakd uÜgï Èiajk
wdldrh we| olajkak.
X1 X2
(iv)X1 Wi uek .ekSu i|yd we,afmfk;a;la Ndú;d lsÍfï jeo.;alu i|yka lrkak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(v)fuys§ uq,ska ,nd.; hq;af;a X1 Wi i|yd wod, mdGdxlo@ X2 Wi i|yd wod, mdGdxlo@ Tfí
ms<s;=rg fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
(vi)flaYsl k,h ;=, mSvkh i|yd m%ldYkhla X1 , X2 , îlrfha we;s øjfha >k;ajh (r1),
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh (p) øjfha mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh (T) iy flaYsl k,fha úIalïNh (d)
weiqfrka ,nd.kak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(vii)flaYsl k,h ;=, mSvkh i|yd m%ldYkhla X3, X4, uefkdaógrh ;=< we;s øjfha >k;ajh (r2)
iy jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkh weiqßka ,nd.kak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
(viii)by; m%ldYkh weiqfrka îlrh ;=< we;s øjfh mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh i|yd m%ldYkhla
,nd.kak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(ix)by; .Kkfha§ isÿlrk tla Wml,amkhla i|yka lrkak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(c)uefkdaógrh ;=< fhdod .ekqKq >k;ajh (P0) jk øjfha mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh >k;ajh (r1)
jk øjfha mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh iu. ixikaokh lsÍug my; wegjqu ilia lsß‚.

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fuu
;Srfha
lsisjla
fkd
,shkak.
(4)
>k;ajh r2 fjk øjfha mDIaÀl wd;;s ix.=Klh T0 kï by; rEmfha olajd we;s ñkqï T weiqfrka
T0 i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd.kak. (r1 >k;ajh we;s øjh ;=, mj;sk flaYsl k<fha wrh r1 njo r2
>k;ajh we;s øjh ;=, mj;sk flaYsl k<fha wrh njo r2 i,lkak.)
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................

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fuu
10. Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl úÿ,s iemhqug ie,lsh hq;= odhl;ajhla ,ndfok c, úÿ,s n,d.drj, úÿ,sh ;Srfha
lsisjla
ckkh lsÍu i|yd g¾nhsk Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs. tjeks g¾nhskhl rEmhla my; olajd we;. fkd
,shkak.
(a) g¾nhskhlg ,nd.; yels Wmßu N%uK fõ.hla mj;sk w;r Bg jvd N%uK fõ.h jeä
ùfï§ g¾nhsk fm;s m%idrKh ù yevh fjkiaùu ksid hdka;%sl fodaI we;sfõ. m%Yia; N%uK
fõ.h mj;ajd .ekSfï§, g¾nhskfha fm;a;l w. fl<jr m%fõ.h Mach 1.8 f,i ioyka
fõ. g¾nhskfha úYalïNh 3 m kï tys N%uK m%fõ.h rads-1 j,ska .Kkh lrkak.
^Mach 1 = 330 ms-1 nj i,lkak. &
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(b)j¾Idm;kh jeks ld,.=‚l idOl fya;=fjka c,dYj, c, uÜgu by< hdu ksid g¾nhskfha
N%uK fõ.h fjkia úh yel. tjeks idOl ksid fjkia jk g¾nhskfha N%uK fõ.h by;
(a) fldgfia .Kkh l< w.fha mj;ajd .ekSug fhdod.; yels ir, lrk ,o mßm:hla my;
olajd we;.
g¾nhskh by; (a) fldgfia § .Kkh l< N%uK fõ.fhka lerlSu ksid fckf¾grfha
700 V jeks úNj wka;rhla hgf;a úÿ,sh ckkh flf¾. tu m%;Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;dj wjlr
mßKdul u.ska wvq lr.kq ,efnk w;r tf,i wvq lrkq fjda,aàh;dj X mßm:h yryd
RL Ndr m%;sfrdaOh fj; ,nd fokq ,efí. mßm:fha M f,i i,l=Kq lr we;af;a g¾nhskh
yryd .,d hk c, m%jdyh md,kh lrk fodrgq j,g iïnkaO lr we;s fudag¾ moaO;sh jk
w;r l%shdldÍ wjia:dfõ§ th yryd 1.5A Odrdjla .,d hhs.
(i)X fldgig iïnkaO jk mßm:h we| tu mßm:h iïnkaO lsÍfï jeo.;alu i|yka lrkak.
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................

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fuu
(ii) by; mßm:hg iïnkaO lr we;s g%dkaisiagrhg wod, ,dlaI‚l jl% folla my; oelafõ. ;Srfha
lsisjla
fkd
,shkak.
(1) Xfudagrh l%shd;aul jk wjia:dfõ§ O ,laIfha mj;sk wju úNjh .Kkh lrkak.
......................................................................................................................................................
(2)fudagrh l%shd;aul jk wjia:dfõ I1 g yd I2 g .; yels wju w.hka i|yka lrkak.

I1 - ...................................................... I2 - ......................................................
(iii)iDcqldrl vfhdavhl fmr keUqre fjda,aàh;dj 0.7 V kï mßKdulfha m%d:ñl yd oaú;Sl oÕr
j, fmdgj,a w;r we;s wkqmd;h .Kkh lrkak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(vi)fuys § mßm:hg iïnkaO lr we;s g%dkaisiagrh Ndú;d jkafka úoHq;a ix{d j¾Olhla f,i o@
úoHq;a iaúphla f,i o@
.........................................................................................................................................................
(c) m%dfhda.slj fujeks moaO;shl Ndú;d jk fudagrhla ;=<ska .,dhk Odrdj 1.5A j,g jvd
jeäjk w;r tu Odrd w.h tjeks wêl Odrdjla .,dhdu ksid g%dkaisiagrh ms,siaiS hdu isÿfõ.
fuh j<lajd .ekSug fudag¾ moaO;shg fjk;a mßm:hla u.ska cj iemhqï iïnkaO lr
g%dkaisiagr ;=<ska .,k Odrdj úoHq;a ix{djla f,i Ôdrdj .,k wjia:dj - 1, Odrdj fkd.,k
wjia:dj - 0 & Ndú; l< yel. fudag¾ mßm:h iy g%dkaisiagr iys; ix{d mßm:h iïnkaO
lsÍu i|yd S - R ms<sfmd<la fhdod.; yels nj isiqfjl= mjihs.
(i) S-R ms<sfmd< mßm:hla weo tys w.% ,l=Kq lr Bg wod, i;H;d j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak.
S R Q Q
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

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fuu
(ii) fuys§ isiqjdf.a fhdackdj j,x.= fkdjkafka wehs oehs myokak. ;Srfha
lsisjla
......................................................................................................................................................... fkd
,shkak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
(iii) fudagr mßm:h iy ix{d mßm:h iïnkaO lsÍug iqÿiq ;d¾lsl Wmdx.hla$mßm:hla i|yka
lrkak$we| olajkak.
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
11.
(a)yqla kshuhg wod, iólrKh ,shd olajkak.

................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(b)by; wegjqu uÕska y = mx wdldrfha m%ia;drhla i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd.kak.

