NSTP 1st Sem

TOPIC I
NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING

PROGRAM
What is the legal basis of the
National Service Training
Program(NSTP)?
• The National Service Training
Program (NSTP) Law or RA
9163 also known as “An Act
Establishing the National
Service Training Program
(NSTP) for tertiary level
students, amending for the
purpose Republic Act No. 7077
and Presidential Decree No.
1706, and for other purposes.”
was enacted last January 2002
to amend the Expanded
ROTC.
• This program aimed to enhance
civic consciousness and defense
preparedness in the youth by
developing the ethics of service
and patriotism while undergoing
training in any of its three (3)
program components, specifically
designed to enhance the youth’s
active contribution to the general
welfare.
What are the components of the NSTP?
• a. Reserve Officer’s
Training Corps (ROTC) -
Refers to the program
component,
institutionalized under
Section 38 and 39 of
Republic Act No. 7077,
designed to provide
military training to
motivate, train organize
and mobilize them for
national defense
preparedness.
• b. Civic Welfare Training Service
(CWTS) - Refers to the program
to improve
• Health,
• Education,
• Environment,
• Entrepreneurship,
• Safety,
• Recreation and
• Moral of the citizenry
of the community
• c. Literacy Training
Service (LTS) - Refers
to the program
component designed to
train the students to
teach literacy and
numeracy skills to
school children, out-of-
school youth and other
segments of society in
need of their services.
Who are covered by the NSTP
Law?
• All incoming freshmen students,
male, female, starting school year (SY)
2002-2003, enrolled in any
baccalaureate and in at least two (2)
year technical-vocational or associate
courses, are required to complete one
(1) NSTP component of their choice,
as a graduation requirement;
• All higher and technical-vocational
education institutions must at least
offer one (1) of the NSTP components.
• State universities and colleges
(SUC’S), shall offer the ROTC
component and at least one(1) other
NSTP component.
• The Philippine Military Academy
(PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine
Academy (PMMA), Philippine National
Police Academy (PNPA), and other
SUC’s of similar nature, in view of the
special character of these institutions,
are exempted from the NSTP.
• Private higher education and
technical-vocational education
institutions with at least 350
student cadets, may offer the
ROTC component and
consequently establish / maintain
a Department Of Military Science
and Tactics (DMST), subject to the
existing rules and regulations of
the Armed Forces Of The
Philippines (AFP).
• What is the duration and
equivalent course unit of each of
the NSTP components ?
• Each of the NSTP component shall
be undertaken for an academic
period of two (2) semesters for 54 to
90 training hours per semester. It
shall be credited for three (3) units
per semester
What fees shall be charged to students
taking any of the NSTP component?
No other fees shall be collected
except basic tuition fees, which
should not be more than 50% of the
charges of the school per academic
unit.
Who are covered by the suspension of
the ROTC requirement?
• The completion of ROTC training as a
requisite for graduation is set aside
for students who have completed all
their academic requirements for their
respective courses as certified by the
school on or before the effectivity of
the NSTP Act of 2001, which is March
23, 2002. The concerned students
may apply for graduation with their
respective school
1.What happens to male students who are currently enrolled and have not taken nor completed the ROTC requirements
What happens to male students who

are currently enrolled and have not
taken nor completed the ROTC
requirements for graduation?
– Male students who are not covered
by Section 12 of this Rule and are
currently enrolled but have not
taken any of the Military Service
(MS), Civic Welfare Service (CWS)
or Law Enforcement Service (LES)
shall be covered by the NSTP Law.
–Students who want to qualify for
enlistment in the Reserve Force or
attend the advance ROTC program
shall undertake a special program
for this purpose.
1.How are Clustering and Cross-Enrollment done?
How are Clustering and

Cross-Enrollment done?
– Clustering of students from different

education institutions during semestral
or summer periods may be done for any
of the NSTP component, taking into
account logistics, branch of service and
geographical locations. The host
school shall be responsible in
managing the Program.
Schools that do not meet the
required number of students to
maintain the optional ROTC and
any of the NSTP components, or
do not offer the component
chosen by the student shall
allow their students to cross-
enroll to other schools
irrespective of whether such
school is under CHED or
TESDA.
• Who will manage the NSTP
implementation?
– The school authorities shall exercise

academic and administrative supervision on
the design, formulation, adoption and
implementation of the different NSTP
components in their respective schools.
•
– In the case of ROTC, the school authorities
and Department of National Defense (DND),
subject to the policies, regulations and
programs of DND on the military component
of the training, shall exercise joint supervision
over its implementation.
– Schools who have contracted
CHED accredited or TESDA-
recognized Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) to formulate
and administer training modules
for any of the NSTP components
shall jointly exercise academic
and administrative supervision
with those NGOs.
– CHED Regional Offices, TESDA,
Provincial/District Offices and
DND-AFP (through the Major
Service Reserve Commands),
shall oversee and monitor the
implementation of the NSTP
under their respective
jurisdiction, to determine if the
trainings are being conducted in
consonance with the objectives
of the NSTP Law.
•What are the Guidelines for the
Accreditation of NGOs to Formulate
and Administer Training Modules?
• CHED / TESDA shall jointly accredit
NGOs which satisfy the following:
– Duly registered with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (SEC) /
Cooperative Development Authority
(CDA);
– Have good track record of community
service;
– Have qualified personnel with
experience in program related
implementation;
– Viable and sustainable organization; and
– Program of Instruction (POI) / Curriculum
Program for Civic Welfare Training Service
(CWTS) which should include the dimensions
of development such as Health and Nutrition,
Safety and Security,
– Recreation, Education and Training,
Entrepreneurship and Social Welfare
Concerns particularly Dangerous Drugs
Prevention and Control, Voters Awareness
and Poverty Alleviation.
What are the basic guidelines for the
formulation of the NSTP Curriculum?
• The curriculum shall be formulated by
the Program coordinator duly approved
by the school authorities, copy
furnished CHED / TESDA Regional
Offices. It shall comply with the intent
and requirements of the NSTP and its
components.
• It shall provide for both lecture and
practicum activities. NSTP Practicum
activities shall be separated from the
practicum requirements of other
subjects / courses.
• The course syllabi shall clearly
define the objectives, contents,
activities, requirements and
student evaluation system
• Program coordinators and

instructors / lecturers shall be
duly qualified in terms of training
and experience, to handle their
respective assignments
What is CMO No. 5, series of 2003?
What is CMO No. 5, series of

•2003?
It is the utilization of the NSTP Trust Fund
wherein:
NSTP fee collected shall constitute a Trust Fund,
70% of which shall be exclusively for the
operation of the Program;
The remaining 30% retained by the school,
shall serve as contingency funds especially
in unprogrammed activities not originally
included in the Program of Expenditures
(POE) prepared by the ROTC Commandant or
CWTS / LTS Coordinator and approved by the
school head;
The remaining fund balance shall be
carried over the next semester
o Expenditures / disbursement shall be
subjected to periodic audits by the
proper school authorities and
concerned NSTP Officers and
• ROTC Commandants / CWTS and LTS
Program Coordinators shall submit a
comprehensive report on the utilization
of the NSTP Funds to their respective
school heads and Reserve Unit
Commanders / Program Heads, two
(weeks) after the end of every semester
What is the National Service Reserve Corps
(NSRC)?
• NSRC is created under
Section 11 of RA 9163 or the
NSTP Act of 2001,
composed of graduates of
the non-ROTC components:
the CWTS and LTS.
Members of this Corps
maybe tapped by the State
for literacy and civic welfare
activities, through the joint
effort of DND, CHED, and
TESDA.
TOPIC II. CITIZENSHIP TRAINING
The 1987 Philippine Constitution
• THE PREAMBLE
We, the sovereign Filipino people,

imploring the aid ofAlmighty God, in
order to build a just and humane society
and establish a Government that shall
embody our ideals and aspirations,
promote the common good, conserve
and develop our patrimony, and secure
to ourselves and our posterity the
blessings of independence and
democracy under the rule of law and a
regime of truth, justice, freedom, love,
equality and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.
• The Philippines has a democratic form
of government. Certain principles are
observed in the affairs of the state and
protection of rights and privileges of
the citizens in a democracy. Citizens
should know their rights so not to be
abused.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Understand further our rights

as citizens of a free country
and how we can best
safeguard these rights either
naturally or legally.
What makes you happy?
• A person who enters a room and
screams “Bomb” just to see the
reaction of the people in the
room is protected under
provisions in the Bill of Rights…
Agree/Disagree:_______________
Why?: ______________________
Everyone in a country like
Philippines enjoys rights
guaranteed by the
Constitution, the highest law of
the land
We are very lucky to be in a
country like the Philippines,
we enjoy many rights and
privileges not enjoyed by
people of countries which
control the rights of their
citizens.
DIfferent Kinds Of Rights
Natural rights
- inherent & inalienable
Constitutional rights
- the citizens’ rights stipulated in the national
constitution
Statutory rights
- given by laws passed by the legislature
Any citizen in a democratic country enjoys certain
rights which are embodied in their constitution.
He/she has to remember that rights have
corresponding obligations and responsibilities.
These are very important in a democratic
society.
Our rights as citizens of the Philippines are

clearly specified in the 1987 constitution.
These are identified in Article III – The bill of
Rights. Our government safeguards these
rights.
CIVIL RIGHTS
• All citizens are free to relate to

one another. We have the
right to work and earn a living
in order to attain the desired
comforts and yearnings in life
1. Right to life
2. Right to liberty
3. Right in the
pursuit of happiness
4. Right of domicile
5. Right to privacy
of correspondence
6. Right against
imprisonment for
non-payment of debt
7. Right against
involuntary servitude
8. Right to education
9. Right to
unreasonable
searches
POLITICAL RIGHTS
• Every citizen has the right to

participate directly or indirectly
in the establishment or
administration of the
government
1. Right to hold office in the
government
2. Freedom of speech, the
press and assembly
3. Right of suffrage
4. Right to form associations
for progress not contrary
to the law
5. Right to redress
grievances
6. Right to local self-
government
Art. 3 sec. 4
Freedom of
Speech
No law shall be passed
abridging the freedom of
speech, of expression, or of
the press, or the right of the
people peaceably to assemble
and petition the government
for redress of grievances.
IMPORTANCE OF THE LAW:
• Promotes growth of the individual

and the nation.
• Makes possible, scrutiny of acts
and conduct of public officials.
• Insures a responsive and popular
government.
SOCIAL
SOCIAL RIGHTS
RIGHTS
All Filipinos have
rights to relate to one
another. These
include the following:
1. Right to form and

