CDMVTCG Reducing Ground speed (Distance to
Deviation West Compass Best
Variation West Magnetic Best
Convergence West True Best
Deviation East Compass Least
Variation East Magnetic Least
Convergence East True Least
Convergence = d Long from Datum
Longitude
Grivation = Variation + Convergence
Coeff C = (Deviation N - Deviation S)/2
Coeff B = (Deviation E - Deviation W)/2
Coeff A =
Dev (N+NE+E+SE+S+SW+W+NW)/8
Deviation on Any Heading =
A + B Sin Hdg + C Cos Hdg
Scale = Chart Length / Earth Distance
Scale Factor = Chart Length /
Equivalent Reduced Earth Distance
Scale = Stated Scale * Scale Factor
Scale at Latitude Mercator =
Scale Equator / Cos Lat
Tan Dip = Z/H
SFC = FF/Thrust
Dist Point of Equal Fuel =
DH (FO) / O (FH) + H(FO)
FO - FF Out, FH - FF Home
Change to Planned IAS = Increase in
IAS = IAS * Time late on ETA / Time
required to ETA
F L I G H T R U L E AV I AT I O N S E R V I C E S
Level 1, Crescent Building, Lado Sarai, New Delhi - 30
reduce speed) = AV IATIO N F O R MU LA E
Delay (Min) * New GS * Old GS
&
Diff in GS * 60
Max Drift = Wind Speed * 60 / TAS T H UMB R ULE S
X Wind Component= Wind * Sin (Wind
Angle)
Drift Angle = Max Drift * X Wind
Component GENERAL NAVIGATION
Head Wind Component = Wind * Convergency= d Long * Sin Mean Lat
Cos(Wind Angle) Lambert Convergency =
VOR Variation Apply at Station d Long x Sin Parallel of Origin or
ADF Variation Apply at Aircraft d Long x ’n’ (constant of cone)
Bearing To Plot (BTP) for Lambert Polar Stereographic Convergency =
for VOR/VDF=
d Long
QDM + STN Variation = QUJ +/- 180 =
Mercator Convergency = NIL
QTE = BTP
Conversion Angle= 1/2 Convergency
For ADF = RB + HDG (M) = QDM + or -
Departure (nm) = d Long * 60 * Cos Lat
A/C Variation
Distance = Speed * Time
If under 180 '+' Convergency
Speed = Distance / Time
If over 180 '-' Convergency
Track Error =
= QUJ +/- 180 = QTE = BTP
Dist Off Track * 60 / Dist Covered
Mercator VOR = QDM +/- STN
Variation = QUJ + or - 180 = QTE + or - Distance to NDB (VOR) (nm) =
CA = BTP GS * Time to NDB (VOR) mins / 60
Mercator NDB = RB + M(Hdg) = QDM Time to VOR (min) =
+ or - A/C variation = QUJ + or - CA + or -
180 = QTE = BTP Time (Sec) / Number of Radials Crossed
Specific Air Range= (F)B * TAS)/ FF Time to NDB minutes =
1 nm = 1852 m = 6080 feet Time (Sec) / Degrees Rel Brg Change
1 km = 3080 feet, 1 inch = 2.54 cm QDM = Heading (M) + RB
1 foot = 30.4 cm Glidepath Ht (ft) = GP Angle * Dist/60
Best Range Jet = 1.32 Vimd
ROD= GP Angle * GSpeed * 100/60
ROD for 3 Deg GP Angle = GS(Knott) * 5
GP in Degree = ….%/100*60
DCP or PET = D * H / (O + H)
+91 11 66961070
H- GS Home, O- GS onward
www.flightruleaviation.com
PNR/PSR = E * O * H / (O+H)
 CDMVTCG
Deviation West Compass Best
Variation West Magnetic Best
Convergence West True Best
Deviation East Compass Least
Variation East Magnetic Least
Convergence East True Least
Convergence = d Long from Datum
Longitude
Time
Longitude West GMT Best
Longitude East GMT Least
Grivation = Variation + Convergence
Coeff C = (Deviation N - Deviation S)/2
Coeff B = (Deviation E - Deviation W)/2
Coeff A =
Dev (N+NE+E+SE+S+SW+W+NW)/8
Deviation on Any Heading =
A + B Sin Hdg + C Cos Hdg
Scale = Chart Length / Earth Distance
Scale Factor = Chart Length /
Equivalent Reduced Earth Distance
Scale = Stated Scale * Scale Factor
Mercator
Scale Latitude = Scale Equator / Cos Lat
Lambert Convergency =
d Long x Sin Parallel of Origin or
d Long x ’n’ constant of cone
Polar Stereographic Convergency =
d Long
Mercator Convergency = NIL
Tan Dip = Z/H
Transport Wander =
E/W GS (Kt) * Tan Lat / 60
Radius of Turn = V2 * g * Tan Bank
Angle
Rate of Turn = (TAS/10) + 7 for Rate 1
F L I G H T R U L E AV I AT I O N S E R V I C E S L L P - Y O U R F L I G H T T R A I N I N G PA R T N E R
A good pilot needs thorough understanding of aviation ground subjects. This is required not only for
passing exams, but is also necessary for the safe conduct of flights, by law and for good airmanship.
HAPPY LANDINGS! - Capt Rahul Monga
MET EOR OLOGY
DALR = 3˚C/1000 ft SALR = 1.98˚C/1000 ft
Height of Cloud Base = (T - Dew Point T) * 400
Temp Rise Fohn = (Lee Cloud Base - Windward Cloud Base) * 1.2
True Altitude = PA + [4/100 * PA * ∆T/10]
Density Altitude= PA + (120 x ∆T), ∆T= T actual - T ISA
MA SS & BA L AN CE
1kg = 2.2 lbs, 1USG = 3.8 l, 1 Imp G = 4.5l
Mass Change/Old Mass = CG Change/Dist Mass to New Position
Traffic Load = Lowest of
MTOM - (DOM + FOB) OR MLM - (DOM + Remaining Fuel) OR
MZFM - DOM
Running Load = Mass/Length UDL = Mass/Area
R AD IO
C = f λ f= frequency, C= 300,000,000 m/s,
VHF Range (nm) = 1.25√Hr + 1.25√Ht
QTE - Aircraft's true bearing from the station
QUJ - Aircraft's true track to the station
QDR - Aircraft's magnetic bearing from the station
QDM - Aircraft's mag hdg to steer in NIL wind to reach station.
PRP = 1/PRF
Min Radar Range = (C * PW)/2
Max Radar Range = C/2PRF
Cloud height above/below aircraft (ft) =
Range (Nm) * (tilt – ½ beam width) * 100
SSR Range = Proportional to √Power
Radar Range = Proportional to 4√Power
NDB Range = 3 * √Power
IN STRUMENTS
TAS = RAS +(RAS * 1.75% per 1000’)
IAS → (position/instrument error) → RAS/CAS →
(compressibility) → EAS → (density) → TAS
LSS = 661 kt ISA Sea Level
Mach No= TAS/LSS LSS= 39√Temp ˚K
ANDS - Accelerate North Decelerate South
SONU - South Over-read North Under-read
Rate One Turn AOB = 10% of IAS (Knots) + 7
Radius of turn= V2/ g* tan bank angle
TAT= SAT[1+{0.2KM2}] (T in ˚Kelvin)
TAT= SAT+ (TAS/100)2 (T in ˚C)
Pressure Altitude = Elevation + 30(1013-QNH)
Pressure Altitude = 30(1013 - QFE)
True Alt = PA * (1 + ∆T/OAT ˚K)