................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(c)lïìfha úIalïNh i|yd ñkqu ,nd .kakd wdldrh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(d)mÍlaIKh i|yd mdGdxl ,nd .ekSfï§ 1/2 kg mä tlal ne.ska tl;= lrñka yd mä bj;a
lrñka jksh¾ mdGdxlh fojrla ,nd ,nd .kS. Bg fya;= folla i|yka lrkak.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................

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fuu
;Srfha
lsisjla
(e)my; tla tla ialkaofh§ jksh¾ mdGdxl j,g wod, ú;;sh fidhkak. fkd
,shkak.
(f)iqÿiq mßÈ wlaI l%udxlkh lr by; f;dr;=re weiqfrka m%ia;drh ks¾udKh lrkak.

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fuu
;Srfha
(g)m%ia:drfha wkql%uKh fidhkak. lsisjla
............................................................................................................................................................ fkd
,shkak.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(h)lïìfha wrh 1mm jkafka kï jdfkaj, hxudmdxlh fidhkak. ^ lïìfha È. 3 m fõ.&(p = 3)

............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
(i)fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd P yd Q f,i lïì folla Ndú;d lsÍug fya;= folla i|yka lrkak.
............................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................
12. WIaK;ajh 30 0C jk Èkhl§ mdi,a úoHd.drhla ;=< imhd we;s øjhl 30 0C WIaK;ajfha§
ÿiai%dù;d ix.=Klh fiùu i|yd ilid we;s wegjqula my; oelafjhs.
(a)mÍlaIKh i|yd fhdod .ekSug fmr tla YsIHfhla úiska XY f,i fhdodf.k we;s ùÿre
flaIsl k<h ksjerÈj msßisÿ lrk ,§. tys§ wkq.ukh l< l%shdms<sfj,j,a ksjerÈ wkqms<sfj,ska
,shd olajkak.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(b)mÍlaIKh isÿlr.ekSu i|yd wegjqfï § we;s WmlrKj,g wu;rj wjYH jk ;j;a WmlrK
folla i|yka lrkak.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(c)mÍlaIKfha .Kkh lsÍï i|yd XY flaIsl k<fha ,nd.; hq;= ñkqï folla mj;shs. tu ñkqï
ksjerÈj i|yka lrkak.
w.h l=vd ñkqu x1 kï: ................................................................
w.h úYd, ñkqu x2 kï: ...............................................................

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fuu
;Srfha
lsisjla
(d) x1 yd x2 ñkqï ,nd.ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lsÍug iqÿiq ñkqï WmlrK i|yka lrkak. fkd
,shkak.
x1 i|yd: ............................................................................
x2 i|yd: ............................................................................
(e)x1 ñkqu i|yd .Kkhla uÕska w.hhla ,nd.; yels fjk;a l%uhla we;s nj;a tuÕska jvd;a
ksjerÈ w.hhla x1 i|yd ,nd.; yels nj;a YsIHfhla m%ldY lrhs. fuu l%ufõoh i|yka
lrkak. th fhdod.ekSu i|yd fya;=j o ,shd olajkak.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(f)mÍlaIKfha ksrjoHNdjh jeä lsÍu i|yd Y fl<jßka lmq kQ,a fmdgla t,aúh hq;= nj ;j;a
YsIHfhla m%ldY lrhs. fï i|yd jvd;a idOdrK fya;= folla ,shd olajkak.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(g)mÍlaIKfha .Kkhla i|yd wjYH jk ñkqï w;ßka jvd;au ksjerÈj ,nd.; hq;= ñkqu
l=ulao? ta i|yd fya;=j ,shd olajkak.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................

(h)mÍlaIKh i|yd fhdodf.k we;s P WmlrKfha we;s m%Odk jdish l=ula o?
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(i)ÿiai%dù;d ix.=Klh (η) m%ia;dßl l%uhla uÕska .Kkh lr.; hq;=j we;. t ld,hl§ ñkqï
irdjg tl;= jQ øj mßudj V o tu øjfha >k;ajh ρ o .=re;ajc ;ajrKh g o fõ kï ,nd.;a
ñkqï (x1 , x2 , h) o Wmfhda.S lrf.k m%ia;drh we£u i|yd jdoh f.dvk.kak.
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
(j)h i|yd úYd, mrdihl mdGdxl f;dardf.k ;snqfKa kï ,eìh yels m%ia;drfha o< yevh my;
we| olajkak.


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m%Yak y;rlg muKla ms<s;=re imhkak.

(g = 10 m s-2)
5. úfkdao WoHdkhl we;s tla wx.hla fuu rEmfha mßÈ fõ. tys úYd, wrhla iys;
,Sj,ska ;kk ,o is,skavrhla mj;sk w;r tys m;=, muKla wjYH úg bj;a l<
yels jk mßÈ wdjrKh lr we;. th ;=< ñksfila is,skavrfha ì;a;shg fya;a;=
ù isák w;r l%ufhka is,skavrh N%uKh jk flda‚l m%fõ.h Y=kHfha isg jeä A
lr, wjidkfha úYd, flda‚l m%fõ.hlska N%uKh jk úg is,skavrfha m;=,
bj;a lrkq ,efí. ñksido is,skavrfha flda‚l m%fõ.fhkau N%uKh fõ. l=vd
flda‚l m%fõ.j, § ñksidg /£ isàug wdOdrlhla mj;sk w;r úYd, flda‚l
m%fõ.j, § tu wdOdrl Ndú; fkdlr ñksidg /£ isáh yels fõ. ,Sj, iSudldÍ
iaÓ;sl >¾IK ix.=Klh (µs) 0.5 o, .;sl >¾IK ix.=Klh (µk) 0.2 o fõ.
wdOdrlh
(a)(i) iaÓ;sl (Fs) yd .;sl (Fk) >¾IK n, hkq fudkjdoehs y÷kajd, tAjd w;r iïnkaOh ,shd olajkak.
(ii) A ñksid by; rEmfha mßÈ is,skavrfha m;=f,a iam¾Y fkdù, is,skavrfha ì;a;shg muKla iam¾Y ù
isà kï, Tyq u; l%shd lrk n, ,l=Kq lr, tAjd kï lrkak.
(iii)(I)by; úia;r lrk ,o is,skavrh ksYap,;djfhka wdrïN lr, 2 rads-2 l tAldldr flda‚l
;ajrKfhka, ;;amr 0.5 l ld,hla N%uKh ù, ω1 flda‚l m%fõ.hla ,nd.kS kï, ω1 ys w.h
fidhkak.
(II)by; fidhd.;a ω1 flda‚l m%fõ.fhka is,skavrh N%uKh ùfï § A ñksid is,skavrfha ì;a;sh
Èf.a my<g ,siaid hk ;ajrKh fidhkak.
(iv) A ñksid my<g ,siaid hdu j<lajd, hï;ï r|jd.ekSug is,skavrhg ;sìh hq;= flda‚l m%fõ.h (ω2)
,nd.kak.
(v)by; iv) fldgfia fidhd.;a ω2 flda‚l m%fõ.hg jvd l%ufhka flda‚l m%fõ.h jeä lrk úg
l=ula isÿfõ o?
(vi) (I) is,skavrh ω3 flda‚l m%fõ.fhka N%uKh jk úg, ω3 > ω2 kï, tys ì;a;shg fya;a;= ù isák
ñksidf.a nr iuÕ Tyq u; l%shd lrk >¾IK n,h úp,kh jk m%ia:drh we|, ω3 flda‚l
m%fõ.fha§ by; A mqoa.,hd u; l%shd l< yels >¾IK n,hg wod< ,laIHh tys o< jYfhka
igyka lr fmkajkak.
(II) tf,i ω2, ω3 yd ω4 flda‚l m%fõ.j, § (ω2 < ω3 < ω4) ñksidf.a nr iuÕ Tyq u; l%shd lrk
>¾IK n,h úp,kh jk wkaou by; m%ia:drfhau o< jYfhka we| fmkajd, tAjd kï lrkak.
(III) is,skavrh ;=< A ñksid isák úg tys flda‚l m%fõ.h Y=kHfha isg tAldldrj jeä lrkafka
kï, flda‚l m%fõ.h iuÕ A ñksid u; l%shd lrk >¾IK n,h úp,kh jk wdldrh o<
jYfhka we| fmkajkak. tys o< jYfhka ω1, ω2 yd ω3 igyka lrkak.
(b) fuu rEmfha mßÈ we;=<; r¿ mDIaghla we;s fla;=jla tys
isria wlaIh jgd hï flda‚l m%fõ.hlska N%uKh fjñka
mj;S. th ;=< ialkaOh m jk l=vd fnda,hla tA iuÕu,
tu flda‚l m%fõ.fhkau N%uKh fjñka mj;S. fnda,h
mj;sk uÜgfï§ fla;=fõ wrh r o, fnda,h;a fla;= mDIagh;a
w;r iSudldÍ iaÓ;sl >¾IK ix.=Klh µs o fõ.

