Outline

• Derivation of FM output SNR

• Pre/de-emphasis to improve SNR

• Comparison with AM

• References
– Notes of Communication Systems, Chap. 3.4.2-3.5.
– Haykin & Moher, Communication Systems, 5th ed., Chap. 6
– Lathi,
Lathi Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems
Systems,
3rd ed., Chap. 12

105
 Noise Power
• Average noise power at the receiver output:
W
PN   S No ( f ) df
W

• Thus,
Thus from (6.1)
(6 1)
W f2 2 N 0W 3
PN   2
N 0 df  (7.1)
W A 3 A2
• Average noise power at the output of a FM receiver
1

carrier power A2
• A↑ Noise↓ called the quieting effect
Noise↓,

106
 Output SNR
• Since PS  k 2f P , the output SNR
2 2
PS 3 A k f P
SNRO   3
 SNRFM
PN 2 N 0W
• Transmitted power of an FM waveform:
A2
PT 
2
PT k f mp
• From SNRbaseband  and  :
N 0W W
3k 2f P 2 P
SNR FM  2
SNR baseband  3 2
SNRbaseband
W mp
2
 SNRbaseband (could be much higher than AM)
• Valid when the carrier power is large compared with the
noise power
107
 Threshold effect
• The FM detector exhibits a more pronounced threshold
effect than the AM envelope
p detector.
• The threshold point occurs around when signal power is
10 times noise power:
A2
 10, BT  2W (  1)
2 N 0 BT
• Below the threshold the FM receiver breaks (i.e.,
significantly deteriorated).
• Can be analyzed by examining the phasor diagram

ns(t)

A nc(t)
108
 Qualitative Discussion
• As the noise changes randomly, the point P1 wanders
around P2
– High SNR: change of angle is small
– Low SNR: P1 occasionally sweeps around origin, resulting in
changes
h off 2
2 in
i a short
h t titime

Illustrating impulse like

components in (t)  d (t)/dt
produced by changes of 2 in
(t); (a) and (b) are graphs of
(t) and (t) respectively
(t), respectively.

109
 Improve Output SNR

• PSD of the noise at the detector output square of

frequency.
• PSD of a typical message typically rolls off at around 6 dB
per decade
p
• To increase SNRFM:
– Use a LPF to cut-off high frequencies at the output
• Message is attenuated too, not very satisfactory
– Use pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
• Message is unchanged
• High frequency components of noise are suppressed
110
 Pre--emphasis and De-
Pre De-emphasis

• Hpe(f ): used to artificially emphasize the high frequency components of

the message prior to modulation, and hence, before noise is
introduced.
• Hde(f ): used to de-emphasize the high frequency components at the
receiver, and restore the original PSD of the message signal.
• In theory, Hpe(f ) f , Hde(f ) 1/f .
• Thi can improve
This i the
th outputt t SNR by b aroundd 13 dB.
dB
• Dolby noise reduction uses an analogous pre-emphasis technique to
reduce the effects of noise (hissing noise in audiotape recording is
also
l concentrated
t t d on hi high
h ffrequency).
)

111
 Improvement Factor
• Assume an ideal pair of pre/de-emphasis filters
Hde ( f )  1/ Hpe ( f ),
) f W
• PSF of noise at the output of de-emphasis filter
f2 2  f2 
2
N 0 H de ( f ) , f  BT / 2,  recall S No ( f )  A2 N 0 
A  
• Average power of noise with de-emphasis
de emphasis
W f2 2
PN   2
H de ( f ) N 0 df
W A
• Improvement factor (using (7.1))
2 N 0W 3
PN without pre / de - emphasis 2 2W 3
I  W 2 3A 2  W
PN with p
pre / de - emphasis
p 2
W
f 2
W A2 de
H ( f ) N 0 df
f 3 f H d
de ( f ) df

112
 Example Circuits
• (a) Pre-emphasis filter
H pe ( f )  1  jf / f 0
f 0  1/ (2 rC ), R  r , 2 frC  1

• (b) De-emphasis
D h i filt
filter
1
H de ( f ) 
1  jf / f 0
• Improvement
2W 3
I W
3 f 2 / (1  f 2 / f0 2 )df
W

(W / f 0 )3

3[(W / f 0 )  tan 1 (W / f 0 )]

• FM, W = 15 kHz,
In commercial FM kHz f0 = 2.1
2 1 kHz
 I = 22  13 dB (a significant gain)
113
 Comparison of Analogue Systems
• Assumptions:
– single-tone
g modulation,, i.e.: m(t)
( ) = Am cos(2
( fmt);
);
– the message bandwidth W = fm;
– for the AM system, µ = 1;
– for the FM system, β = 5 (which is what is used in commercial FM
transmission, with ∆f = 75 kHz, and W = 15 kHz).
• With these assumptions
assumptions, we find that the SNR
expressions for the various modulation schemes become:
SNRDSB  SC  SNRbaseband  SNRSSB
1
SNRAM  SNRbaseband
3
3 2 75 without pre/de-
SNRFM  SNRbaseband  SNRbaseband emphasis
2 2

114
Performance of Analog Systems

115
 Conclusions
• (Full) AM: The SNR performance is 4.8 dB worse than a
baseband system, and the transmission bandwidth is BT =
2W .

• DSB
DSB: The
Th SNR performance
f is
i identical
id ti l to
t a baseband
b b d
system, and the transmission bandwidth is BT = 2W.

• SSB: The SNR performance is again identical, but the

transmission bandwidth is only BT = W.

• FM: The SNR performance is 15.7 dB better than a

b
baseband
b d system,
t andd the
th transmission
t i i bandwidth i BT =
b d idth is
2(β + 1)W = 12W (with pre- and de-emphasis the SNR
performance is increased by about 13 dB with the same
transmission bandwidth).
116