be a member of an
organization
2.Freedom of
religion or right of
worship
3. Right of speedy
administration of
justice
SEC. 5 : RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
• No law shall be made respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof. The free exercise
and enjoyment of religious profession and
worship, without discrimination or
preference, shall forever be allowed. No
religious test shall be required for the
exercise of civil or political rights
ECONOMIC
Economic Rights
RIGHTS
Our economic
rights help the
citizens obtain
their source of
living and
opportunities to
discover a better
life.
1. Right to equal opportunities in
the open market
2. Right to occupation
3. Right to protection and peace
in the workplace
4. Freedom from unsanitary
factories, stores and
restaurants
SEC. 6 : LIBERTY OF ABODE
AND TRAVEL
• The liberty of abode and of
changing the same within
the limits prescribed by law
shall not be impaired except
upon lawful order if the
court. Neither shall the right
to travel be impaired except
in the interest of national
security, public safety, or
public health, as may be
provided by law.
Limitations
1. Upon lawful order of the
court
2. In the interest of national
security, public safety or
public health, as may be
provided by law.
Sec. 7 : Right to Information on
Matters of Public Concern
The right of the people to information on
matters of public concern shall be
recognized. Access to official records, and
to documents, and papers pertaining to
official acts, transactions, or decisions, as
well as to government research data used
as basis for policy development, shall be
afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.
Scope of the Right
• The right embraces all public records;
• It is limited to citizens only but is
without prejudice to the right of aliens
to have access to records of cases
where they are litigants;
• Its exercise is subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.
Limitations on the Right
Records involving public security of the State
or which are confidential in character should
be excepted :
1. income tax returns,
2. the condition or business of banks under the
Central Bank
3. accounts pertaining to military intelligence
funds
4. certain army records
5. disbarment proceedings.
Article 8: Right to privacy
• Everyone has the right to respect for his

private and family life, his home and his
correspondence.
• There shall be no interference by a public
authority with the exercise of this right
except such as is in accordance with the
law and is necessary in a democratic
society in the interests of national security,
public safety or the economic well-being of
the country.
Sec. 9 : Inherent Powers of the
State
• Private property
shall not be
taken for public
use without just
compensation.
Sec. 10 : Obligation of Contracts
(Impairment Clause)
• No law impairing the
obligations of contracts
shall be passed.
Contract
Refers to any lawful agreement on
property or property rights, whether
real or personal, tangible or
intangible.
OBLIGATION OF A CONTRACT
• The law or duty by which binds

the parties to perform their
agreement according to its
terms or intent, if it is not
contrary to law, morals, good
customs, public order, or
public policy.
Sec. 12 : Rights of the Person under
Investigation
• Any person under investigation for
the commission of an offense shall have
the right to be informed of his right to
remain silent and to have competent and
independent counsel preferably of his
own choice. If the person cannot afford
the services of counsel, he must be
provided with one. These rights cannot
be waived except in writing and in the
presence of counsel.
• No torture, force, violence, threat,
intimidation, or any other means
which vitiate the free will shall be
used against him. Secret detention
places, solitary, incommunicado, or
any other form of detention are
prohibited.
• Any confession or admission
obtained in violation of this or
Section 17 hereof shall be
inadmissible in evidence against
him.
• The law shall provide for penal
and civil sanctions for violations
of this section as well as
compensation to and
rehabilitation of victims of torture
or similar practices, and their
families.
Generalization
• Every person should respect
the rights of others
• Filipinos should be vigilant so
that their human rights will be
protected
Generalization
• As we claim our rights we

should also assume the
responsibility to the rights we
claim
• We should be grateful for the
natural and constitutional rights
that we enjoy
Good Citizenship &
Good Governance
CITIZEN
• a native or naturalized member of a state

or nation who owes allegiance to its
government and is entitled to its protection
(distinguished from ALIEN ).
• an inhabitant of a city or town, esp. one

entitled to its privileges or franchises.
CITIZENSHIP
• the status or condition of a citizen
• the duties, rights, and privileges of

this status
• a person's conduct as a citizen

WHO IS A GOOD CITIZEN?
A good citizen is some who respects others and

their property.
He/she is helpful and considerate, willing to put

others first.
He/she listens to the views of others and thinks

about what they have to say.
He/she helps people who are not in a position to

help themselves.
WHO IS A GOOD CITIZEN?
He/she respects the environment and does

not damage it in anyway.
He/she works hard.
He/she is well mannered and pleasant.
He/she is always willing to learn

GOOD CITIZENSHIP CORE VALUES
• PAGKAMAKA-DIYOS
– Faith and Belief in Almighty God, active

spirituality
– Respect for life
– Order
– Work
– Concern for Family and future
generations
• PAGKAMAKA-TAO
– Love
– Freedom
– Peace
– Truth
– Justice
• PAGKAMAKA-BAYAN
– Unity
– Equality
– Respect for law and Government
– Patriotism
– Promotion of the Common Good
• PAGKAMAKA-KALIKASAN
Concern for the Environment
Man being created in God’s image,
received a mandate to subject to himself
the earth and all that it contains, and to
govern the world with justice and
holiness.
– We should develop a sense of urgency
in the way we treat our environment. Let
us learn to respect the integrity of
creation.
Assignment:
Creative thinking – Rap, jingle, poem,
slogan, promise and comic strips
• I will protect my rights

because…
• I will respect the rights of
others because…
FLAG AND
HERALDIC CODE
of the
PHILIPPINES
(R.A. 8491)
What is RA 8491 all about?
This Act shall be known as the "Flag and
Heraldic Code of the Philippines."
Reverence and respect shall at all times be

accorded the flag, the anthem, and other
national symbols which embody the national
ideals and traditions and which express the
principles of sovereignty and national
solidarity.(Declaration of Policy- Section 2)
Design of the National Flag
The flag of the Philippines shall be blue, white and
red with an eight-rayed golden-yellow sun and three
five-pointed stars, as consecrated and honored by
the people. (Section. 4)
Flag Symbolism
The Philippine national flag had a rectangular design that
consist of a white equilateral triangle, symbolizing
equality and fraternity; a horizontal blue stripe for peace,
truth and justice; and a horizontal red stripe for patriotism
and valor.
In the center of the white triangle is an eight-ray golden
sun symbolizing unity, freedom, people's democracy and
sovereignty. Each ray of the sun represents each of the
first eight provinces that started the 1896:as Manila,
Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna,
and Batangas.
Three five-pointed
stars, one for each of
the triangle's points,
stand for the three
major geographical
island groups that
comprise the
Philippines: Luzon
,Visayas and Mindanao.
Hoisting and Display of the National Flag
Philippine flag must be permanently hoisted and illuminated at
night at the following locations ( Sec. 6)
q Malacañang Palace,
q Congress of the Philippines buildings
q Senate of the Philippines building
q House of Representatives of the Philippines building (Batasang
Pambansa Complex)
q Supreme Court of the Philippines building
q Rizal Monument in Luneta, Manila
q Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite
q Barasoain Shrine in Malolos, Bulacan
q Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Libingan ng mga Bayani
q All international ports of entry
q All other places as may be designated by the National Historical
Institute.
The flag shall be displayed in all public buildings,
official residences, public plazas, and institutions of
learning every day throughout the year. (Sec. 5)
The flag shall also be displayed in private buildings and
residences or raised in the open on flag-staffs in front of
said buildings every day(Sec. 7)
q April 9 (Araw ng Kagitingan);
q May 1 (Labor Day);
q May 28 (National Flag Day) to June 12 (Independence
Day);
q last Sunday of August (National Heroes Day);
q November 30 (Bonifacio Day); and
q December 30 (Rizal Day);
q and on such other days as may be declared by the
President and/or local chief executives.
Conduct of Flag Raising Ceremony
q All government offices and educational

institutions shall henceforth observe the flag-
raising ceremony every Monday morning and
the flag lowering ceremony every Friday
afternoon.
q The ceremony shall be simple and dignified and
shall include the playing or singing of the
Philippine National Anthem. (Sec. 18)
q During the flag-raising ceremony, the assembly
shall stand in formation facing the flag. At the
moment the first note of the anthem is heard,
everyone in the premises shall come to
attention; moving vehicles shall stop.
q All persons present shall place their right palms
over their chests, those with hats shall uncover;
while those in military, scouting, security
guard, and citizens military training uniforms
shall give the salute prescribed by their
regulations, which salute shall be completed
upon the last note of the anthem. (Sec 21)
Half- Mast
The flag shall be flown at half-mast as a sign of
mourning on all the buildings and places where it is
displayed, as provided for in RA 8194, on the day of
official announcement of the death of any of the
following officials:
a) The President or a former President, for ten (10)
days;
b) The Vice-President, the Chief Justice, the President
of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, for seven (7) days; and
c) Other persons to be determined by the Institute,
for any period less than seven (7) days. (Sec 23)
Casket
q The flag may be used to cover the caskets of the
honored dead of the military, veterans of previous
wars, national artists, and of civilians who have
rendered distinguished service to the nation, as may
be determined by the local government unit
concerned.
q In such cases, the flag shall be placed such that the
white triangle shall be at the head and the blue
portion shall cover the right side of the caskets. The
flag shall not be lowered to the grave or allowed to
touch the ground, but shall be folded solemnly and
handed over to the heirs of the deceased. (Sec 24)
Pledge to the Flag
q The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine flag

(distinct from the Patriotic Oath of Allegiance)
should be recited while standing with the right
hand with palm open raised shoulder high.
q Individuals whose faith or religious beliefs
prohibit them from making such pledge are
permitted to excuse themselves, but are
required by law to show full respect when the
pledge is being rendered by standing at
attention. (Sec 25)
Pledge to the Flag (Panunumpa ng Katapatan
sa Watawat)
Ako ay Pilipino I am a Filipino

Buong katapatang nanunumpa I pledge my allegiance
Sa watawat ng Pilipinas To the flag of the Philippines
At sa bansang kanyang And to the country it represents
sinasagisag With honor, justice and freedom
Na may dangal, katarungan at
kalayaan
Na pinakikilos ng sambayanang Put in motion by one nation
Maka-Diyos For God
Maka-tao for the People,
Makakalikasan at for Nature and
Makabansa. for the Country.
Prohibited acts
According to Republic Act 8491 itself, it shall be prohibited
a) To mutilate, deface, defile, trample on or cast contempt or
commit any act or omission casting dishonor or ridicule upon the
flag or over its surface;
b) To dip the flag to any person or object by way of compliment or
salute;
c) To use the flag:
1. As a drapery, festoon, tablecloth;
2. As covering for ceilings, walls, statues or other objects;
3. As a pennant in the hood, side, back and top of motor
vehicles;
4. As a staff or whip;
5. For unveiling monuments or statues; and
6. As trademarks, or for industrial, commercial or agricultural
labels or designs.
Prohibited acts
q Moreover, the flag may not be displayed
"horizontally face-up, or under any painting,
picture or platform."
q It may also not be displayed in
"discotheques, cockpits, night and day
clubs, casinos, gambling joints and places of
vice or where frivolity prevails.“
q To wear the flag in whole or in part as a
costume or uniform;
q To add any word, figure, mark, picture, design,
drawings, advertisement, or imprint of any
nature on the flag;
q To print, paint or attach representation of the
flag on handkerchiefs, napkins, cushions, and
other articles of merchandise;
q To display in public any foreign flag, except in
embassies and other diplomatic establishments,
and in offices of international organizations;
q To use, display or be part of any advertisement
or infomercial; and
q To display the flag in front of buildings or offices
occupied by aliens.
The National Anthem
q The National Anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang

(Sec 35)
q The National Anthem shall always be sung in the

national language within or without the country.
The following shall be the lyrics of the National
Anthem. (Sec 35)
q The anthem shall not be played and sung for mere
recreation, amusement or entertainment purposes
except on the following occasions:
a) International competitions where the Philippines is
the host or has a representative;
b) Local competitions;
c) During the "signing off" and "signing on" of radio
broadcasting and television stations;
d) Before the initial and last screening of films and
before the opening of theater performances; and
e) Other occasions as may be allowed by the Institute.
The National Motto
The National Motto shall be "MAKA-

DIYOS, MAKA-TAO, MAKAKALIKASAN AT
MAKABANSA." (Sec 40)
The National Coat-of-Arms
The National Coat-of-Arms shall
have:
ü Paleways of two (2) pieces,
azure and gules;
ü a chief argent studded with
three (3) mullets equidistant
from each other;
ü and, in point of honor, ovoid
argent over all the sun
rayonnant with eight minor and
lesser rays. Beneath shall be the
scroll with the words
"REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,"
inscribed thereon. (Sec 41)
The Great Seal
q The Great Seal shall be circular in form, with the
arms as described in the national coat of arms.,
but without the scroll and the inscription
thereon. Surrounding the whole shall be a
double marginal circle within which shall appear
the words "Republika ng Pilipinas."
q For the purpose of placing The Great Seal, the
color of the arms shall not be deemed essential
but tincture representation must be used.
q The Great Seal shall also bear the National
Motto.
The Great Seal
LESSON: Drug Addiction and Prevention
Addiction
It is defined as physical and psychological
dependence on psychoactive substances (for
example alcohol, tobacco, heroin and other drugs)
which cross the blood-brain barrier once ingested,
temporarily altering the chemical milieu of the brain.
Addictive substances are substances that causes
addiction/compulsion/dependence over a period of
time.
1. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
2. ALCOHOL
3. CIGARETTES
Classification of Psychoactive Drugs
1. Stimulants- are a class of psychoactive drug that
tend to increase activity in the brain.
-Due to their effects typically having an "up" quality
to them, stimulants are also occasionally referred to
as "uppers".
Example. Caffeine, cocaine, nicotine
2. Depressants- are drugs that inhibit the function of
the central nervous system and are among the most
widely used drugs in the world.
Depressants or "downers", which decrease
mental and/or physical function, are in stark
contrast to stimulants and are considered to
be their functional opposites.
-examples : tranquilizers, barbiturates,

inhalants and chloral hydrate.
3. Hallucinogens- are psychoactive drugs that affect
thinking, alter moods and distort perceptions.
Example: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, acid)
4.Cannabis- drug that is smoked and produces mild

effects of stimulants and depressants.
Example : marijuana
5. Narcotics- are used to relieve pain and induce
sleep. Some examples of narcotics are opium,
morphine, and methadone. Heroin is the most
used.
6. Inhalants- include a variety of volatile compounds
that produce unpredictable, drunk like,
hallucinogenic effects on users.
Example : Rugby
• Drug dependence may either be physical or
psychological or both.
1.Physical dependence ( drug
addiction)
Certain psychoactive drugs like heroin,
alcohol and cocaine cause a change in the body
chemistry when taken frequently in large doses
over a long period of time. The human body
becomes used to the presence of the drug. Having
used to the drug, the body begins to need it as
much as it needs food. If the use of drug is
stopped, the body reacts by showing withdrawal
symptoms like trembling, hallucinations, nausea
and vomiting.
• 2. Psychological dependence
Some drugs do not produce physical
dependence, that means the body does
not need the drug nor crave for them.
The drug abuser is convinced in his mind
that he needs the drug. It is more of a
mental need. He feels he cannot be happy
and contented without the drug, which has
become a very important part of his life.
Phases of Drug Dependence
• 1.Experimental Phase
The new user takes drug for the first time. in his
life. Some first timers may experience some ill
effects. Some vomit. The unpleasant effects often
turn off many beginners. They stop using drugs.
2.Occasional or Social Use
Some beginners are assured by their drug using
friends that the unpleasant effects are normal and
would pass away, and decide to continue using
drugs. He uses drug only when it is made available
to him. At this stage he does not have a craving yet
for drugs. He does not go out of his way to look for
drugs.
• 3. Regular Use
In this stage , he actively seeks the drug
of his choice. He tries to make sure that he
has a ready supply of the drug. The craving
for the drug develops. A change in his
behavior becomes noticeable. In time, the
craving for the drug increases.
4. Drug dependence
• In this stage, the user uses drug
day-by-day. He has to have the drug at all
cost. He rather buys drug than food. His life
and his future is ruined at this point.
•
Signs and Symptoms
A. Subtle Symptoms
1. Secrecy.
2. Increasing isolation.
B. Not So-Subtle Symptoms

• 1. Period of deep depressions
2. Absenteeism. .
3. Money problem. .
4. Extreme loss of weight or gain.
5. Expulsion from school
6. Physically hurting relatives and other people
7. Rebellious or offensive behavior
8. Acting queerly. Absent minded
9. Long period of time in the bathroom
10. Avoiding the issue of drugs when asked about it
C. Sure- Indicators
1.Possession of drug and paraphernalia
2. Needle marks on the arms
3. Spending time with known drug users
4. Defending his use of drugs
5. Mention of suicide or an attempt of suicide
6. Arrest due to drug related incidents
7. Possession of unusually large sums of money
8. Having bloodshot eyes
9. Dilated eye pupil
10. Puffy or droopy eyelids that partially hang over
the iris
TREATMENT
Drug treatment is intended to help addicted

individuals stop compulsive drug seeking and
use. Because drug addiction is typically a
chronic disorder characterized by occasional
relapses, a short-term, one-time treatment is
usually not sufficient. For many, treatment is a
long-term process that involves multiple
interventions and regular monitoring. There are
many rehabilitation centers which can help drug
addicts.
Effects of drug addiction to the
community
a. Increase of petty crimes
b. Increase of drug dependents
and pushers
c. fear of the residents
Weapons to combat the drug menace
1. Awareness of children’s behavior
and attitudes of parents
2. Drug abuse awareness and
education
3. Public information
• 4. The value of treatment programs.
ALCOHOL
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL
A.Personal health problems
1. impaired judgments and critical thinking
2. poor body coordination
3. shock to unconsciousness
4. low birth weight
5. heart problems
6. abnormalities of the infant of an alcoholic
mother
B. Social related problems
1. poor impression of personality
2. commitment of crimes and violence
3. accidents
4. suicides
EFFECTS OF SMOKING
1. Cancer
- Lung cancer isn't the only cancer that can be

caused by smoking.
2. Emphysema - This is the breakdown of lung

tissue, which is very thin and delicate.
3. Heart disease
A smoker has 2 - 4 times

the chance of developing
chronic heart disease
than a non-smoker. In
fact, as a smoker, you
are more likely to die
from heart disease than
from cancer.
4. Effects of Smoking During Pregnancy
-There have been many studies done on the

effects of smoking while a woman is pregnant (or
breathing second-hand smoke during her
pregnancy).
-Not only can smoking during pregnancy lead to a

spontaneous abortion, but also low birth weight
and under-development of the baby.
TREATMENT
There are essentially two types

of Alcohol Rehabilitation
and Treatment Centers – in
patient centers and out patient
facilities. Typically, the most
effective type of facility is an
inpatient facility because the
patient is restricted in their
activities, and everything is
monitored.
BASIC FACTS ON
HIV
What is HIV?
H -uman
Found only in humans
Transmitted among humans
Preventable by humans
I -mmunodefiency
Body lacks ability to fight off infections
V -irus
Type of germ
Lives and reproduces in body cells
9/6/21 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 24
AIDS
A -cquired; received, not inherited (does not run
in families)
I -mmuno; protected from (in this case the

system protects the body from disease)
D -eficiency, - a lack of
S-yndrome; – a group of symptoms or
diseases
HIV IS FOUND IN BODY FLUIDS
• Semen Blood
• Breast milk Viginal Fluid
• How HIV is passed on?

§ During unprotected (skin to skin) sex (anal,
vaginal or oral)
§ Contact with HIV infected blood or blood
products
§ Sharing IV drug needles of HIV positive people
§ From HIV positive mother to child
§ During breast feeding
You CANNOT get HIV from…
§ Tears
§ Saliva
§ Sweat
§ Urine
of an HIV infected person

Window Period
• When a person gets infected it may take 6
weeks or up to 3 months before antibodies
to HIV are detected in the blood
• The HIV test looks for antibodies. When

these antibodies are detected the person is
diagnosed HIV positive
• A person can be positive and the test shows

negative because the test was done during
the window period
Why HIV rates not going
down?

STI and HIV – The Link

STI and HIV – The Link

ALL STIs are Preventable
Most STI’s are treatable

But
HIV/AIDS CANNOT BE CURED

Prevention Treatment

Prevention
§ Talk with partner about HIV
§ Use a condom with your
regular and non-regular
clients, and partners every
time you have sex
§ Reduce the number of main
partners
§ Get tested. Know your
status
Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 34

Who is most at risk for HIV?
§ Anybody having sex without
a condom.
§ People with more than 1

partner who don’t use a
condom during sex
§ People whose sex partner

have sex with other partners
without using a condom
How You DON’T Get HIV
§ You CANNOT get HIV by
hugging, touching, living
with or caring for someone
with HIV, shaking hands or
kissing.
§ You CANNOT get HIV from

eating out of the same plate
or cup or utensils that an
HIV positive person uses.

Early Signs & Symptoms of
HIV
§ Fever
§ Fatigue
§ Night Sweats
§ Loss of Appetite
§ Diarrhea
§ Swollen Lymph Glands
Remember these are symptoms of many other illnesses.

REMEMBER
§ You CANNOT tell by looking if someone has HIV.
§ An individual can look and feel well for many years and
be HIV positive.
§ The HIV positive person can pass the virus on to

someone else.

Getting on with Life

Can YOU support someone living
with HIV?