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(i)(I) fnda,h tu msysgqfïu mj;sk mßÈ ;sìh yels wju flda‚l m%fõ.fhka N%uKh jk wjia:dfõ §
fnda,h u; l%shd lrk n, we|, tAjd kï lrkak.
(II) by; I) ys i|yka tu wju flda‚l m%fõ.h (ωmin) i|yd m%ldYkhla g, µs, r yd θ weiqfrka ,shd
olajkak.
(ii) fnda,h tu msysgqfïu mj;sk mßÈ ;sìh yels Wmßu flda‚l m%fõ.h ωmax kï, túg fnda,h u; l%shd
lrk n, we|, ωmax i|yd m%ldYkhla i) II) ys ,nd.;a m%ldYkfhka jHq;amkak lr ,nd.kak.
(iii) r = 10 cm, µs = 0.5 yd θ = 450 kï, fnda,h tu uÜgfïu mj;ajd .ekSug fla;=j N%uKh l< yels
flda‚l m%fõ. mrdih fidhkak. (iq¿ lr ;eîu w;HjYH fkdfõ.)
(iv) by; fidhd.;a Wmßu flda‚l m%fõ.hg jvd fla;=fõ flda‚l m%fõ.h u|la jeä l<fyd;a l=ula
isÿfõo hkak meyeÈ,s lrkak.
(v) ωmin yd ωmax w;r mrdifha N%uKh fjñka ;snQ by; fla;=fõu r¿ mDIagh u;g fnda,hla ishqïj
w;yeßh úg, th b;d l=vd Dt ld,hla ;=<§ fla;=fõ m%fõ.hu ,nd.kS. tu isÿùu ;=< fnda,h u;
l%shdlrk >¾IK n,fha ;sria ixrplh, ld,h iuÕ úp,kh jk wdldrh o< jYfhka m%ia:drhl we|
fmkajkak.
6. jdhqf.da,h ;=<ska .uka lrk .=jka hdkhla tl È.g, jd;h ;=< èjks fõ.fhka .uka lrk jdhq mSvk ;rx.
ksmojhs. fïjd .=jka hdkfhka bj;g iEu ÈYdjgu .uka lrhs. tu ksid .=jka hdkh jgd f.da,dldr ;rx.
fmruqKq ks¾udKh l< yelsh. .=jka hdkfha fõ.h jd;h ;=< èjks fõ.hg jvd wvq kï ;rx. fmruqKq j,g
.=jka hdkhg bÈßfhka m%pdrKh úh yelsh. kuq;a .=jka hdkfha fõ.h jeä ù, èjks fõ.hg iudk jQ úg,
.=jka hdkfha bÈßmi iEu ;rx. fmruqKla u Bg fmr ;rx. fmruqK iuÕ ksfrdaOkh ^wêia:dmkh& fõ.
.=jka hdkfha fõ.h èjks fõ.h blaujQ úg, .=jka hdkfha fõ.h W;aiajksl fõ.h hkqfjka y÷kajhs.
.=jka hdkfha W;aiajksl fõ.h iy jd;h ;=< èjks fõ.h w;r wkqmd;h uela wxlh (M) f,i y÷kajhs.
.=jka hdkhla W;aiajksl fõ.hlska ia:djr mshdir ;;a;ajhla mj;ajd .kakd úg, bÈßmi fl<jr
wi, mSvkh laI‚lj jeä ù, RK w.hla olajd ia:djrj wvq ù, miqmi fl<jf¾ § laI‚lj kej;
idudkH w.hg m;a fõ. 1 rEmh n,kak. fuh N ;rx.h f,i ye¢kafõ. .=jka hdkfha miqmi fl<jr
wi, isÿjk mSvk neiau ksid WIaK;ajh YS>% f,i my< niS. tu ksid wd¾o;djh jeä wjia:dj, c,
jdIam >kSNjkh ù c, ìxÿ idohs. fïjd j,dl=,la wdldrhg Èia fjhs. 2 rEmh n,kak. jd;fha isÿjk
laI‚l mSvk úp,khl § lïmk ;rx.hla we;s fõ. fujeks úp,k folla isÿ jk ksid lïmk ;rx.
folla we;s fjhs. tlla .=jka hdkfha bÈßmi fl,jfrkq;a, wfkl .=jka hdkfha miqmi fl,jfrkq;a
jYfhks. tla tla lïmk ;rx.h .=jka hdkh;a iuÕ m%.ukh jk fla;= wdldr m%foaYhla ks¾udKh
lrhs. 3 rEmh n,kak’ fuu fla;= iE§ we;af;a f.da,dldr ;rx. fmruqKq md¾Yaúl w;sÉPdokh ùu uÕsks.
fujeks ;rx. fmruqKq tajdfha flakaøhka f.ka wÍhj bj;g jd;h ;=< èjks fõ.fhka m%pdrKh fõ.
fuu fla;= mDIaGj,, wia;Hd;aul fyj;a ks¾udKldÍ ksfrdaOkhla isÿjk w;r, fla;= we;=<; jeä jYfhka
isÿjkafka kia;Hd;aul fyj;a úkdYldÍ ksfrdaOkh hs. fuu fla;= y÷kajkafka uela fla;= kñks. fuu fla;=
fofla YS¾I fldaKj,ska yß wvla úYd,;ajfhka iudk jk w;r th uela fldaKh (m) f,i ye¢kafjhs.
W;aiajksl hdkh ksid jd;fha isÿjk laI‚l mSvk úp,khla fmdf<dj foig m%pdrKh ù ksÍlaIlhdf.a
lk iu. wka;¾l%shd l< úg iajksl .s.=reula weish yels fõ. fuh wl=Kq .eiSug iudk ;Sj% Yíohls. uela
fla;=jl mDIaGh fmdf<dj yd .eàu ksid ks¾udKh jk iuñ;sl újD; jl%h hyperbola kñka ye¢kafõ. 3
rEmh n,kak. uela fla;= folla we;s ksid hyperbola folla ks¾udKh fjhs. .=jka hdkfha mshdießfha tla
fudfyd;l hyperbola u; isák whg muKla iajksl .s.=reula wefia. Hyperbolas fol;a .=jkahdkh iu.
m%pdrKh jk ksid, hyperbolas folla ksYap, ksÍlaIlhl= miqlrhs. fï i|yd .; jkafka .=jka hdkhg hï
,laIhla miq lsÍug .;jk ld,hhs. fuu ld,h ñksia lkg Yío folla fjka lr y÷kd .ekSug, Yío fol
w;r ;sìh hq;= wju ld,h jk 0.1 s g jvd jeä kï, ksÍlaIlhdg meyeÈ,sj iajksl .s.=reï folla wefia.

