Measure Force of Water Jet Impacting Plate

Experiment #01
To verify the theoretical expression for the force exerted by Jet striking
normally on the flat plate (Impact of Jet)
Objective:
This experiment demonstrates the principle of conservation of linear momentum by

measuring the force generated on a flat target plate by an impinging water jet, and comparing
it with the theoretical value.
Apparatus:
o Impact of jet Apparatus

o Hydraulic bench
o Stop watch
Procedure:
Set up the Apparatus:
 Place the apparatus on the hydraulic bench.
 Connect the water supply from the hydraulic bench to the test pipe inlet.
 Adjust the equipment to a level position by using adjustment supports so that the
water is vertical, noticing bull’s eye level.
 Changing of the target plate
-unscrew the wing nuts on the small top flange holding the target plate stem.
-unscrew the target plate from the stem, screw the plate until it is hand tight.
-Put the small top flange back on the main apparatus.
Impact of a Jet Test:
 Set the pointer to match the weight support disk.
 Place 100 gram weight on the weight support disc which will cause the rod stem to
lower itself.
 Spin the rod to minimize the friction effect. This is zero water impact.
 Open the hydraulics bench control valve to allow the jet of water to hit the target.
When the target is floating, spin the shaft to minimize the friction effect and at the
same time adjust the flow until the stem rises to its original level marked by pointer.
 Record the weight, volume and time of the measuring tank.
 Repeat the steps with increased weights
Sample Calculations:
Experiment #02
To determine the characteristic of Pelton Wheel apparatus at various
speeds
Objective:
The main purpose of this lab is to measure the power output of a Pelton Wheel turbine and to
compare this to the theoretical power output. Another purpose of the lab is to check turbine
scaling laws.
Apparatus:
o Mini Pelton Turbine

o Hydraulic bench
o Stop watch
o tachometer
Procedure:
The flow rate is measured by hydraulic bench measuring tank, the pressure gauge, the turbine
speed by a portable speed indicator and the force on the prony brake are measured by spring
balances. With an alternative design, the prony brakes uses only one spring balance and the
reading is the net force for the torque.
Before the Test:
 Fill the storage tank of the hydraulic bench with water to about 5cm, below the full
level.
 Place the turbine on the hydraulics bench and connect the hydraulic bench water
outlet to the turbine water inlet.
 Close both bench outlet valve and turbine nozzle valve.
 Loosen the mechanical dynamometer lining by loosening the adjusting screws.
Begin the Test:
 Start the bench pump and slowly open the outlet valve to fully open, then slowly open
the nozzle valve to obtain nozzle pressure of 1 bar approximately (about 1kg/cm2)
 Record the following data
-Nozzle Pressure (Turbine Inlet Pressure), kg/cm2
-Time (s) and volume of the flow (m3)

-Turbine speed (rpm) using portable tachometer
-Spring balance readings, kg
 Adjust the mechanical dynamometer torque so that the net spring balance reading is
about 150-200 g, the repeat the above step.
 Repeat the above step for every additional load about 150 g net spring balance reading
until turbine speed is about 600-700 rpm.
 Increase nozzle pressure by 0.1-0.2 bar (about 0.1-0.2 kg/cm2) by turning nozzle valve
in closing direction and repeat the above steps for2 or 3 times.
Turbine Racing Characteristics:
 Remove the mechanical dynamometer brake lining.
 Run the turbine with the nozzle fully open and record the speed, nozzle position
(number of turn), pressure and flow rate.
 Turn the nozzle down one revolution for higher nozzle pressure and repeat the above
step.
 Repeat the above step until nozzle is fully closed.
Observation table
Experiment #03
To determine the characteristic of Francis Turbine apparatus at various

speeds
Objective:
The main purpose of this lab is to measure the power output of a Francis turbine and to
scaling laws.
Apparatus:
o Mini Francis Turbine

o Hydraulic bench
o Stop watch
o tachometer
Procedure:
Before the Test:
level.
Begin the Test:

 Run the turbine with the guide vane control valve fully open and record the speed,
guide vane control valve position (number of turn), turbine inlet pressure and flow
rate.
step.
Observation table
Experiment #04
To determine the characteristic of Kaplan Turbine at various speeds
Objective:
The main purpose of this lab is to measure the power output of a kaplan turbine and to
scaling laws.
Apparatus:
o Mini Kaplan Turbine

o Hydraulic bench
o Stop watch
o tachometer
Procedure:
Before the Test:
level.
Begin the Test:

 Run the turbine with the guide vane control valve fully open and record the speed,
guide vane control valve position (number of turn), turbine inlet pressure and flow
rate.
step.
Observation table
Experiment #05
To Prepare the Classical Experiment Conducted by Reynolds’s Concerning

Reynolds’s Number Calculation
Objective:
The purpose of the Reynolds Experiment is to illustrate laminar, transitional (intermittently

turbulent), and fully turbulent pipe flows, and to determine the conditions under which these
types of flow occur.
Apparatus:
o Dye
o Osborne Reynolds Apparatus
o Hydraulic bench
o Stop watch
Theory:
Laminar Flow:
It denotes a steady condition where all stream lines follow parallel paths. Under this
condition, the dye will remain easily identifiable as solid core.
Turbulent Flow;
It denotes unsteady condition where stream lines inter act causing shear plan collapse and
mixing occurs.
As the flow rate is increased, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow is a gradual
process. This zone of change is defined as transition flow. This will appear as a wandering
dye stream prior to dispersion as turbulence occurs.
Procedure:
Fill the reservoir with dye, position the apparatus on the bench & connect the inlet pipe to the
bench feed. Lower the dye injector until it is just above the bell- mouth inlet. Close the flow
control valve. Open bench inlet valve & slowly fill the head tank to the over flow level, then
close the inlet valve. Open & close flow inlet valve to admit water to the flow visualization
pipe. Allow the apparatus to stand at least ten minutes before proceedings.
Open the inlet valve slightly until water trickle from outlet pipe. Fractionally open the control
valve & adjust dye control valve until slow flow with dye indication is achieved. At low flow
rates the dye is drawn through the centre of the pipe. Increasing the flow rate produces eddies
in the dye until completely disperses into the water.
To observe the velocity profile the dye reservoir needle is opened & a drop of dye is
deposited into the pipe. When the control wall is opened, the drop takes up a three
dimensional parabolic profile.
Sample Calculations:
Experiment #06
To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Centrifugal pump at various
speeds
Apparatus:
o Centrifugal Pump
o Advance Inverter
o Stop watch
o Vacuum Gauge
Procedure:
This multi pump test set consists of four different

kinds of pump. Piping arrangement is as shown.
Test should be conducted for one pump at one time
by value opening and closing in order to allow water
to flow through that one particular pump only.
Before Running the Test:
 Check the outlet valve V9 is closed.
 Fill water into the storage tank, up to a

nearly full level (approx. 5-10 cm from the
top). Antirust additive solution such as the
one normally used in automobile application
should be added to the water to minimize
rust.
 Check the flow control valves V7 and V8 are closed.
 Adjust speed to, zero by adjusting the inverter.