REFERENCES:
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychoactivedrugs/tp/psychoactive-
drugs.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5002058_what-makes-alcohol-addictive.html
http://www.quit-smoking-stop.com/harmful-smoking-effects.html
http://www.answer-my-health-question.info/smoking-and-health-
problems.html
http://www.drugabuse.gov/PODAT/faqs.html#faq2
http://library.thinkquest.org/6008/Depressants.htm
http://www.methodsofhealing.com/alcohol-rehabilitation-and-treatment-
centers/
http://www.druged.ednet.ns.ca/Supplement/Appendices/IRE/Classifications/
Classifications.html
INTRODUCTION
• Disasters, whether
natural or human-made,
affect everyone, especially
the poor, children,
women and the elderly
who have the least
capability to deal with
disasters.
From 1994 to 2003, some 2.5
billion people were affected
by natural disasters alone
worldwide, which is an
increase of 60% over the past
decade.
• More than 478,000 people
were killed during this
period.
• Floods and earthquakes are
the deadliest accounting for
more than half of the total
casualties.
RP DISASTER RISK PROFILE
• RP is vulnerable to almost all types of natural hazards
because of its geographical location.
Located within the Circum-Pacific belt of fires and

along typhoon path, the Philippines becomes exposed
to natural perils like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
typhoons and their resultant effects like tsunami,
landslides, floods and flashfloods.
•
As an archipelago with 7,107 islands, the threat of
tsunami affecting the country’s coastal
areas is not far-fetched.
Disaster
- is an extreme disruption of the functioning of a society that
causes widespread human, material, or environmental losses
that exceed the ability of the affected society to
cope using only its own resources.
Disaster Preparedness
- refers to measures taken to prepare for and reduce the effects
of disasters.
DISASTERS
§ TYPHOON & FLOOD
§ EARTHQUAKE
§ FIRE
§ BOMB THREAT
Typhoon
Is a “tropical storm” of
damaging proportion.
can hit at any time of the

year but are most likely to
occur in the Philippines from
July to October.
In the Philippines, four signals are
hoisted progressively at the onset
of a typhoon
Signal #1: signifies a threat of an
approaching typhoon or tropical
depression within 36 hours.
Signal #2 : indicates the likelihood of a
typhoon within 24 hours.
Signal #3: means that a typhoon is
expected within 18 hours.
Signal #4: is used to denote a direct hit
by a typhoon within 12 hours.
* As soon as the first typhoon signal is raised, all should start
preparing.
Once the Number 2 and 3 signal is raised, schools are suspended
and government offices are usually closed. Private business takes
its cue from government announcements or it depends on the
discretion of the company.
PAGASA issued a statement explaining the color-coded rainfall warning
signals.
The rainfall warning system has three
levels: yellow, orange and red.
A yellow warning is raised when the

expected rainfall amount is between
7.5 millimeters and 15 millimeters
within one hour and likely to continue.
Targetareas of this warning signal are

warned against possible flooding,
particularly in low-lying areas.
The orange alert (formerly green) is
raised in areas where rainfall volumes
of 15 millimeters to 30 millimeters
were observed for an hour. In this alert
level "flooding is a definite threat."
Red alert, meanwhile, is issued when
"downpours constitute an
emergency."
The highest alert level is issued if the
amount of rainfall observed for an
hour ranges from 30 millimeter to 65
millimeters.
Safety Measures
(Before, During, & After Typhoon)
Before the typhoon
1. Store an adequate supply of food and clean water. Prepare

foods that need not be cooked.
2. Keep flashlights, candles and battery-powered radios within
easy reach.
3. Examine your house and repair its unstable parts.
4. Always keep yourself updated with the latest weather report.
5. Secure domesticated animals in a safe place.
6. Should you need to evacuate, bring clothes, a first aid kit,
candles/flashlight, battery-powered radio, food, etc.
During the typhoon
1. Stay inside the house.

2. Always keep yourself updated with the latest weather report.
3. If safe drinking water is not available, boil water for at least
20 minutes. Place it in a container with cover.
4. Keep an eye on lighted candles or gas lamps.
5. Do not wade through floodwaters to avoid being electrocuted
and contracting diseases.
6. If there is a need to move to an evacuation center, follow these
reminders:
• Evacuate calmly.
• Close the windows and turn off the main power switch.
• Put important appliances and belongings in a high ground.
• Avoid the way leading to the river.
After the typhoon
1. If your house was destroyed, make sure that it is already safe

and stable when you enter.
2. Beware of dangerous animals such as snakes that may have
entered your house.
3. Watch out for live wires or outlet immersed in water.
4. Report damaged electrical cables and fallen electric posts to
the authorities.
5. Do not let water accumulate in tires, cans or pots to avoid
creating a favorable condition for mosquito breeding.
FLOOD
• Floods are the most

common and widespread
of all natural disasters.
• Floods can be slow or fast

rising but generally
develop over a period of
days.
Safety Measures
• NEVER drive through flooded roadways!

• If the vehicle stalls, leave it immediately and seek higher
ground.
• Store drinking water in various containers. Water service may
be interrupted.
• Keep a stock of food that requires little cooking and
no refrigeration.
• Keep first aid supplies on hand.
• Keep a battery-powered portable radio, emergency cooking
equipment, and flashlights in working condition.
• Avoid areas subject to sudden flooding.
• Children should NEVER play around high water, storm drains,
or viaducts.
After the Flood
• Clean up.
• If fresh food has come in contact with flood waters, identify and
throw it out.
• Boil drinking water before using.
• Seek necessary medical care at the nearest hospital. Food,
clothing, shelter, and first aid are available from the Red Cross.
• Electrical equipment should be checked and dried before being
returned to service.
Also, keep note of these contact numbers in case of typhoon emergencies:
1. Philippine Coast Guard: 527-8481 local 6290 and 6292; 328-1098
2. Philippine National Red Cross: 527-0000
3. National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC): 911-1406 ,
912-2665 , 912-5668
4. Manila Electric Co. (Meralco): 16210
5. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA): 136 (hotline); 0920-947-
2503 (towing concerns); 0920-947-1632 or 0917-561-8709 (duty officer)
Emergency Hotline: 117
Earthquakes
- are the shaking, rolling
or sudden shock of the
earth’s surface.
Earthquake Safety Measures
• Don't panic. If you are inside a building, stay inside. If you
are outside, stay outside.
• If you must move outside, get away from the building,
power lines, and trees.
• Crouch down and cover your head and eyes.
• Find the “safe places” in every room of your home and
workplace.
Safe places:
• under or beneath the desk or table, against an interior wall,
away from bookcases or other heavy furniture that could fall
on you.
• away from possibly breaking windows.
• If you are indoors during an earthquake, practice
"drop, cover and hold on”,
drop- or get close to the floor, under a table or desk or near
an interior wall,
cover- or cover your head and eyes with your arms, and
hold on- hold onto something sturdy/anything handy.
FIRE
A rapid, persistent chemical
change that releases heat and
light and is accompanied by
flame.
Most victims of fires die from
smoke or toxic gases and not
from burns.
Major Causes:
electrical/faulty wirings & outlets
unplugged appliances
heating
unattended stoves
children playing matches, etc.
Fire Safety Measures
Keep a fire extinguisher near you and have it checked regularly.

Learn how to use it.
Use this to put out small fires. You can also use water if the fire
is not electrical or chemical.
• If there’s a fire that is too big to put out, leave the building
immediately.
• If there is smoke in your house, cover your nose and mouth
with a small cloth and stay low to the ground as you’re leaving.
If you’re in a room with the door closed when a fire breaks out:
• Do NOT open the door if the door is hot, there is smoke coming
through the cracks around or under the door, or the doorknob
is hot.
• If you are trapped in the room, use wet towels, or clothing to
seal off any cracks or vents around the door. You could even put
a light-colored cloth (like a white t-shirt) outside the window to
let firefighters know where you are.
• If the doorknob feels cool and smoke is not coming in the room,
open the door slowly and carefully. Then quickly exit the
building.
• If a fire starts in your kitchen because of oil or grease, try
tossing baking soda or salt on it. Or put a lid over the flame if
the fire is in a pot or pan.
If your clothes catch fire, Do NOT run. This could make the fire
spread more quickly. Instead, stop, drop, and roll:
stop, drop to the ground
cover your face with your hands, and
roll back and forth until the fire is put out.

Bomb Threat
- An information or warning usually
verbal or written, claiming
knowledge that a dangerous device,
such as a bomb or similar type of
explosive, has been or will be
placed in a building, aircraft or
other facilities, whether or not such
a device actually exists.
WHY PREPARE AGAINST BOMB INCIDENTS?
• Through preparation, we can reduce the accessibility of our
building and identify those areas that can be "hardened"
against the potential bomber.
• Proper planning can also reduce the threat of panic and
decrease the potential for injury and property damage.
RESPONDING TO BOMB THREATS

• Each threat received through any means of communications.
• Keep in mind that the vast majority of threats are false and
are primarily intended to elicit a response from the building
occupants.
• But, it should be treated as real and must be forwarded
immediately to the proper authorities.
Handwritten or Typed Notes
• Documents and other materials
received should be carefully
handled to preserve marks,
fingerprints, etc. for
examination by competent
authorities.
• These items should be
forwarded immediately to the
proper authorities for analysis
and evaluation.
• Written messages should never
be ignored.
E-mail
• Make sure to save the
information on your computer.
• Forward immediately to the
proper authorities.
Telephone Bomb Threats