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(a)(i) .=jka hdkh my; fõ. j,ska .uka lrk úg ;rx. fmruqKq j, 2D rEm igyka fjk fjku wÈkak.
^1& jd;h ;=< èjks fõ.hg jvd wvq fõ.hlska
^2& jd;h ;=< èjks fõ.fhka
^3& jd;h ;=< èjks fõ.hg jvd jeä fõ.hlska
.=jka hdkh ,laISh jia;=jla f,i i,ld tys msysgqï ,l=Kq lrkak.
(ii) W;aiajksl .=jkahdkh wdrïNl msysàfï isg Tfí rEmigyfka ,l=Kq lr we;s wjidk msysgqu olajd
taug .; jQ ld,h t kï, m%:ufhkau ks¾udKh jQ ;rx. fmruqfKa t ld,hlg miq msysàu A f,i
kï lrkak.
(iii)ta wkqj uela wxlh iy uela fldaKfha ihska w.h w;r iïnkaO ,nd.kak.

(b)È. 70 m jk W;aiajksl .=jka hdkhla 2 l uela wxlhlska fmdf<djg iudka;rj fmdf<dj uÜgfï
isg 13 000 km Wiska, WIaK;ajh -57 °C jQ jd;h yryd mshdir lrhs. fuu WIaK;ajfha § jd;fha èjks
fõ.h 1066 km h-1 fõ.

(i)uela fldaKfha w.h .Kkh lrkak.
(ii) .=jka hdkfha fõ.h m s-1 j,ska fidhkak. (1705.6 / 36 = 47.37)
(iii) lïmk ;rx.hla iy iajksl .s.=reula w;r fjki fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak.
(iv) .=jka hdkh ksÍlaIlfhl=g fl,skau by,ska msysgk wjia:dfõ isg fldmuK ld,hlska tu
mqoa.,hdg m<uq iajksl .s.=reu wefia o@ (13 / 0.8007 x 1705.6 = 0.0095)
(v) fuu iajksl .s.=reu weiSfuka fldmuK ld,hlg miq fojk iajksl .s.=reu wefia o@
(7 / 4737 = 0.00148)
(vi) m<uq iajksl .s.=reu wefik úg Tng th ks¾udKh l< .=jka hdkh oelsh yelso@ Tfí ms<s;=r
.Kkhla u.ska i;Hdmkh lrkak.
(b)ld¾hlaIu;djh ie,ls,a,g f.k, W;aiajksl .=jka hdkd ;u fõ.h mj;ajd f.k hkafka th jd;h ;=<
èjks fõ.hg olajk wkqmd;h ksh;hlaj mj;sk f,ihs. by; .=jkahdkh -45 °C ys mj;sk m%foaYhlg
we;=¿ jQfha kï tys kj fõ.h .Kkh lrkak. ( 76/72 = 1.027)
7. mDIaÀl wd;;sh hkq, úYaf,aIKd;aul Ôj-ridhk úoHdfõ Ndú; jk øjhka i;= jeo.;a .=Kdx.hls. øjhka
i;= fuu .=Kdx.h, f,dj mqr fjfik fix.ud,h je<§ we;s frda.Ska y÷kdf.k, Tjqkag m%;sldr lr
Èú .,jd.ekSug isÿlrk, ˜fya˜ f.a i,a*¾ u,a mßlaIdfõ § (Hay’s sulfur flower test) fhdod.efka. fuu
mÍlaIKh i|yd Okd;aul jk frda.Ska, fix.ud, frda.Ska f,ig ffjoHjreka úksYaph lrhs.
fix.ud,h je<ÿKq frda.Skaf.a uq;%dj, ms;a ,jK (Bile Salts) wvx.= fõ. tf,i wvx.= jk ms;a ,jK
jkafka fidaähï fgdafrdfldf,aÜ, fmdgEishï fgdafrdfldf,aÜ, fidaähï .a,ahsfldfldf,aÜ iy fmdgEishï
.a,ahsfldfldf,aÜ fõ. fuu ms;a ,jKj,g uq;%dj, mDIaÀl wd;;sh wvq lsÍfï yelshdjla mj;shs. ksfrda.S
mqoa.,fhl=f.a uq;%dj, mDIaÀl wd;;sh 6.6 x 10-2 Nm-1 fõ.
by; i|yka l, ˜fya˜ f.a i,a*¾ u,a mßlaIdfõ§ isÿ lrkafka, fix.ud,h hehs iel iys; frda.Skaf.a uq;%d
idïm,j,g l=vd i,a*¾ wxY= tla lsÍuhs. tf,i tla lsÍfuka miq i,a*¾ wxY= .sf,kafka kï, tu frda.shd
fix.ud, frda.sfhla f,i ksYaph lrkq we;.
fix.ud,h we;ehs ie,flk wjê uÜgfï frda.sfhl=f.a uq;%d idïm,j, mDIaÀl wd;;sh T fõ. fix.ud,
;;a;ajh wjê uÜgug jvd jeä jk úg uq;%dj, ms;a ,jK idkaøKh ;j;a jeä ù mDIaÀl wd;;sh ;j;a wvq
fõ.
by; fþoj, wvx.= lreKqo wdY%fhka my; .eg¿ j,g úi÷ï fidhkak.
(a) fix.ud,h je<£ we;ehs iel lrk frda.Skaj y÷kd.ekSug we;s mÍlaIKh l=ulao@
(b) hï T mDIaÀl wd;;shla we;s øjhl m ialkaOhla we;s f.da,hla
rEmfha mßÈ øjh u; iu;=,s;j mj;S.

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(i) f.da,h u; l%shdlrk F mDIaÀl wd;;s n,h i|yd m%ldYkhla ,shkak.

(ii) T, m, g, R, θ yd x w;r iïnkaO;djhla f.dvk.kak.
(iii)tu f.da,h >k f.da,hlao” tys >k;ajh ρ o fõ’ θ i|yd m%ldYkhla by; rEmfha iy m%Yakj,
wvx.= mo weiqfrka ,shkak.