Begin the Test of Centrifugal Pump:
 Open the valve V1 and V2 of the centrifugal pump and close valve V4 and V6 of the
other pumps.
 Turn on the centrifugal pump by adjusting pump speed (inverter) slowly to 2800 rpm.
 Open the flow control valve V7 to a nearly full open position, to purge out air and then
turn it in closing direction to obtain an output pressure of 0.7 kg/cm2.
-Pump Speed, Rpm
-Section Pressure, p1 (kg/cm2)
-Discharge Pressure,p2 (kg/cm2)
-Flow volume (liter)
-Time Period (sec)
-Power input (watt)
 Slightly close the flow control valve V7 to increase the outlet pressure in steps with an
increment of 0.2 kg/cm2 respectively until a maximum pressure is reached ( i.e valve
V7 is fully closed). Then record same data as in the above step for each step of the test
run.
 Repeat the test at other speeds such as 2500, 2000 and 1500 rpm.
Observation Table:
Experiment #07
To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Turbine Pump at various
speeds
Apparatus:
o Turbine Pump
o Advance Inverter
o Stop watch
o Vacuum Gauge
Procedure:
This multi pump test set consists of four different kinds of pump. Piping arrangement is as
shown. Test should be conducted for one pump at one time by value opening and closing in
order to allow water to flow through that one particular pump only.
 Fill water into the storage tank, up to a nearly full level (approx. 5-10 cm from the
top). Antirust additive solution such as the one normally used in automobile
application should be added to the water to minimize rust.
Begin the Test of Turbine Pump:

other pumps.
 Turn on the turbine pump by adjusting pump speed (inverter) slowly to 2800 rpm.
turn it in closing direction to obtain an output pressure of 0.7 kg/cm2.
-Pump Speed, Rpm
-Time Period (sec)
-Power input (watt)
increment of 0.2 kg/cm2 respectively until a maximum pressure is reached ( i.e valve
V7 is fully closed). Then record same data as in the above step for each step of the test
run.
Observation Table:
Experiment #08
To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Reciprocating Pump at
various speeds
Apparatus:
o Reciprocating Pump
o Advance Inverter
o Stop watch
o Vacuum Gauge
Procedure:

other pumps.
 Turn on the reciprocating pump by adjusting pump speed (inverter) slowly to 350
rpm.
turn it in closing direction to obtain an output pressure of 0 kg/cm2.
-Pump Speed, Rpm
-Time Period (sec)
-Power input (watt)
increment of 0.5 kg/cm2 respectively until a maximum pressure of 4kg/cm2 is reached.
This maximum pressure is also set by a relief valve of the pump for load protection.
Then, record same data as in the above step for each step of the test run. (If the pump
speed varies when the outlet pressure is increased, adjust the inverter knob to ensure
that pump speed is constant at 350 rpm.)
Observation Table:
Experiment #09
To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Axial Flow Pump at various
speeds
Apparatus:
o Axial Flow Pump

o Advance Inverter
o Stop watch
o Vacuum Gauge
Procedure:

 Turn on the turbine pump by adjusting pump speed (inverter) slowly to 2500 rpm.
 Open the valve V8 to a nearly full open position to obtain a maximum flow rate.
-Pump Speed, Rpm
-Level of mercury manometer, both suction and discharge (mm)
-Flow volume (lpm)
-Power input (watt)
 Slightly close the flow control valve V8 to decrease flow rate in the above step with a
decrement of 50 lpm per each step and record data as in the above step until the flow
rate is less than 50 lpm( if the pump speed varies when the outlet pressure is
increased, adjust the inverter knob ensure that pump speed is constant at 2500 rpm).
Then, record the same data for each.
 Repeat the test at other speeds such as 2000 and 1500 rpm.
Observation Table:
Experiment #10
To determine the the head loss through hydraulic pump

