Capture effect

• When FM signals from two transmitters operated on the same or nearly

same carrier frequency reach the receiver simultaneously, the signal of
a weak magnitude is suppressed by the strong signal and the FM
receiver reproduces only the strong signal

• This effect is similar to the noise suppression action

• This is a very useful feature of FM system

 Threshold effect
• When a carrier to noise ratio becomes slightly less than unity, an
impulse of noise is generated
• The noise impulse appears at the output in the form of click sound
• The frequency of spike generation is small and each spike produces
individual clicking sound
• When the carrier to noise ratio is further decreased, the clicks merges
into the sputtering sound
• The threshold is a minimum carrier to noise ratio to keep the effect of
noise under control
• The threshold is more severe in FM than AM
 FM Threshold reduction methods
• Pre-emphasis

• De-emphasis

• FM demodulator with negative feedback

Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM systems
 Pre-emphasis
• In FM, the noise has a greater effect on the higher modulating
frequencies
• This effect can be reduced by increasing the value of modulation index
(mf) for higher modulating frequencies
• This can be done by increasing the frequency deviation and it can be
increased by increasing the amplitude of modulating signal at higher
frequencies
• The artificial boosting of higher audio modulating frequencies in
accordance with prearranged response curve is called pre-emphasis
Pre-emphasis
 De-emphasis
• The artificial boosting of higher modulating frequencies in the process
of pre-emphasis is nullified at receiver by process called de-emphasis
 De-emphasis
• If Hpe(f) designates the frequency response of the pre-emphasis filter,
then the frequency response Hde(f) of the de-emphasis filter is
 De-emphasis
• If Hpe(f) designates the frequency response of the pre-emphasis filter,
then the frequency response Hde(f) of the de-emphasis filter is
1
H de ( f )     (1)
H pe ( f )
• The power spectral density of the noise appearing at the receiver
output is
 De-emphasis
• If Hpe(f) designates the frequency response of the pre-emphasis filter,
then the frequency response Hde(f) of the de-emphasis filter is
1
H de ( f )     (1)
H pe ( f )
• The power spectral density of the noise appearing at the receiver
output is N0 f 2
S No ( f )  2
, f W
Ac
0, otherwise    (2)
• The modified power spectral density of the noise appearing at the de-
emphasis filter output is
 De-emphasis
• If Hpe(f) designates the frequency response of the pre-emphasis filter,
then the frequency response Hde(f) of the de-emphasis filter is
1
H de ( f )     (1)
H pe ( f )
• The power spectral density of the noise appearing at the receiver
output is N0 f 2
S No ( f )  2
, f W
Ac
0, otherwise    (2)
• The modified power spectral density of the noise appearing at the de-
emphasis filter output is N0 f 2
H de ( f ) S N o ( f )  H de ( f ) , f  W
2 2
2
Ac
0, otherwise    (3)
 De-emphasis
• The average noise power at the de-emphasis output is
 De-emphasis
• The average noise power at the de-emphasis output is
W
N0
 2 f H de ( f ) df    (4)
2 2

Ac W
 Improvement factor
AverageOutputNoisePowerWithout Pr e & Deemphasis
I
AverageOutputNoisePowerWith Pr e & Deemphasis
• The average noise power without pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
 Improvement factor
AverageOutputNoisePowerWithout Pr e & Deemphasis
I
AverageOutputNoisePowerWith Pr e & Deemphasis
• The average noise power without pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
2 N 0W 3
 2
   (1)
3 Ac
• The average noise power with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
 Improvement factor
AverageOutputNoisePowerWithout Pr e & Deemphasis
I
AverageOutputNoisePowerWith Pr e & Deemphasis
• The average noise power without pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
2 N 0W 3
 2
   (1)
3 Ac
• The average noise power with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
W
N0
 2  f H de ( f ) df    (2)
2 2

Ac W
 Improvement factor
AverageOutputNoisePowerWithout Pr e & Deemphasis
I
AverageOutputNoisePowerWith Pr e & Deemphasis
• The average noise power without pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
2 N 0W 3
 2
   (1)
3 Ac
• The average noise power with pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
W
N0
 2  f H de ( f ) df    (2)
2 2

Ac W
2W 3
I W    (3)
3  f H de ( f ) df
2 2

W