(c).eg¿fõ ˜fya˜ f.a i,a*¾ u,a mßlaIdj i|yd fhdod.kakd i,a*¾ wxY= m%;sldrlfha l=vd f.da,dldr
i,a*¾ wxY=jl wrh 5 mm fõ. î,a*¾ wxY= m%;sldrlfha ish¨‍u i,a*¾ wxY= by; mßÈ úh.&
i,a*¾j, >k;ajh 3600 kgm-3 fõ.

(i)hï lsis wjia:djl§ fix.ud,h wjê uÜgfï we;s njg ;yjqre jQ frda.sfhl=f.a uq;%d idïm,hlg
˜fya˜ f.a i,a*¾ u,a mßlaIdj isÿlrkafka kï, tu uq;%dj, mDIaÀl wd;;sh fldmuKo@
(ii)by; (i) ys ms<s;=frka, ms;a ,jK uÕska uq;%dj, mDIaÀl wd;;sh wvq lsÍfï hdka;%Kh isÿjk nj
ikd: lr fmkajkak.
(d)oeka by; (i) (c) ys we;s i,a*¾ wxY=jla c,hg oeuQ úg tys msysàu my; mßÈ úh. c,h ;=,§ θ=750 la o,
c,fha mDIaÀl wd;;sh 7.2 x 10−2Νm-1 o fõ. (sin 750 = 0.95 )
(i) r w.h fldmuKo@ ^m<uq oYuia;dkhg jghkak.&

(ii) i,a*¾ wxY=fõ .=re;aj flakaøfha isg fldmuK ÿrla my<ska c, uÜgu msysghso@
Ô flakaøfha .=re;aj flakaøh msysghs.&
8. úYajfha mj;sk ´kEu ialkaOhla fyda ialkaO iuQyhla w;r tlsfkl wdl¾IK n, mj;S. F =ma
iólrKhg wkqj ialkaO b;d úYd, jk úg thg ,efnk ;ajrKh b;d l=vdh. fï fya;=fjka úYd,
ialkaOhla we;s jia;=j fj; l=vd ialkaOhla we;s jia;=j we§ ths.
mDÓúh yd ii|k l< ñksidf.a ialkaOh b;d l=vd jk neúka mDÓúh yd ñksid w;r we;sjk
.=re;ajdl¾IK n,fhka, ñksid mDÓúh u;g wdl¾IKh ù mj;S. fuf,i ialkaO w;r we;sjk wdl¾IK
n,h .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h hehs lshkq ,efí.
(a)(i) ialkaoh m jk jia;=jla, ialkaOh M yd wrh R jk .%yf,dalhl mDIaGh u; mj;sk úg th u;
l%shdlrk .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h i|yd m%ldYkhla f.dvkÕkak. m%ldYkhla f.dvke.Sfï § fhdod
.kakd wfkl=;a ixfla; we;akï tAjd y÷kajkak.
(ii) tu jia;=j u; .=re;ajdl¾IK n,h uÕska we;s lrk ;ajrKh (g) i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd .kak.

(b).=re;ajdl¾IK lafIa;%hl we;s hï ,laIhlg, wkka;fha isg tAll ialkaOhla f.k tAfï§, lafIa;%hg
úreoaOj flfrk ld¾hh m%udKh, tu ,laIfha .=re;ajdl¾IK úNjh f,i ye¢kafõ. úúO rgj,aj,ska
hejQ pkaøsld yd mDÓúh w;r ikaksfõok lghq;= i|yd o, tu pkaøsld j, kv;a;= lghq;= i|yd o,
cd;Hka;r wNHjldY uOHia:dkhla mDÓú mDIaGfha isg 300 km ÿßka llaI .; lr we;. mDÓúfha
ialkaOh 6 x 1024 kg yd wrh 6370 km fõ. (G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg-2)
(i) by; (a) fldgfia úia;r lr we;s .%yjia;=fõ mDIaGh u; .=re;ajdl¾IK úNjh i|yd m%ldYhla ,shd
olajkak.
(ii) mDÓú mDIaGh u; .=re;ajdl¾IK úNjh fidhkak.
(iii) mDÓúhg by<ska jQ cd;Hka;r wNHjldY uOHia:dkh msysá llaIfha úNjh fidhkak.
(iv) mDÓú mDIaGfha isg cd;Hka;r wNHjldY uOHia:dkhg, ialkaOh 4000 kg jk pkaøsldjla heùug
;SrKh lr we;. fuu pkaøsldjg mDÓú mDIaGfha § ,nd Èh hq;= pd,l Yla;sh fidhkak.
(v) wNHjldY uOHia:dkh yd iïnkaO ùug, wNHjldY uOHia:dkh msysá llaIh ;=< § pkaøsldjg
,ndÈh hq;= pd,l Yla;sh fidhkak.
(b)(i) mDÓú mDIaGfha isg .=re;ajdl¾IK lafIa;% ;sj%;djh úp,kh jk m%ia:drfha o< yevh w¢kak.
(ii) “.=re;ajdl¾IK lafIa;%fha n,mEu wju lsÍug, lafIa;% ;Sj%;dj wju jk ia:dkhlg pkaøsldj heùu
iqÿiq fõ” hehs isiqfjla fhdackd lrhs kï, fuu woyi iuÕ Tn tlÕ jkafka o?
(iii) Tfí ms<s;=rg fya;= folla i|yka lrkak.

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(9) (A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig fyda muKla ms<s;=re imhkak.
(A) fldgi
(a)(i) n,anhl m%;sfrdaOh R o, thg iemhQ fjda,aàh;dj V o kï, ta ;=<ska .,d hk Odrdj i|yd m%ldYkhla
,shkak.
(ii)^w& tlsfkflys m%;sfrdaOh R jQ i¾jiu n,an folla fjda,aàh;djh V jQ fldaIhlg fYa‚.;j iúlr
we;.ta i|yd jQ mßm: rEmigyk we|, tu mßm:fha iul m%;sfrdaOh iy ta ;=<ska .,k (I1) Odrdj
i|yd m%ldYkhla V yd R weiqfrka ,shkak.
^wd& tlsfkflys m%;sfrdaOh R jQ i¾jiu n,an folla fjda,aàh;djh V ta fldaIhlg iudka;r.;j
iúlr we;. ta i|yd jQ mßm: rEmigyk we|, tu mßm:fha iul m%;sfrdaOh yd ta ;=<ska .,k
(I2) Odrdj i|yd m%ldYkhla V yd R weiqfrka ,shkak.

