Control Study on the CVT Metal V-belt's Axial-misalignment of Car

Zang Faye!, Wu Zhihong2

Abstrac-Based on the analysis of the metal V-belt of Elasticity of steel belt is relatively large, we neglect the
misalignment in the metal V-belt type CVT, the mechanism of elastic stretching of steel belt when stressed. Supposing the
the metal V-belt axial-misalignment was discussed and several geometry length of the steel belt keeps invariable during the
methods which can eliminate the axial misalignment was process of speed changing; and neglecting the impact of
introduced. Through more research, the shortages of the deformation for metal lump and cone pulley on geometry
bent-generatrix metal V-belt and the method of shifting speed
relation, and supposing segmental arc of steel belt and
ratio without excursion were pointed out. In order to reduce or
eliminate the axial misalignment, an electro-hydraulic control pulley interaction arc is an ideal arc.
system of metal V-belt type CVT has been designed. Being
varieties of the working situation of car and the non-linearity of
the electro-hydraulic control system, A Fuzzy PID has been
adopted. Then the performance simulation of the
electro-hydraulic control system has been conducted. The
simulation results showed that the electro-hydraulic control
system could eliminate the belt misalignment.

I. INTRODUCTION
Metal steel belt is the key part of metal V-belt type
continuously variable transmission (metal v-belt type CVT).
Axial misalignment of metal steel belt will result in shifting
and addition abrasion between belt and pulley, using up
addition energy, and affecting the transmission performance, p
efficiency, reliability of metal v-belt type CVT and safety of 8
car running. So, the axial misalignment of metal steel belt
should be limited. This paper verified and solved the axial CS....----"--IH
misalignment of metal steel belt and its size by adopting the Fig.! Calculation Diagram ofAxial Misalignment for Metal V-belt Type
method of numerical analysis, and pointed out the deficiency CVT Transmission Steel Belt
of the control method of adopting curved generatrix pulley From Fig.1, we can get basic geometry relation in the
and changing the speed ratio when there is no misalignment, calculation of axial misalignment for metal V-belt type CVT
put forward that the axial misalignment of metal steel belt transmission steel belt [1,2]:
will be eliminated and its dynamic property will be perfect L = rpf3p + rsf3s + 2~(acosaY + c 2 (I)
through designing the hydraulic pressure control system
rationally. f3p = 7r - 2a (2)
f3s = 7r + 2a (3)
II. ANALYSIS OF CVT TRANSMISSION STEEL BELT
rs - r p (4)
AXIAL MISALIGNMENT sin a
a
Automobile metal V-belt type CVT transmission pulley
rs (5)
generally adopts straight generatrix pulley and gear-change i =
mode of single movable pulley. The driving pulley and rp
driven pulley has movable and fixed cone pulley, the two C p = (rpm - rp )g8 (6)
fixed cone pulleys are laid out face to face, these two
movable cone pulley shifts in the same direction. When the Cs = (rsm
- rs )tg B (7)

movable of driving pulley moves 2Cp in the axial direction, C=Cp+C s (8)
the fixed of driven pulley moves 2Cs in the same axial Where
direction, the driving and driven end of steel belt moves Cp rp-radius of driving cone pulley, m
and Cs in the same direction respectively, so there brings Cp-the displacement of center line of driving cone
axial misalignment of belt, as fig. 1 shows. Because Modulus pulley, m
rs-radius of driven cone pulley, m
1 Zang Faye is with the Department of Scientific Research, rsm-radius of driven cone pulley while centering, m
Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, Shandong 250023 China Cs-the displacement of center line of driven cone pulley,
(e-mail: zangfy@126.com).
m
2 Wu Zhihong is with the Department ofAutomobile Engineering,
Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, Shandong 250023 China
a-the defined angle in the fig, rad
(e-mail: wuzh@sdjtu.edu.cn). 8--the defined angle of cone pulley in the fig, rad