Theory:
Hydraulic Jump:
The rise in water level, which occurs during the transformation of the unstable shooting flow
to the stable shooting flow is called hydraulic jump.
Purpose of Hydraulic Jump:
The place where hydraulic jump take place, a lot of energy of the flowing liquid is dissipated.
The hydraulic jump is said to be dissipater of surplus energy of the flowing water.
The phenomena of hydraulic jump are made in the hydraulic structures to reduce the damages
on the downstream and to increase the depth of water on the downstream, due to reduction of
velocity.
Causes of hydraulic jump:
When water spills over a gravity dam
At bend on the water way
Change in cross section of channel
Short / under sluices
By change of slope from steep to mild
Head Loss:
The head loss (HL) caused by jump is drop of energy between two sections
HL=E1-E2=(y1+V12/2g) – (y2+V22/2g)\
Apparatus:
Tilting flume (with all arrangements)
Short under Sluice
Orifice and differential Manometer
Pump
Hook or point gauge
Control value
Procedure:
Switch on the pump and open the control value to some desire quantity of discharge
Let the flow to become steady and release the air out from the tubes of differential
manometer
Note the reading of the differential manometer (cm) i.e. H1 and H2 calculated the actual
discharge as:
Qact=[16.643 (H2-H1)]/1000 =(16.643H)/1000 m3/sec
Let the flow to become steady and lower the gates from the short under sluice.
Note the depth of water surface with the help of point gauge before and after hydraulic jump
i.e. y1 & y2
Now alter the flow rate by adjusting control value and note two more sets of observations.
Precautions:
Slope should be very small
Friction losses should be negligible
Water flow should be steady
Observations and Calculations:
Manometer Qact=[(16.643H)/
1000]X 10000 Sluice Reading
Reading (cm) V1=Q/b*y1 V2=Q/b*y2 (V12/2g) (V22/2g)
S.n
Cm3/sec h2-h1
o cm/sec cm/sec
h1 h2 h y1 y2
3
Diagrammatical Representation:

Measure Force of Water Jet Impacting Plate

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Measure Force of Water Jet Impacting Plate

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Experiment #01

This experiment demonstrates the principle of conservation of linear momentum by

o Impact of jet Apparatus

Set up the Apparatus:

 Place the apparatus on the hydraulic bench.

 Changing of the target plate

-Put the small top flange back on the main apparatus.

Impact of a Jet Test:

 Set the pointer to match the weight support disk.

 Repeat the steps with increased weights

To determine the characteristic of Pelton Wheel apparatus at various

o Mini Pelton Turbine

Before the Test:

 Close both bench outlet valve and turbine nozzle valve.

 Loosen the mechanical dynamometer lining by loosening the adjusting screws.

Begin the Test:

 Record the following data

-Nozzle Pressure (Turbine Inlet Pressure), kg/cm2

-Time (s) and volume of the flow (m3)

-Spring balance readings, kg

Turbine Racing Characteristics:

 Remove the mechanical dynamometer brake lining.

 Repeat the above step until nozzle is fully closed.

To determine the characteristic of Francis Turbine apparatus at various

o Mini Francis Turbine

Before the Test:

 Close both bench outlet valve and turbine nozzle valve.

 Loosen the mechanical dynamometer lining by loosening the adjusting screws.

Begin the Test:

 Record the following data

-Nozzle Pressure (Turbine Inlet Pressure), kg/cm2

-Turbine speed (rpm) using portable tachometer

-Spring balance readings, kg

Turbine Racing Characteristics:

 Remove the mechanical dynamometer brake lining.

 Repeat the above step until nozzle is fully closed.

To determine the characteristic of Kaplan Turbine at various speeds

o Mini Kaplan Turbine

Before the Test:

 Close both bench outlet valve and turbine nozzle valve.

 Loosen the mechanical dynamometer lining by loosening the adjusting screws.

Begin the Test:

 Record the following data

-Nozzle Pressure (Turbine Inlet Pressure), kg/cm2

-Time (s) and volume of the flow (m3)

-Turbine speed (rpm) using portable tachometer

Turbine Racing Characteristics:

 Remove the mechanical dynamometer brake lining.

 Repeat the above step until nozzle is fully closed.

To Prepare the Classical Experiment Conducted by Reynolds’s Concerning

The purpose of the Reynolds Experiment is to illustrate laminar, transitional (intermittently

To determine the head/ flow characteristic of Centrifugal pump at various

This multi pump test set consists of four different

Before Running the Test:

 Check the outlet valve V9 is closed.

 Fill water into the storage tank, up to a

 Check the flow control valves V7 and V8 are closed.

 Adjust speed to, zero by adjusting the inverter.

 Record the following data

-Pump Speed, Rpm

-Section Pressure, p1 (kg/cm2)

-Discharge Pressure,p2 (kg/cm2)