(b) YsIHhl= úiska f;drKl úÿ,s n,an l%shd;aul jk wdldrh fiùu i|yd my; mßÈ igykla ilia lr
.kakd ,§.
by; igyfka mßÈ my; úia;r lr we;s wdldrhg wegjqula YsIHhd úiska ilia lr we;. ks,a n,an 10la
tlsfkl iudka;r.;j o, ly n,an 8 la tlsfkl iudka;r.;j o, r;= n,an 6 la tlsfkl
iudka;r.;j o, iqÿ n,an 4 la tlsfkl iudka;r.;j o, ;eô,s 2 la tlsfkl iudka;r.;j o, iúlr
n,an moaO;s myla idod we;. ta tla tla moaO;sfha tl w.%hla fjda,aáh;d m%Njhlg iúlr we;. tajdfha
wfkla w.%hg f,day iam¾Yl ;=vq iúlr we;.
,S j,ska iE¥ is,skavrhl jl% mDIaGfha úúO rgdjka j,g f,day má iú lr we;. bkamiq tu is,skavrh
fudagrhg iú lr we;. is,skavrh u; jQ f,day má fjda,aàh;d m%Njfha wfkla w.%hg iam¾Yl ;e,s
u.ska fjk fjku iúlr we;.
bkamiq n,an moaO;s j, iam¾Y ;=vj,a f,day má ;Sre j, fjkfjku .efgk mßÈ iú lr we;.
fjda,aáh;d m%Njh l%shd;aul lr, ,S is,skavrhg iú lr fudagrh o l%shd;aul l< miq úúO rgdjka j,g
n,an oe,aúks.

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(i) tla ks,a mdg n,anhl m%;sfrdaOh RB f,i f.k, ks,a mdg n,an moaO;sfha iul m%;sfrdaOh i|yd
m%ldYkhla f.dvkÕkak.
(ii) ks,a n,an moaO;sh yd r;= n,an moaO;sh muKla tljr oe,afjk wjia:djl§ mßm: weo.kakd uq¿
Odrdj IBR i|yd m%ldYkhla f.dvkÕkak. ^r;= n,anhl m%;sfrdaOh RR o, fjda,aáh;d m%Njfha
fjda,aàh;djh V o f,i .kak.& fuys§ n,an moaO;s mßm:hg iú ù we;af;a fYa‚.;j o,
iudka;r.;j oehs olajkak.
(iii) RB = 5Ω, RY = 2Ω, RR = 1.5Ω, RW = 8Ω, RO = 2W Ω hkq ks,a, ly, r;=, iqÿ yd ;eô,s n,anhkaf.a
m%;sfrdaOhka h. n,an moaO;sj,g 120 V úNj wka;rhla ,nd § we;. n,an moaO;s folla muKla
oe,aùu u.ska mßm:fhka Wmßu yd wju Odrdjka fjk fjku weo .kakd úg§, oe,aúh hq;= n,an
moaO;s j, j¾Khka fjk fjku olajkak.
(iv) fudyq n,an tlsfklg fYa‚.;j iúlf<a kï, isÿúh yels wjdish l=ulao@
(c)(i) ks,a n,an moaO;sh muKla oe,aùfï§ tu moaO;sfha laIu;djh fidhkak.
(ii) ;mamr 10 la ;=< § ks,a n,an moaO;sh 2 jrla o, ly n,an moaO;sh 3 jrla o,r;= n,an moaO;sh 1 jrlao,
iqÿ n,an moaO;sh 5 jrla yd ;eô,s n,an moaO;sh 2 jrla oe,ajQfha kï, tu ld,h ;=<§ ydks jQ Yla;sh
.Kkh lrkak.
(iii) fuu n,an moaO;s ish,a,u tljr úkdähl ld,hla oe,aù ;snq‚. m<uq ;;amr 10 § ks,a n,an 2 lao,
fojk ;;amr 10 § r;= n,an 3 la o, wjika ;mamr 10 § ly n,an 2 la o, oeù .sfhah. tu úkdähl
ld,h ;=<§ ydks jQ Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak.
(d) úYd, f;drKl úúOdldr n,an rgdjka ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd isÿ l< yels fjkialï folla ^rEmh&
wegjqu wjfndaO lr f.k ,shd olajkak.
(B) fldgi
(a) my; rEmfha oelafjkafka j¾Ol l%shdj,s bgq lr.ekSu i|yd l%shdldÍ l,dmfha keUqre lr we;s npn
g%dkaisiagrhls. thg wod< m%;sodk V-I ,dlaI‚lh ;=< Ndr f¾Ldj iy ksjd; ,laIHh olajd we;s
m%ia;drfhka ksrEmKh fõ. úNj Ndclfha .,k Odrdj I jk w;r mdou Odrdj tu w.fhka úiafika
mx.=jla fõ.
(i) I Odrdj .Kkh lrkak.

(ii) Odrd ,dNh .Kkh lrkak.
(iii) mQ¾K iuñ;sl;ajfhka hq;=j fjda,aàh;d ix{djla m%;sodkh f,i ,nd .ekSug fuu mßm:h ie,iqï
lr we;akï m%odkhg m%:Hdj¾; fjda,aàh;d ix{djla ,nd §ug m%:u C ys úNjh fldmuK w.hl
mj;ajd .; hq;= o@
(iv)RC ys w.h .Kkh lrkak.
(v) C1 iy C2 Odß;%l fh§fï m%fhdackh l=ulao@
(vi) Vin g my; wdldrfha fjda,aàh;d ix{djla ,nd ÿka úg Vout ld,h iuÕ úp,kh jk m%ia;drfha o<
yevh we| fmkajkak.


PHT6738
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(b) by; (a) fldgfia wdldrfha fjk;a j¾Ol mßm:hlska ^Vcc > 47.1V & ,efnk m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj
ld,h iuÕ úp,kh jk whqre my; oelafõ.
(i) tu j¾Ol mßm:fhka ,efnk by; wdldrfha m%;sodk fjda,aàh;dj my; mßÈ fia;= mßm:hl A yd B
w.% w;rg iïnkaO lrk ,oafoa kï X iy Y w;r úNj wka;rh ld,h iuÕ úp,kh jk whqre
m%ia;dr.; lrkak.
(ii) fuys§ X iy Y w;r ir, Odrd fjda,aàh;djfha w.h (Vdc) my; iólrKfhka .Kkh l< yels kï
Vdc w.h .Kkh lrkak.
Vdc = (2Vp/π) – 1.4
fuys Vp hkq m%odk fjda,aàh;djfha WÉp w.hhs.
(iii) fuu mßm:h wdrlaIdldÍ ùu i|yd tla tla vfhdavfha miq l=¿ fjda,aàh;djg mej;sh hq;= wju w.h
fldmuK úh hq;= o@
(c) oeka by; fia;= mßm:fha X iy Y ,laIH my; oelafjk mßm:fha P yd Q w.% w;rg iïnkaO lrkq
,efí. mßm:fha olajd we;s fik¾ vfhdavfha V-I ,dlaI‚lh o my;ska olajd we;.
(i) L iy M w.% w;rg 10V fjda,aàh;djla hgf;a l%shdlrk úoHq;a Wmdx.hla iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs kï,
f;dard .kq ,nk fik¾ vfhdavfha fik¾ fjda,aàh;djh fldmuK úh hq;= o@
(ii) fik¾ vfhdavhg ydks fkdjk mßÈ P yd Q w;rg fhÈh yels Wmßu úNj wka;rh .Kkh lrkak.
(iii) tkhska imhkq ,nk fjda,aàh;djh hgf;a fik¾ vfhdavhg ydks fkdjk nj fmkajkak.
(d) lEu weKjqï Ndr.kakd ia:dkhl lEu md¾i,a iu. mßir ys;ldñ yekaola ,ndfok w;r
mdßfNda.slhdf.a leue;a; wkqj ta iu. fkdñ,fha iajNdúl m,;=re îu fnda;,hlao ,nd fokq ,efí.
îu fnda;,h o ,nd .kafka kï ta iu. mßir ys;ldó îu nghla o ,nd fokq ,efí. lEu md¾i,hla
iu. yekaola fkdue;s úg fyda îu fnda;,hla iu. îu nghla fkdue;s úg ta nj weiqreïlrK wxYhg
oekaùu i|yd ix{djla ,nd §ug ;d¾lsl mßm:hla f.dv kÕkak.