• The receiving party must remain
calm and courteous.
• Try to obtain as much
information as possible from the
caller.
Bomb Threat Call Procedures
1. Remain calm and immediately refer to the information listed
on the Bomb Threat Checklist and keep the caller on the line
as long as possible to attempt to gather as much information
as possible.
2. Get the identity of the caller.
3. Take note of the following characteristics:
• male or female voice
• young, middle-age or old sounding voice
• accent of voice
• any background noise
• does the voice sound familiar.
3. Note the exact words of the person placing the call.
4. Show no emotion on the phone.
5. Know the exact location of the bomb.
6. Ask for a description of the bomb/composition of the
explosive.
7. Apply delaying tactics and engage the caller in prolonged
conversation.
8. Take note of the exact time the suspect hung up.
9. Remember that the caller may not answer your questions, but
any additional information that he may relate will be
helpful.
10. It may be advisable to inform the caller that the building is
occupied and the detonation of a bomb could result in
death or serious injury to many innocent people.
11. Immediately after the call has ended, notify your immediate
supervisor and local police .
12. The receiver of the threat shall remain available for interviews
and give the completed Bomb Threat Checklist information
to the respondents.
13. If there is validity to the threat, evacuation of the
personnel is mandatory following the established
evacuation procedure.
14. After evacuation, building search shall be conducted by the
Explosives Ordinance Disposal Division (EODD), Crisis
Management Team and personnel who is familiar with
the work area.
15. If a suspicious device, package, bag, etc. is discovered, it is
to be left alone, DO NOT TOUCH IT!
16. Once a bomb is discovered the building will be under the
jurisdiction of EODD.
17. The decision to resume normal activities in the building will
be made by the Director, in consultation with the
Crisis Management Team and EODD.
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
With the approval of Republic Act No. 10121 otherwise
known as the “Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010” on May 27, 2010 and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations on September 17,
2010, the National, Regional and Local Disaster
Coordinating Councils created under Presidential Decree
No. 1566 series of 1978, have been renamed as
National/Regional/Local Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council.
Mission
NDRRMC serves as the President’s adviser on disaster
preparedness programs, disaster operations and
rehabilitation efforts undertaken by the government
and the private sector. It acts as the top coordinator of
all disaster management and the highest allocator of
resources in the Philippines. The NDRRMC was
formerly known as the National Disaster Coordinating
Council (NDCC).
FIRST AID
and
BASIC LIFE
SUPPORT
FIRST AID
It is an immediate care given to a person who has been
injured or suddenly taken ill.
It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance

is not available or delayed.
Roles and Responsibilities of First
Aider
Bridge the gap between the victim and the
physician
Ensure the safety of him/herself and that of the
bystanders
Gain access to the victim
Determine any threats to patient’s life
Summon advance medical care as needed
Provide needed care for the patient
Record all finding and care given to the victim
Objectives of First Aid
1. To alleviate suffering
2. To prevent added/further injury or
danger
3. To prolong life
Hindrances in Giving First Aid

1. Unfavorable surroundings
2. The presence of crowds
3. Pressure from victim or relatives
First Aid Equipment and Supplies
1. Basic Equipments
Spine Board
Short Board/
Kendrick's Extrication
Device
Sets of Splints
Poles
Blankets
2. Suggested First Aid Kit Contents (Basic)
Alcohol Betadine Cotton Cotton swab Sterile gauze Micropore
Tongue Dep. Penlight Band Aids Sterile Gloves Bandage Scissor
Forceps Triangular Bandage Elastic Roller Bandage Occlusive Dressing

3. Clothe Materials commonly used in First Aid
Dressing – any sterile cloth material used to cover the
wound.
Bandages – any clean cloth material sterile or not use to
hold the dressing in place.
Uses of Dressing:
Control bleeding
Protect the wound from infection
Absorbs liquid from the wound such as plasma, water, pus.
Uses of Bandages:
Control bleeding
Keep the splints in place
Immobile the body part
For arm support – use as a sling
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Life Support
Basic Life Support (BLS)
- an emergency procedure that consists of recognizing
respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and the proper
application of CPR to maintain life until a victim recovers or
advance life support is available
Advance Cardiac Life Support (ACLS)

The use of special equipment to maintain breathing and
circulation for the victim of a cardiac emergency
Prolonged Life Support (PLS)

For post resuscitative and long term resuscitation
Getting Started
1. Planning of action
2. Gathering of needed materials
3. Remembering the initial response as follow:
A – Ask for help
I – Intervene
D – Do no further harm
4. Instructions to helpers
Emergency Action Principles
1. Survey the scene
2. Activate medical assistance and transfer facility
3. Do a primary survey of the victim
4. Do secondary survey of the victim
Respiratory Arrest
A condition in which breathing stops or is inadequate
Causes
1. Obstruction
2. Diseases
3. Others (such as electrocution, circulatory collapse,
drowning, poisoning, etc.)
Rescue Breathing
A technique of breathing air into a person’s lungs to
supply him or her with the oxygen needed to survive
Ways to Ventilate the Lungs

1. Mouth-to-mouth
2. Mouth-to-nose
3. Mouth-to-mouth and nose
4. Mouth-to-stoma
5. Mouth-to-face shield
6. Mouth-to-mask
7. Through bag valve mask device
Checking for Consciousness (ABC)
A irway
B reathing
L - look for the level of rise and fall of chest
L - Listening for Air
F - Feeling of air
C irculation
Carotid Pulse
- adult and child
Brachial Pulse
- infant
TABLE OF COMPARISON ON RESCUE BREATHING FOR ADULT, CHILD &
INFANT
ADULT CHILD INFANT
Opening of Maximum tilt of Neutral plus Neutral

Airway (Head- the head position
Tilt-Chin-Lift
Maneuver)
Location for Carotid pulse Carotid Pulse Brachial Pulse

checking of pulse (Side of the neck) (inner aspect of
the upper arm)
Method Mouth to mouth Mouth to mouth Mouth to Mouth

or Mouth to nose or Mouth to Nose & Nose
Breaths Normal breath Normal, regulated Normal

(approx. 1 breath (1 to 1.5 regulated breath
sec./breath sec./ breath) (0.5 to 1 sec./
enough to make breath)
the chest rise)
Rate 20 to 24 breaths (1 40 breaths (1 breathe every
breathe every 4 to 5 3 seconds for 2 minutes)
seconds for 2 min.)
Counting for Breathe 1, 1002,

Standardization 1003, 1001,
purposes: Breathe 1, 1002, 1003, Breathe, 1, 1001, breathe
Mnemonic of 1 1002, 1, 1002, breathe
breathe every Breathe 1, 1002, 1003,
5/3 seconds. 1003, 1, 1003, breathe... 1, 1040,
Breathe 1, 1002, breathe
1003, 1004
and up to 1024,
breathe.. .
CARDIAC ARREST & CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION
CARDIAC ARREST – Circulation ceases and vital organs are

deprived of oxygen.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
This is a combination of chest compression and rescue

breathing.
This must be combined for affective resuscitation of the

victim of cardiac arrest.
TABLE OF COMPARISON ON CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION FOR
ADULT, CHILD, INFANT
ADULT CHILD INFANT
Compression Simplified approach- Simplified 1 finger between

Area Center of Chest in approach- Center of the imaginary
between imaginary the Chest in nipple line
nipple line. between imaginary
nipple line
Depth Approximately 1 ½ to Approximately 1 to Approximately ½

2 inches 1 ½ inches to 1 inch
How to Heel of 1 hand, other Heel of 1 hand, 2 fingers (middle
Compress hand on top other hand on top; & ring fingertips).
or heel of 1 hand
Rate Approximately Approximately 100 Approximately
100 beats / min. beats/ min 100 beats/ min
Compression – 30:2 (1 or 2 30:2 ( 1 rescuer; 15:2 (Same as in
ventilation ratio rescuers) for 2 rescuers) child)
Number of cycles 5 cycles ( 1 or 2 5 cycles ( 1 rescuer or 2 (Same as in
for approximately rescuers) rescuers at 10 cycles) child)
2 minutes
Counting for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, (Same as in

Standardization 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, child)
purposes 13, 14, 15, 16, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 1, 2,
17, 18, 19, 20, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, then breath, breath;
9 and 1, then
(...up to 5 cycles)
breath, breath;
(...up to 5 cycles) breath, breath
breath, breath)
EMERGENCY CASES
SHOCK
is a depressed condition of many body
functions due to failure of enough blood to
circulate throughout the body following a
serious injury
BASIC CAUSES OF SHOCK

1. Pump failure
2. Hypovolemia
3. Relative Hypovolemia
Factors which Contribute to SHOCK
P ain
R ough handling
I mproper transfer
C ontinuous bleeding
E xposure to extreme cold and heat
F atigue
Signs and Symptoms of Shock
Early Stage
• Face – pale or cyanotic in color
• Skin – cold and clammy
• Breathing – irregular
• Pulse – rapid and weak
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weakness
Late Stage
Relatively unresponsive
Sunken eyes with vacant expression
Dilated pupils
Mottled appearance due to congested blood
vessels
Very low blood pressure
Unconsciousness may occur, body
temperature falls
Objectives of First Aid (Shock)
To improve circulation of blood
To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen
To maintain normal body temperature
First Aid and Preventive Management of Shock

Proper body position
Proper body heat
Proper transfer
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES
WOUNDS
It is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either

internal or external.
Types of Wounds:
1. Closed Wound
involves the
underlying tissue without
break or damage in the skin
or mucous membrane.
Causes:
Blunt object result in
contusion or bruises.
Application of external
forces
I - Ice or cold packs(every
15 minutes- 20
Signs and Symptoms: minutes for 3-4 hrs
Pain and tenderness C - Compression over the
Swelling area of injury to
Discoloration
decrease bleeding
Hematoma
E - Elevation
Uncontrolled restlessness S - Splinting
Vomiting or cough up
blood
Signs of blood along
mouth, nose and ear canal
2. Open Wound – there’s a breakage in the continuity of the
skin.
Types:
Puncture
penetrating pointed
instruments (nails, ice picks,
daggers).
Abrasion
Scrapping or rubbing
against rough surfaces.
Laceration
Blunt instruments (knife, rocks, and broken glasses).
Avulsion
Explosion, animal bites, mishandling of tools.
Incision - sharp bladed instruments
(blades, razors, etc)
With severe bleeding:

C - Control Bleeding
C - Cover the wound with dressing and
secure with a bandage
C - Care of shock
C - Consult or refer to physician
With minor bleeding:
• Clean the wound with soap and water
• Apply mild antiseptics
• Cover wound with dressing and bandage
BURN
It is an injury involving the skin,
including muscles, bones, nerves,
and blood vessels. This results from
heat, chemicals, electricity or solar or
other forms of radiation.
Common Causes:
Carelessness with match and cigarette smoking.
Scald from hot liquid.
Defective heating, cooking, and electrical equipment.
Immersion overheated bath water.
Use of such chemicals, as lye, strong acids & strong
detergents.
Three Depth Classifications of Burns
Superficial - 1st Degree Burns (e.g. sun burns)
Partial Thickness - 2nd Degree Burns (e.g. blisters, scald

from hot water)
Full Thickness - 3rd Degree Burns
(e.g. bones are being exposed,
exposed to electrical current)
Relieve pain by immersing the burned

area in cold water or by applying wet,
cold clean cloth.
If cold water is unavailable, use any cold
liquid to drink to reduce the burned skin’s temperature.
Cover the burn area with a dry, non-sticking, sterile
dressing or a clean cloth.
Don’t use any kind of toothpaste as treatment.
Sprain
- is caused by torn fibers in a ligament.
Three Degrees:
1st degree - results in stretched
ligament
2nd degree - results in partly

torn ligament
3rd degree - results in completely

torn ligament
Causes of Sprain:
• Result from a fall, a
sudden twist, or a blow to Remove any clothing or
the body that forces a jewelry from around the joint.
Apply cold compress (20
joint out of its normal mins. Within 3-4 hrs) for 1
position. day.
• People fall and land on an After 24 hrs.,apply hot
compress to affected area.
outstretched arm, slide Elevate the affected joint
into base, land on the with pillow or clothing.
side of their foot. Apply compression bandage.
The victim’s physician may
• Twist a knee with the foot recommend an OTC anti-
planted firmly on the inflammatory medication
ground. (Ibuprofen) appropriate for
the victim’s general health.
BANDAGING TECHNIQUE
Guidelines in using Dressing and Bandages
1. Use a dressing that is large enough to extend at least
one (1) inch beyond the edges of the wound
2. If body tissue or organs are exposed, cover the

wound with a dressing that will not stick, such as
plastic wrap or moistened gauze. Then secure the
dressing with a bandage or adhesive tapes
3. If the bandage is over a joint, splint and make bulky

dressing so the joint remains immobilized.
4. A bandage should fit snugly but should not cut off
circulation or cause the victim discomfort. The
bandage is too tight and should be loosened if the
area beyond the wound changes color, begins to
tingle or to feel cool, or if the wound starts to swell.
5. Bandaging techniques depend upon:

• Size and location of the wound
• Your first aid skills
• Materials at hand
Use of Triangular Bandage
Open Phase Knots
Cravat Phase
Broad Narrow
Open Phase
Head (Topside) Face; Back of the Head
Open Phase
Chest; Back of Chest Hand; Foot (Burn)
Sling
Intact collar bone Injured collar bone
Cravat Phase
Forehead; Eye Ear; Cheek; Jaw
Cravat Phase
Shoulder; Hip Arm; Leg
Cravat Phase
Knee Palm Pressure Bandage
Cravat Phase
Palm Bandage of Open Hand
Foot
Thank You.
Abegail F. Guiang
Topic 5: Environmental Management
Objectives:
1. Explain the terms used for
environmental management
2. Discuss the process of
global warming and its effects
on earth and livig things
3. Adapt different ways of
managing the environment
4. Follow the laws on proper
waste disposal
Topic V - ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
Environment Management
means planned management of the
natural resources of the total environment of
a particular ecosystem to prevent exploitation
, pollution, destruction or neglect and to
ensure the future use of the resources. It is
synonymous to conservation.
Conservation
based on the knowledge of ecology
Ecology
Ecology alone is based on a wide variety
of disciplines, and conservation involves
human feelings, beliefs and attitudes as well
as science and technology.
Global Warming
• the process of warming the earth caused
by the so called greenhouse effect which
traps the solar radiation in the atmosphere
due to the presence of carbon dioxide ,
methane and other nitrous-oxide.
•
• Greenhouse Gases
The major contributors to climate
change. They form a blanket around
the earth preventing the sun’s heat
from bouncing off into the space,
making the earth warmer.
What is global warming?
The changes in the surface air

temperature, referred to as the
global temperature, brought
about by the enhanced
greenhouse effect, which is
induced by emissions of
greenhouse gases into the air.
The average temperature of the
Earth's surface is around 59˚F
or 13 ˚C.
Greenhouse Gases in the
atmosphere hold in heat
Without these gases, the
Earth’s surface temperature
would drop to around 0 ˚F.
The Atmosphere
• The Earth is surrounded by a thin layer of gases
• Oxygen
• Carbon Dioxide
• Nitrous Oxide Greenhouse gases
• Methane
How Global Warming Works
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)

Example of the
Greenhouse Effect
The Sun’s energy
passes through the
car’s windshield.
This energy (heat)

is trapped inside
the car and cannot
pass back through
the windshield,
causing the inside
of the car to warm
up.
What’s the difference
between “global warming”
and “climate change”?
Difference
GLOBAL WARMING CLIMATE CHANGE
is the increase of the is a broader term that
Earth’s average refers to long-term
surface temperature changes in climate,
due to a build-up of including average
greenhouse gases in temperature and
the atmosphere. precipitation.
Effects of Global Warming
Rising Sea Level Increased Temperature
Habitat Damage and

Species Affected Changes in Water Supply
• The timing of the
seasons will
change
• Increased spread
of disease
• Stronger
hurricanes and
storms drought
• More plant and
animal species will
become extinct
• Causes changes in rainfall
patterns
• Rise in sea level
• A wide range of negative impacts
on plants, wildlife and humans
Extremes Climatic Variabilities

1. EL nino
2. La nina
What’s the proof that
global warming is taking
place?
Portage Glacier
• Alaska
1914 2004
Colorado River
• Arizona
June 2002 Dec 2003

Why is global warming
happening?
Burning of Fossil Fuels
Pollution from coal,

natural gas, and oil
When did global
warming start?
Global Warming graph
1000 Years of CO2 and
Global Warming
Temperature
(Northern Hemisphere) CO2 Concentrations
Degree Celsius Increase
Parts Per Million
Year Year
We can stop global warming!
What can you do to
help solve the
problem?
Simple Things To Do
Turn off your computer or the TV

when you’re not using it.
Take shorter showers. Heating water uses energy.
Keep rooms cool by closing the blinds, shades, or

curtains.
Turn off the lights when you leave a room.
Use compact fluorescent bulbs.

Be Bulb Smart—Use CFLs
What’s the Compact
Incandescent difference? Fluorescent
500 lbs.
of coal
•1,430 lbs. CO2 pollution avoided

•$30 saved
Simple Things To Do
Dress lightly when it’s hot instead of turning up
the air conditioning. Or use a fan.
Dress warmly when it’s cold instead of turning
up the heat.
Offer to help your parents keep the air filters on
your AC and furnace clean.
Walk short distances instead of asking for a
ride in the car. Reduce
Plant a tree. Reuse
Recycle.
Manage our waste
• Waste Disposal means
“substances or “any operation which
objects which are may lead to resource
disposed of or are recovery, recycling,
intended to be reclamation, direct re-
disposed of or are use or alternative
required to be uses (Annex IVB of
disposed of by the the Basel
provisions of the law” convention)”
Kinds of Wastes
Solid wastes: Liquid Wastes: wastes
domestic, commercial in liquid form
and industrial wastes Examples: domestic
especially common as washings, chemicals,
co-disposal of wastes oils, waste water from
Examples: plastics, ponds, manufacturing
styrofoam containers, industries and other
bottles, cans, papers, sources
scrap iron, and other
trash
Classification of Wastes according
to their Properties
Bio-degradable Non-biodegradable
can be cannot be degraded
degraded (paper, (plastics, bottles, old
wood, fruits and machines,cans,
others) styrofoam containers
and others)
Classification of Wastes according to
their Effects on Human Health and the
Environment
• Hazardous wastes • Non-hazardous
• Substances unsafe to use • Substances safe to use
commercially, industrially, commercially, industrially,
agriculturally, or
agriculturally, or economically that are
economically that are shipped, transported to or
shipped, transported to or brought from the country of
brought from the country origin for dumping or
of origin for dumping or disposal in, or in transit
through, any part of the
disposal in, or in transit territory of the Philippines
through, any part of the
territory of the Philippines
Sources of Wastes Commerce and
Industry Commerce and Industry
Households • Commerce and
Industry
Agriculture Fisheries
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
Reduce Waste
- Reduce office paper waste by implementing a
formal policy to duplex all draft reports and by
making training manuals and personnel
information available electronically.
- Improve product design to use less materials.
Reuse
- Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally.
- Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as
interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper.
Recycle
Make flower pots from tires of vehicles or plastic
containers
Thank you
• Reference: Fraser, W. 1998.
Antarctic biology and medicine
program, University of Montana,
personal communication.
http://www.climatehotmap.org/antar
ctica.html
• http://www.marinebiology.org/coralbleaching.
htm
• http://www.worldviewofglobalwarmin
g.org/
Overview
Of national
security
situation
NATIONAL SECURITY
§ National security is a state or condition
where our most cherished values and
beliefs, our democratic way of life, our
institutions of governance and our unity,
welfare and well-being as a nation and
people are permanently protected and
continuously enhanced.
Elements of National Security
This elements also constitute the most
important challenges we face as a nation and
people:
1. Socio-Political Stability
2. Territorial Integrity
3. Economic Solidarity and Strength
4. Ecological Balance
5. Cultural Cohesiveness
6. Moral-Spiritual Consensus
7. External Peace
Elements of National Security
Socio-Political Stability
It is to achieve peace and harmony among all Filipinos,
regardless of creed, ethnic origin, and social status. The
government and the people must engage in nation-
building under the rule of law, constitutional democracy,
and the full respect for human rights.
Territorial Integrity
This means that the territory of the country is
intact and under the effective control of the
government. It is to ensure the permanent
inviolability of our national territory and its
effective control by the Government and the
State.
Economic Solidarity and Strength
It is to collectively pursue and build the
economy to be strong, capable of supporting
national endeavors, and derives its strength
from the solidarity of our people.
Ecological Balance
The national survival rests upon the
effective preservation of our natural
resources in the face of industrial and
agricultural expansion and population
growth.
Cultural Cohesiveness
Our lives as a people
must be ruled by a
common set of values and
beliefs grounded on high
moral and ethical
standards, drawn from
our heritage and
embodying a Filipino
standard.
Moral-Spiritual Consensus
The Filipino people must
be propelled by the
national vision inspired
and manifested in words
and deeds, by
patriotism, national
pride and the
advancement of our
national goals and
interests.
Peace and Harmony
The Philippines as a democratic
country is committed to world peace
and the preservation of world order.
National security is engendered and
sustained through harmonious
relations with our neighbors and
allies. For this purpose, it is for the
enduring interest of the country to
forge harmonious engagement and
relationship with other nations
starting with the member-countries
of the ASEAN.
DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY
INTERNAL THREATS
q Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)

q The Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s
Army/National Democratic Front (CPP/NPA/NDF)
q Organized crime
q Grave incidence of poverty
q Economic sabotage
q Graft and corruption
q Severe calamities
q Persistent environment degradation
DIMENSIONS OF NATIONAL SECURITY
EXTERNAL THREATS
q The multilateral dispute over the Spratlys Islands
q The smuggling of firearms and contraband, illegal migration
and the occasional movement of foreign terrorists through
the porous borders of our southwestern frontier
q The lingering effects of the currency crisis affecting the
countries within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
q The serious economic disparity between rich and poor
nations
q Ethnic, religious and cultural conflict
q The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
q Transnational organized crime
q Cybernetic crime
A state or quality of being free from
harm and dange
danger to any peson due to manmade
threats and/or natural disasters and
emergencies.
Why do you need for
security
awareness ?
•Because:
•WAR AGAINST TERROR
AND CRIMINALITY
•WORLD – NEVER RISK