978-1-4244-3504-3/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE 1389

 C-the misalignment displacement DE of the center line (14), axial misalignment of the transmission steel belt is
of steel belt, m maximum in the position of limit transmission ratio, the
pp-the wrap angle of driving cone pulley, rad maximum value is slightly smaller than Imm (Curve A in
a-center distance 0102 of the two pulley, m Fig.2).
L-the length of belt, m When speed ratio i=l, preset one axial misalignment C
ps-the wrap angle of driven cone pulley, m
From simultaneous equations (1)-(8), we can get the
=.!!L2(.
'max -1 J2 tg~' namely one half of quantity of
21lA i max + 1 2
nonlinear equation of L=f(i,a,rp ), when the belt length is L,
center distance is a, steel belt has no misalignment and the maximum misalignment, thus the maximum value of axial
radius of driving pulley is rpm and r sm , the radius and wrap misalignment of transmission steel belt is reduced by half
angle of driving and driven cone pulley, movement of center (Curve C in Fig. 2).
line of belt and misalignment of steel belt. Otherwise, we When speed ratio i=itop , make c=o. itop is the speed ratio
use approximate calculation equation of belt length of when maximum power produced by the automobile engine
adhesive tape for reference, introducing one simple makes automobile get the maximum speed. In the design,
calculation formula in the light of engineering applications. make center lines of V groove of driving and driven pulley
In the belt length formula (1), we neglect the axial superpose in the position of i=itop (Curve B in Fig. 2)
misalignment of belt C, launch the third item coso, and leave 1.0
out the high-order term, then get the belt length formula: 0.8 --A
--8
L"'2a+1l"~p+r.)+ ~p-rsY (9)
0
~ 0.6 --c
a
When the transmission ratio is i= 1, the action radius of 0.4 \\
driven pulley is equal to ro, the following formula is
"E
0.2 \\
established: ~ 0.0 \'\ //
/r
If
L = 2a +2Jl'f'o (10) \....................
, .,/ /
Bring the formula (9) into formula (10) and have ~ 0.2
-.,...,.,./
..;" /"
0.4
_ ~p - rs ) ~p -
ro----+......;....:...-~
rs Y ( 11 ) -0.6
2 21la 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
When the initial belt has no misalignment, speed ratio
im=l, namely rpm=rs=rohas following equations, Sp3ed Ratio i
Fig.2 Curve of Effect of Straight Generatrix Pulley's Different Setting on
~ r-r ~_r)2 Axial Misalignment
C = (ro - r ,gB = P
_S_ _ tgB + P s tgB
P P 2 2tra (12) Above-mentioned methods have only guaranteed the axial
r -r ~ -r \2 misalignment of transmission steel belt is zero on a certain
(13 )
Cs =h -rs~gB=-TtgB+ P2m:' tgB specific operating point. In fact, the operating mode of the
automobile is changefully, so the axial misalignment of
(r - r \2 4r- 2(i _1)2 (14)
C=c +C =_p__sJ_tgB~ 0 tgB transmission steel belt cannot be often reduced or eliminated
p s 1m 1m(i + lY through regulating the speed ratio.
It is obvious that the axial misalignment of steel belt is
inevitable outcome of the speed-change way of metal V-belt B. Eliminate the Axial Misalignment by Adopting the
type CVT. The axial misalignment of steel belt can result in Curved Generatrix Pulley
the slipping and addition abrasion between the belt and The axial misalignment of metal V-belt type CVT
pulley, and consuming extra energy, which will influence the transmission steel belt can be rectified by adopting the
transmission performance and efficiency of metal V-belt curved generatrix pulley[4l, as Fig. 3 shows.
type CVT transmission directly. When the quantity of
misalignment is too large, the metal V-belt type transmission
belt and pulley will be badly worn, causing the metal V-belt
type CVT to work abnormally, so we must take measures to
eliminate the misalignment.