PHT6738
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(10) (A) fldgig fyda (B) fldgig fyda muKla ms<s;=re imhkak.
(A) fldgi
1760 § ld¾ñl úma,jfha b;d jeo.;a ksmehqula f,i tkaðu y÷kajd Èh yel. th m%jdyk lghq;= j,§
úYd, fmr<shla we;s lsÍug iu;a jqKd. fuys§ ;dm Yla;sh hdka;%sl Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu isÿlrhs.
fudag¾ r:hl isis,k moaO;sh ^Cooling system& b;d jeo.;a wx.hla jkjd. fuh tkaðfï l%shdldÍ;ajh
jvd;a wdrlaIdldÍj fukau by, ld¾hlaIu;djhlska hq;=j l%shd lsÍu i|yd WmldÍ fõ.
tkaðu jvd;a isis,aj meje;ajqjfyd;a tkaðfuka ,nd.; yels hdka;%sl Yla;sh wvqfõ. ta jdf.au tkaðu
jvd;a WKqiqï jqjfyd;a tu.ska tkaðfï fldgiaj,g ydks isÿ fõ. tu ksid tkaðu ksishdldrj l%shd lsÍug
kï ksh; WIaK;ajhla mj;ajd .; hq;= nj meyeÈ,s h.
fuys§ tkaðu u.ska msgjk ;dmh isis,k moaO;shg wu;rj msgdr jdhqj u.ska Êxaust& 40] la o, ;j;a 5]la
muK ikakhkh yd úlsrKh u.ska o bj;a ù hhs.
tkaðu m%Odk jYfhka isis,kh jk l%u folla mj;S. fuys§ h;=re meÈ j, nyq,j Ndú; jkafka jdhqjla
wdodrfhka tkaðu isis,kh lsÍuhs Âir cooling system&. ;jo c,h fyda Coolant jeks øjhla wdodrfhka
tkaðu isis,a lsÍu. ^Water cooling system& fudag¾ r: j, nyq,j Ndú;d jkafka fuu l%uhhs.
(a)(i) fudag¾ r:hl isis,k moaO;sfha we;s jeo.;alu l=ulao@
(ii) tkaðfuka ksmojk ;dmfhka 30] la muK isis,k moaO;sh u.ska uÕska bj;a lrkafka kï tkaðfï
l%shdldß;ajh i|yd M,odhS ;dmh f,i WmldÍ jkafka lskï m%;sY;hla o@
(b)water cooling system tfla b;d jeo.;a wx. lsysmhla mj;S.

f¾äfhagrh [Radiator]
mSvk jeiqu [pressure-release cap]
;zfudiageÜ jE,a [Thermostat]
isis,k mxldj [Cooling fan]
fuys§ coolant fyda c,h f¾äfhag¾ tlg ouk w;r coolant øjhg b;d by< ;dm Odß;djhla fukau wvq
ÿi%dù;djhla iys; úh hq;= w;ru, th úoHq;a l=ikakdhl úh hq;=h. mSvk jeiqu fuys§ b;d jeo.;a
ld¾hhla bgq lrhs. mSvk jeiqu moaO;sfha mSvkh jeälr Coolant j, ;dmdxlh jeälr tkaðfï
ld¾hlaIu;djhg fnfyúka bjy,a fjhs.

PHT6738
34
AL/2021/01/S-II
(i) mSvk jeiqu u.ska moaO;sfha mSvkh 1 bar tllska jeä lrk úg øjhl ;dmdxlh 20 ⁰C lska jeä lr
.; yel. by; j.=fõ i|yka ;dmdxlh 112 ⁰C la jk l+,kaÜ øjh Ndú;d lsÍfï§ moaO;sfha mSvkh
2 bar lska jeä lrkafka kï øjfha ;dmdxlfha kj w.h l=ula úh yels o@
(ii) by; ;;a;ajh hgf;a tu øjfhka 500 ml Ndú;fhka Wrd.; yels Wmßu ;dm m%udKh fidhkak.
^mßir WIaK;ajh 27 ⁰C nj i,lkak.&
(iii) 2 bar mSvkh hgf;a c,h 500 ml Ndú;fhka Wrd.; yels Wmßu ;dm m%udKh .Kkh lrkak.
(iv) Ndú;hg jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka c,h o Coolant o@ fya;= olajñka meyeÈ,s lrkak.
(c)tkaðu u.ska ksmojk M,odhS ;dmh imhk laIu;djh 80 kW fõ. ^b& fldgfia Ndú;d lrk l+,kaÜ
øjh tkaðfuka bj;g tkúg WIaK;ajh 80 K lska jeä ù we;s kï we;skï coolant iem hq;= iS>%;djh
mehg lsf,da .%Eï ^kg h-1& j,ska fldmuk o@
(B) fldgi
ffjoH úoHdfõ§ frda. úksIaph i|yd X lsrK nyq,j
fhdod.efkhs. X lsrK ksmoùu ta i|yd úfYaI jQ X
lsrK k< ;=< isÿfjhs. wêl RK úNjhlg hg;a lr
we;s lef;davhla f,i fhdod.;a gx.aiagka iQ;%sldjlska
úfudapkh jk wê Yla;s bf,lafg%dak k<h ;=<ska
.,df.dia wefkdavh u; m;s; fõ. tu bf,lafg%dak j,ska
,nd.;a Yla;shla iys; X lsrK f*dafgdak, wefkdavh f,i
fhdod.;a f,dayfhka úfudapkh ùu isÿfjhs. wêYla;s
bf,lafg%dak wefkdavh u; m;s; ùu ksid ;dmh f,i
Yla;s ydkshla o isÿjk w;r wefkdavhg iïnkaê; ;U
oKav jgd fhdod we;s isis,aldrl øjhla .,k ;U nghla
uÕska WmlrKh ;=< wêl ;dmhla ckkh ùu j<lajd,hs.
X lsrK uÕska frda. úksIaph lsÍu i|yd YÍrfha mglhl fyda wjhjhl >k;ajh fukau >klu o n,mdhs.
X lsrK m%;sìïnhl wiaÓ jeks ia:dk iqÿ meyehlska o fmky¿ wdY%s; fyda wka;% (nvje,a) wdY%s; jd; l=yr
l¿ meyehlska o ksÍlaIKh fõ. fuf,i ffioaOdka;slj Èiaúh hq;= wdldrhg mriamrj lsishï ia:dkhla
X lsrK m%;sìïnfha Èiaùfuka YÍrfha mj;sk úúO widudkH;d ffjoHjreka úiska úksIaph lrkq ,nhs.
(a)(i) WmlrKh ;=< wêl ;dmhla ckkh ùu j<lajd .ekSug wkq.ukh lr we;s l%fudamdh l=ulao?
(ii) X lsrK m%;sìïnhl wiaÓ jeks ia:dk iqÿ meyefhka o fmky¿ fyda wka;% wdY%s; jd; l=yr l¿
meyefhka o Èiaùug fya;=j l=ula o?
(iii)X lsrK cdhdrEm uÕska frda. úksIaph lsÍu i|yd odhl jk, mgl yd wjhj wdY%s; fN!;sl idOl
fol i|yka lrkak.
(iv) tlsfklg wdikakfha mj;sk fjkia mgl fyda wjhj folla fjkalr y÷kd.ekSu i|yd by; Tn
i|yka l< idOl iïnkaOfhka imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;dj i|yka lrkak.
(v)X lsrK k<h f¾pkh lr ;nd.ekSfï jeo.;alï folla i|yka lrkak.
(b)(i) lef;davh yd wefkdavh w;r mj;sk wêl úNj wka;rh 50 000 V w.hhl mj;ajdf.k we;s
wjia:djl§ b,lal f,dayh fj; <Õd jk bf,lafg%dakhl Wmßu pd,l Yla;sh .Kkh lrkak.
(ii) bf,lafg%dak b,lal f,dayfha .egqKq úg bf,lafg%dakfha pd,l Yla;sfhka 17.5% m%udKhla
;dmh f,i ydks fõ kï b,lal f,dayfhka úfudaÑ; tla X lsrK f*dafgdakhl Yla;sh
.Kkh lrkak.
(iii) tkhska úfudaÑ; X lsrK f*dafgdakhl ixLHd;h .Kkh lrkak.
(iv) b,lal f,dayh u; ;;a;amrhl § m;s; jk bf,lafg%dak .Kk 5 x 1011 fõ kï b,lal f,dayh
wi, ;dmh ckkh jk iS>%;dj .Kkh lrkak.
(v) ;U ngh ;=<ska .,k isis,aldrl øjfha tall ialkaOhla uÕska hï fudfyd;l øjh .,k iS>%;djg
wkqrEmj wjfYdaIKh lr.; yels ;dm m%udKh 10 J jk nj WmlrKfha w;afmdf;a i|yka lr we;.
fuu wjia:dfõ§ b,lal f,dayh wi, ckkh jk ;dmh ish,a,u isis,aldrl øjh uÕska muKla
wjfYdaIKh lr.kakd nj Wml,amkh l< yels kï fuys§ ngh ;=<ska øjh .,k mßud iS>%;dj
.Kkh lrkak.
[ bf,lafg%dakhl wdfrdamKh = 1.6 x 10-19 C , ma,dkala ksh;h = 6.6 x 10-34 Js , isis,aldrl øjfha
>k;ajh = 200 kgm-3 ]