FREE
• RIVALRY
- RICH VS POOR
- STRONG VS WEAK
- THE CRAZY
IMPORTANT GENERAL
REMINDERS
•ALWAYS CARRY SOME FORM OF ID
•KEEP PERSONAL DATA UP-TO-DATE
•DON’T GIVE PERSONAL INFO TO
STRANGERS
•KEEP YOURSELF FIT AND HEALTHY
•BE ALERT, NOT PARANOID
•LEARN BASIC SELF-DEFENSE AND
SURVIVAL SKILLS
DOCUMENTATION (Secured but Accessible):
•Passport
•Vehicle Registration
•Driver’s License
•SSS Documents
•Will
•Powers of Attorney
•Birth and Marriage Certificates
•Medical and Dental Records
FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS:
•Keep a list of regular billing dates
•Keep joint account with your spouse
•Arrange discharge of obligations if
will be away for 30 days or more
•Establish credit facilities adequate
for emergencies
•Obtain credit cards for yourself and
your spouse
HOME SECURITY TIPS
•Fence should be in a state of
good repair
•Gates locks in good condition
•Remove things, shrubs that

can help wall scaling
Lights at strategic areas

•UNUSED DOORS CLOSED AND
LOCKED
•SPARE KEYS SECURED
•KNOW EVERYONE WHO HAS KEYS
•WINDOW GRILLS INSTALLED
•FIRE EXTINGUISHER AVAILABLE
•VALUABLES SECURED
If you awake to the sound of an intruder,
you have several options:
a) Lie quietly to avoid attracting attention
b) You may choose to open lights and
make noise.
c) If you see signs of a break-in or
suspicious persons inside your home, do
not attempt to go in as the robbers may
still be inside.
d) Remain calm and do not panic.
Although a robber would prefer to avoid
confrontation, they are easily agitated and
more prone to uncalled for abuse or
violence.
e) Try to talk it out with the robbers. If
you are up to it, this will delay them, and
allow for alternative action on your part, if
the situation allows.
f) Note all peculiarities and
mannerisms of the robbers, if you come
face-to-face with them. Tattoo marks,
physical defects, moles and speech
mannerisms will help in giving the
security a more solid description of the
robbers.
1. Day or night, do not walk in dark streets,
alleys and unsafe shortcuts.
2. Stay away from dark isolated places or
vacant lots at night. These areas are hangouts
of criminals.
3. Do not walk between parked cars in
parking lots.
4. At night, wait for buses, taxicabs or jeepneys
in well-lighted areas.
5. When going to economically
depressed areas do not wear expensive
jewelry and carry substantial cash.
6. Do not flash a lot of cash around

when travelling. Money attracts the “bad
eggs.”
•Do not wear provocative clothing
•Do not accept rides or invitations from strangers
•Don’t lose your composure when confronted by a

would-be-rapist.
•Avoid unlighted places.
•When riding alone with a taxicab, take note of the

body or plate number of the car and its name.
•When walking alone, avoid drunks, unruly
groups
• Unless necessary, avoid walking alone.
•When attacked, use your natural defenses
and act fast, scratch, kick, jab, bite and
scream.
•When you break away from the attacker,
continue screaming and run towards
lighted places
At home do not move alone
half-dressed or naked. This is
an invitation to “peeping toms”
and rapist.
Self Awareness
Nature of Self
Nature of Self
1. What is a human person?
2. What is the nature of a

human person ?
3. How does a person attain his highest
potential that can create a positive result
towards society?
The Human Person:
Overview
Even during ancient times, these
questions had been consistently
raised and evaluated. Brilliant
psychologists, philosophers,
theologians, and even natural
scientists handwritten and made in-
depth analyses on the topic of
human nature using wide range of
theories and observations.
When we talk about the human
person, it is obviously
everything that pertains to man
- physical, spiritual, emotional
and intellectual attributes.
There are several definitions of
human person based on
different perspectives: Aristotle
and Boethius described man
as a rational being. As rational
being, a person is able to
know, reason out and apply
what he knows.
Theologians describe a human
person as a substance of
physical and spiritual.
Spiritual in nature because man
has a soul and is created by a
Superior Being with a divine
purpose.
Physical in nature, because a
person is created with body and
faculty that correspond to his
relationship with society.
Characteristics of a Person
Eddie Babor discussed in his book
“The Human Person, Not Real But
Existing” that the human person
have several characteristics,
among which are the following:
1. Rational
- every person is a rational being.
This is what distinguishes a
person from all other creatures in
the world.
2.
Free
- all human beings are
born free. A person has
the freedom to do or not
to do a specific action.
3. Unique
- every person is
unique. Every person
has his own identity
such that no two
persons are the
same.
4. Social being
- every person is
intrinsically a social
being. He cannot
detach his “being”
from others and all
other creatures in the
universe.
5. Sexual
- all created living
things are sexual in
nature but the
uniqueness of
expression of a
person’s sexuality
makes it all different.
Essence of a Person
• By understanding the character and the definition of

a person, the next question would be how are we
going to maximize these characteristics to be able to
create a positive result? The totality of the person is
best explored in the field of humanistic psychology.
This study theorized that a person’s behavior and
relationship with others is shaped by his inner
feelings and self-image.
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
One of the foundations of humanistic psychology is

Abraham Maslow and his theory on the hierarchy of
needs as illustrated below:
The hierarchy of needs has five levels, namely:

1. Physiological Level
these are biological needs such as food, water and
clothing. They are the strongest needs because when
a person is deprived of these, the person will ultimately
find ways to fulfill its satisfaction.
2. Safety
when physiological needs are met, the person
transcends in finding security and protection from
physical and emotional harm.
3. Social and Belongingness

- when the needs for physiological and safety had
been satisfied, the desire for affection, belonging,
friendship can become active. Maslow states that
people seek to overcome feeling of loneliness and
alienation.
.
4. Esteem
- there are two esteem needs: The self-esteem that
include achievement, mastery, confidence and the
esteem the person gets from others. These include
recognition, respect, attention etc. When these needs
are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and
valuable as a person in the world. However, when
these needs are not met, the person may feel inferior,
weak, helpless and worthless.
5. Self Actualization
- it is the highest form of motivation. Maslow describes
this need as reaching the person’s peak potential
As discussed , Maslow’s theory pointed out that a

person must satisfy first the other lower needs before
he can actually realize his self worth and potential.
The Filipino Value System
• What are values?

• The word “value” has its root in the Latin
word “valere” which means to be strong and
vigorous. This proceeds from the premise
that a human person has to have strength or
valor in every endeavor. It is the basis on
which his strength in facing the challenges
of life should be directed
Sheffield Brightman defines value as
“whatever is liked, prized, esteemed, desired
approved, or enjoyed by anyone at any time.
It is the actual experience of enjoying a
desired object or activity. Hence, value is an
existing realization of desire.”
What are Filipino Values?
Filipino values would be the
standards or principles set
forth by the Filipino society
as basis for what is right or
wrong, the principles on
which every member of the
Filipino society should
persevere to attain in order to
reach the ultimate realization
of his life, regarding his
person and in relation to his
family and society in general.
Significance of Studying Filipino
Values
A study on the Filipino values would provide us a
deeper understanding of the Filipino culture.
It is imperative that a full understanding and
appreciation of the positive side of our very own
principles be made and used for our personal and
national success.
Help us understand our Filipino values in order to
enable us to put the positive side of Filipino values
in use and to disregard the negative ones.
THE FILIPINO
CHARACTERISTICS
The value of utang na loob
The altruistic drawing of interior goodness
of a person by returning a debt of gratitude.
Bahala na
The term bahala na comes from the words
Bathala na. It reflects the Filipino’s
dependence on the supernatural being and
on fate.
1. Pakikipagkapwa–Tao
Camaraderie and feeling of closeness to
one another; foundation for unity as well as
sense of social justice.
2. Family Oriented
Feeling of belongingness and rootedness
and a basic sense of security.
3. Joy and Humor
• Emotional balance, optimism, a healthy
disrespect for power and office and the
capacity to survive.
4. Flexibility and Adaptability
Productivity, innovation, entrepreneurship,
equanimity and survival.
5. Hardwork and Industry

Productivity and entrepreneurship for
some and survival despite poverty for
others.
6. Faith and Religiosity

Courage, daring, optimism, inner peace, as
well as the capacity to genuinely accept
tragedy and death.
7. Ability to Survive
Bravely live through the hardest
economic and social circumstances.
OTHER WEAKNESSES OF THE FILIPINO
CHARACTER
1. Extreme Personalism
Leads to graft and corruption.
2. Extreme Family Centeredness

Lack of concern for the common good and
acts as the block to national
consciousness.
3.Lack of Discipline
Inefficient and wasteful work systems,
violation of rules leading to more serious
transgressions and a casual work ethics
leading to carelessness and lack of follow-
through.
4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative

Easily resigned to one’s fate and thus easily
oppressed and exploited.
5. Colonial Mentality
Basic feeling of national inferiority that
makes it difficult for them to relate as equal
to Westerners.
6. Kanya-kanya Syndrome
Dampening of cooperative and community
spirit and in the trampling upon of the rights
of others.
7. Lack of Self- Analysis and Self – Reflection
Emphasis on form more than substance
OBJECTIVES
1. Define leadership
2. Identify recognizable styles of a leader based on
circumstances.
3.Recognize good qualities of leders
A Leader is:
• Someone who acts as a guide;
• A directing head;
• Someone who leads a body of
troops;
Leadership is:
The position of a leader;
The quality displayed by a

leader
The act of leading;

Leadership Styles
Leadership style is the manner and approach of
providing direction, implementing plans, and
motivating people. Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of
researchers to identify different styles of leadership.
This early study has been very influential and
established three major leadership styles.
The three major styles of
leadership are (U.S. Army Handbook, 1973):
Authoritarian or autocratic
Participative or democratic
Delegative or Free Reign

Authoritarian (autocratic)
I want both of you to. . .
This style is used when leaders tell their employees

what they want done and how they want it
accomplished, without getting the advice of their
followers. Some of the appropriate conditions to use it
is when you have all the information to solve the
problem, you are short on time, and your employees
are well motivated.
Participative (democratic)
Let's work together to

solve this. .
This style involves the leader including one or more
employees in the decision making process
(determining what to do and how to do it). However,
the leader maintains the final decision making
authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness,
rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will
respect.
Delegative (free reign)
In this style, the leader

allows the employees to
make the decisions.
However, the leader is still
responsible for the decisions
that are made. This is used
when employees are able to
analyze the situation and
determine what needs to be
done and how to do it. You
cannot do everything! You You two take care
must set priorities and of the problem
delegate certain tasks. while I go. . .
Forces
Forces that influence the style to be used included:
How much time is available.

Are relationships based on respect and trust or on
disrespect?
Who has the information — you, your employees, or
both?
How well your employees are trained and how well you
know the task.
Internal conflicts.
Stress levels.
Type of task. Is it structured, unstructured, complicated,
or simple?
Laws or established procedures such as OSHA or
training plans.
QUALITIES OF A LEADER
CHARACTER:
The quality of a person’s behavior, as
revealed in his habits of thoughts and
expressions, his attitudes and interests,
his action and his personal philosophy
in life.
“Every time a person chooses character,
he becomes stronger, even if that
choice brings negative consequences.”
What people must know about
character?
Character is more than talk;
Talent is a gift, but character is a
choice;
Character brings lasting success with
people;
Leaders cannot rise above the
limitations of their character;
Leader Qualities # 2: [CHARISMA]
An extraordinary
power in a person,
group, cause, etc.
which takes hold of
popular imagination,
wins popular
support
“The first impression

can seal the deal.”
Make yourself the kind of person who attracts
others, you need to personify these
pointers:
1. Love your life and others
2.Put a “10” on every
person’s head;
3. Give people hope;
4. Share yourself;
Charisma can be improved by doing the
following:
1.Change your focus. .
2.Play the first impressions game.
3.Share yourself
Leader Quality # 3: COMMITMENT
Something which
engages one to do
something, a
continuing
obligation
especially financial
It separates “doers”
from “dreamers”.
True nature of commitment:
Commitment starts in the heart
Commitment is tested by action
Commitment opens the door to
achievement
How can you improve commitment

1. Measure it
2. Know what is worth dying for
Leader Qualities # 4:
COMMUNICATION

A means of sending a
message, orders, etc.
“ Without it you travel

alone. “
You can be more effective as

a communicator if you
follow four basic truths:
Ø Simplify your message;
Ø See the person;
Ø Show the truth;
Ø Seek a response;
Communication can be improved by doing the
following:
Be clear as a bell
Refocus your attention

Live your message
Leader Qualities # 5: COMPETENCE

The state of being competent

“ If you build it, they will come “

To cultivate competence, do the following:

Keep improving;
Follow through with excellence;
Accomplish more than expected
Inspire others
COURAGE
The quality of the mind that enables the person to face

difficulty, danger, etc. without fear.
“ One person with courage is a majority.”
Truths about courage:

Courage begins with an inward battle;
Courage is making things right, not just smoothing them
over;
Courage in a leader inspires commitment from followers;
Your life expands in proportion to your courage
[DISCERNMENT]
To perceive by the sight or the intellect

To distinguish mentally
“ Put an end to unsolved mysteries. “
To maximize effectiveness of a leader, do the

following:
Discover the root issues;
Enhance your problem solving;
Evaluate your options for maximum impact;
Multiply your opportunities
Discernment can be improved by doing the
following:
Analyze past success
Learn how others think.
Listen to your gut.
[FOCUS]
The sharper it is, the
sharper you are.
FOCUS
A central point of
attraction, attention or
activity.
Guidelines to focus
your time and energy:
70% on strength;
25% on new things;
5% on areas of weakness
Focus can be improved by doing the following:
Shift to strengths.
Staff your weaknesses.
Create an edge.
GENEROSITY
The quality of being

generous.
Giving freely.
“ Your candle loses

nothing when it
lights another.”
The following will cultivate the
quality of generosity in your life:
Be grateful for whatever you have

Put people first.
Don’t allow the desire for
possessions to control you.
Regard money as a resource.
Develop the habit of giving.
INITIATIVE
An introductory act or step, readiness and the ability in
initiating action, one personal, responsible decision
A leader possesses the following qualities to make

things happen
:They know what they want;
They push themselves to act;
They take more risks;
They make more mistakes
Leader Qualities # 11: LISTENING
To give attention for the purpose of hearing
“ To connect with their hearts, use your ears.”
Keep your ears open to the following:

Your mentors;
Your followers;
Your customers;
Your competitors
Listening can be improved by
doing the following:
1. Change your schedule
2. Meet people on their turf.
3. Listen between the lines.
Leader Qualities # 12: PASSION
PASSION
Any compelling emotion, strong amorous feeling, strong
sexual desire, strong fondness or enthusiasm
Truths about passion:
Passion is the first step to achievement;
Passion increases your willpower;
Passion changes you;
Passion makes the impossible possible
POSITIVE ATTITUDE]
If you believe you can, you can.
To be more positive, think of the following:

Your attitude is a choice;
Your attitude determines your actions;
Your people are a mirror of your attitude;
Maintaining a good attitude is easier than regaining
one
PROBLEM SOLVING

“You can’t let your problems be a problem.”
Five (5) qualities demonstrated by a leader with

good problem solving ability:
They anticipate problems;
They accept the truth;
They see the big picture;
They handle one thing at a time;
They don’t give up a major goal when they’re down
[RELATIONSHIPS]
If you get along, they’ll go
along.
RELATIONSHIP:
The state or fact of being
related.
To cultivate good
relationships, it requires
the following:
Have a leader’s head –
understand people;
Have a leader’s heart – love
people;
Extend a leader’s hand – help
people
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective
People ( Leaders )
1. Be Proactive
Principles of
Personal Vision
2. Begin with the end in mind

Principles of Personal Leadership
2. Put First Things First
Principles of Personal Management
4. Think Win/Win
Principles of
Interpersonal
Leadership
5. Seek First to
Understand, Then
to Be Understood
Principles of
Empathic
Communication
6. Synergize
Principles of Creative
Cooperation
7. Sharpen the Saw
Principles of
Balanced Self-
Renewal
DECISION MAKING
THE SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE
PEOPLE
Habit # 1: [BE PROACTIVE
Proactive means “the ability to choose the
response
Habit # 2: [BEGIN WITH THE END IN MIND]
Know where you want to go
Habit # 3: [PUT FIRST THINGS FIRST]
Know your priorities.
Habit # 4: [THINK WIN-WIN]
This concerns mutual benefit. Putting both
parties on favorable situation.
Habit # 5: [SEEK FIRST TO UNDERSTAND… THAN
TO BE UNDERSTOOD
“The best way to understand is to listen.”
Habit # 6: [SYNERGIZE]
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Habit # 7: [SHARPEN THE SAW]
Many things evolve and develop so
fast, that there is a need to update
ourselves through various food-for-the
brain resources.
INVOLVEMENT IN DECISIONS
1.The Plop
– Here the group makes a decision by not
making a decision
“Not to decide – is to decide” Someone
makes a suggestion .
2. The One-Person Decision
– This is quickly made, but later when the
decider depends on free or voluntary support
from others to implement it, he may find
himself carrying it out alone.
3.The Handclasp
One person makes a suggestion. Another
says, “What a marvelous idea!” and without
further discussion, the matter is decided
4.The Cliche
This decision is made by a small group who
plan beforehand to get their way.
5. Minority
• These decisions are as consciously
organized as those of the cliche, but a few
powerful personalities dominate the group,
often unconsciously and then later they
wonder why the other are apathetic.
6.Majority Vote –
In big groups this is often the most effective
way to make a decision. However, one may
lose the interest or the loyalty of the minority
who voted against a decision especially if they
feel their point of view was not heard.
7. Silent Consensus
– Some groups aim at unanimous decisions
Unanimous agreement is sometimes
assumed, when some members have not felt
free to disagree and have kept silent.
8.Consensus
This is an agreement, often involving
compromise or the combination of various
possibilities, after all opinions have been
heard..
DIFFICULTIES IN DECISION MAKING
• 1. Fear of Consequences –
• 2. Conflicting Loyalties
• 3. Interpersonal Conflict
• 4. Hidden Agenda
• 5. Blundering Methods –
• 6. Inadequate Leadership
• 7. Clash of Interest
CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND STYLES
IN PROBLEM SOLVING]
• CONFLICT – a sharp disagreement or clash of
ideas, interest, etc.
• 1.“Win-Lose” Style
• One party in a conflict situation seeks to meet
individual goals at all cost, without concern for
the needs of his opponent or their
relationship.
• 2.“Yield-Lose” Style –
One party view the relationship with the
other party as the most important
consideration and not the attainment of one’s
goals. The party using this style yields and
loses his position.
3.“Lose-Leave” Style
One party has low concern for both the
goals and the relationship with the opponent.
He loses by default through withdrawing from
the situation.
4.“Compromise” Style
• One party has a moderate degree of
concern for both the goals and the relationship
with the opponent. The party will try to reach a
“compromise”, or what is known as the “win
some - lose some” effect.
• 5. “Integrative” Style
One party has a high concern for both the
goal and the relationship with the opponent. The
conflict is resolved by working collaboratively
with all concerned parties so that everyone will
end up a winner. This is also known as “win –
win” style

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TOPIC I

NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING

What happens to male students who

How are Clustering and

– Clustering of students from different

– The school authorities shall exercise

• Program coordinators and

What is CMO No. 5, series of

We, the sovereign Filipino people,

Understand further our rights

Our rights as citizens of the Philippines are

• All citizens are free to relate to

• Every citizen has the right to

• Promotes growth of the individual

1. Right to form and

• Everyone has the right to respect for his

• The law or duty by which binds

• As we claim our rights we

• a native or naturalized member of a state

• an inhabitant of a city or town, esp. one

• the duties, rights, and privileges of

• a person's conduct as a citizen

A good citizen is some who respects others and

He/she is helpful and considerate, willing to put

He/she listens to the views of others and thinks

He/she helps people who are not in a position to

He/she respects the environment and does

He/she works hard.

He/she is well mannered and pleasant.

He/she is always willing to learn

– Faith and Belief in Almighty God, active

• I will protect my rights

Reverence and respect shall at all times be

q All government offices and educational

q The Pledge of Allegiance to the Philippine flag

Ako ay Pilipino I am a Filipino

q The National Anthem is entitled Lupang Hinirang

q The National Anthem shall always be sung in the

The National Motto shall be "MAKA-

-examples : tranquilizers, barbiturates,

4.Cannabis- drug that is smoked and produces mild

B. Not So-Subtle Symptoms

Drug treatment is intended to help addicted

- Lung cancer isn't the only cancer that can be

2. Emphysema - This is the breakdown of lung

A smoker has 2 - 4 times

-There have been many studies done on the

-Not only can smoking during pregnancy lead to a

There are essentially two types

I -mmuno; protected from (in this case the

• How HIV is passed on?

9/6/21 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 27

• The HIV test looks for antibodies. When

• A person can be positive and the test shows

9/6/21 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 29

9/6/21 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 30

9/6/21 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 31

Most STI’s are treatable

9/6/21 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 32

9/6/21 Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 33

Copyright - National HIV/STI Programme 34

§ People with more than 1

§ People whose sex partner

§ You CANNOT get HIV from

can hit at any time of the

A yellow warning is raised when the

Targetareas of this warning signal are

Keep a fire extinguisher near you and have it checked regularly.

It includes self-help and home care if medical assistance

This is a combination of chest compression and rescue

This must be combined for affective resuscitation of the

Partial Thickness - 2nd Degree Burns (e.g. blisters, scald

Relieve pain by immersing the burned

2nd degree - results in partly

3rd degree - results in completely