PHT6738

Physics Structure Guessing Platinum Tute-Amith Pussalla

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2021 Advanced Level - Physics

Theory / Revision PLATINUM BOOK PHT6738

ish¨u ysñlï wejß‚.

fuu ksnkaOkh iïmQ¾Kfhkau fyda fldgia jYfhka l=uk

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(i)X f,i olajd we;af;a l=ulao@

(b)(i)fuys lmamsj, ;sìh hq;= m%Odk .=Kdx.h l=ulao@

(iv);ka;= j,g by; ,laIK fol ;sîfï m%Odk wjYH;dj l=ulao@

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(ii);ka;= j, msysàï X ys ,l=Kq lsÍfuka wk;=rej, n, iudka;rdi% kshuh i;Hmkh lsßug

V - k,fha nr fhÿ bá iys; fldgfia mßudj.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(ii)fuys§ Bhï uQksiaiï fh§fï wruqK l=ulao @

(iii)m tÈßj l m%ia:dr .; lsÍu i|yd iólrKhla iqÿiq mßÈ ilikak.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(2)mrdh;a; úp,H - ..................................................................

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(b)ldpfha o< kdNsh ÿr fidhd.ekSug wkq.ukh lrk mshjr ,shkak.

(i)m%;sìïnh iy ksfõIK l+r iumd; ù we;s wjia:dj y÷kd.kafka flfiao@

(i)fuu mÍlaIKh i|yd u,v yd kdNSh ÿr f w;r iïnkaO;djh ,shd olajkak.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(v)by; we¢ m%ia:drh weiqfrka ldpfha kdNsh ÿr .Kkh lrkak.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(i) fuu l%ufha we;s jdishla iy wjdishla ,shd olajkak.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(ii)ta weiqfrka jia;= ÿr (u) yd m%;sìïn ÿr (v) i|yd m%ldYk ,nd.kak.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(c)jg wä ma,dial=fõ iy wdudkh iy jg wä ma,dial=j iïnkaO lrk k,fha úYd,;ajhka

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(ii)tu uÜgu f;dard .ekSug fya;= folla fokak.

(iii)fuu mÍlaIKh is÷ lsÍfï§ ,nd .; hq;= ñkqï wkqms<sfj,ska olajkak.

1) …………………………………………………….……………………………………………………… ( m1 hehs .ksuq )

2) ………………………………………………….………………………………………………………… ( m2 hehs .ksuq )

3) ………………………………………………….………………………………………………………… ( q1 hehs .ksuq )

5) ………………………………………………….………………………………………………………… ( m3 hehs .ksuq )

(iv)f,day f.da,j, ú.;d.Od.} CM , c,fha ú.;d.Od. } CW , uka:h iys; le,ßógrfha ;dm

7. Tm oeuQ le,ßógrhla Ndú; lr ldur WIaK;ajh 30 0C jk ldurhl jd;fha idfmalaI

(a);=Idr wxlh yÿkajkak.

mÍlaIKhg wjYH jk kuq;a by; i|yka fkdjk WmlrKhla$WmlrK i|yka lrkak.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

fuu mÍlaIKhg jvd;au iqÿiq WIaK;ajudkh jkafka l=ulao@fya;=j meyeÈ,s lrkak.

(c)le,ßógrh ;=,g c,h msrúh hq;af;a l=uk uÜgugo@

(ii)mÍlaIKd;aul mshjr isÿlsÍug fmr mÍlaIKfha id¾:lNdjh i|yd l, hq;= mQ¾fjdamdhka

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(c)by; Rq , RB , l1 yd l2 w;r iïnkaOh l=ulao@

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(g)by; m%ia:drfha wkql%uKh fidhkak.

(h)by; m%ia:drfha wka;#LKavh l=ulao@

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(2)fudagrh l%shd;aul jk wjia:dfõ I1 g yd I2 g .; yels wju w.hka i|yka lrkak.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(a)yqla kshuhg wod, iólrKh ,shd olajkak.

(b)by; wegjqu uÕska y = mx wdldrfha m%ia;drhla i|yd m%ldYkhla ,nd.kak.

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

ADVANCED LEVEL - PHYSICS - AMITH PUSSELLA

(h)lïìfha wrh 1mm jkafka kï jdfkaj, hxudmdxlh fidhkak. ^ lïìfha È. 3 m fõ.&(p = 3)

w.h l=vd ñkqu x1 kï: ................................................................

w.h úYd, ñkqu x2 kï: ...............................................................