III. CONTROL TECHNOLOGY OF CVT

TRANSMISSION STEEL BELT AXIAL
MISALIGNMENT Os
A. Eliminate the Axial Misalignment through Regulating ,..
Speed Ratio y
In the course of transmitting in infinitely variable speeds, Fig.3 Theory of Curved-shoe Pulley
the axial misalignment of the transmission steel belt usually The pulley's own curved generatrix makes the steel move
adopts the method of controlling speed ratio[3l: de to the fixed end of pulley, thus make the movable end of
When speed ratio i=l, deviation c=o is got from equation pulley move 2de , the center line of steel belt move dc left,

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the misalignment of steel belt is compensated de at this
moment.
In order to eliminate the axial misalignment C of steel belt,
we adopt the method of curved generatrix pulley. The
driving and driven pulley is rectified by C/2 respectively. To
set up reference frame as Fig.3, set the origin of coordinate
locate in rpm" r sm , and set up the coordinate of pulley
generatrix as (x, y).
Driving pulley:
x PI =CP - -
2 C) (15 )
YPI = r p -rpm
Driven pulley:
C}
x SI =C--
S 2 (16)
YSI =~ - ~m
From Fig.3, the abscissa xp " X s of driving and driven
generatrix pulley is equal to the misalignment quantity of
steel of driving and driven pulley's end, and the center line
of steel sheet. Combined with formula (2), and the axial
misalignment of steel belt after adopting this curved
generatrix pulley is:
C C (17)
CI =xPI +xSI =CP --+C2 S
--2
Adopting curved generatrix pulley can playa role in
compensating the axial misalignment of steel belt, which can
make the axial misalignment be zero in theory. In fact, the
axial misalignment cannot be zero because of the effect of
process error, and the machining is difficult and the
manufacture cost is high. Otherwise, pulley groove angle of
different speed ratio when the curved generatrix pulley is in
the transmission process, which make the contact area
between metal belt and pulley reduce constantly, and
influence the reliability of power transmission directly.
C. Design the New-type Electro-hydraulic Control
System to Eliminate the Axial Misalignment
Adopting curved generatrix pulley or changing the speed
ratio of straight generatrix pulley with no misalignment,
which though play a certain improvement, while the axial
misalignment of the transmission belt can't be eliminated
entirely for the operating mode of automobile is changeable.
Under some operating modes, the axial misalignment is still
very big. In order to eliminate the axial misalignment of
metal V-belt type CVT transmission steel belt entirely, this
paper introduced a new type metal belt type CVT
electro-hydraulic servo control system, it can do real-time
examination on the position of movable cone pulleys of
driving and driven pulley, and regulate the position of the
movable cone pulleys, thereby to eliminate the axial
misalignment of the steel belt, as Fig. 4 shows.
The electro-hydraulic servo control system is composed
of Electro-hydraulic proportional directional valve 2,
Movable cone pulley cylinder for driving pulley 3(driving
cylinder), Movable cone pulley cylinder for driven pulley
8(driven cylinder), Velocity transducer 1, 5, Position
transducer 4,9,etc[5]. Systematic pressure is settled by
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Electro-hydraulic proportional relief valve 6. The
electro-hydraulic proportional relief valve, electro-hydraulic
servo valve, velocity transducer and position transducer is
controlled by the computer.
4 5
2
9
10
Fig.4 Schematic Diagram of Electro-hydraulic Servo Control Systems for
Metal V-belt Type CVT
1, 5. Velocity transducer 2. Electro-hydraulic proportional directional valve
3. Movable cone pulley cylinder for driving pulley 4, 9. Position transducer
6. Electro-hydraulic proportional relief valve 7. Hydraulic pump
8. Movable cone pulley cylinder for driven pulley 10. Computer
When operating, the entire oil line is controlled by the
settled pressure of computer controlling the
electro-hydraulic proportional relief valve, and limit
supreme working pressure. One flow of high-pressure oil
generated by hydraulic pump reaches the driven cylinder to
offer reliable clamping force. The other flow reaches the
driving cylinder through electro-hydraulic proportional
directional valve, carries on speed ratio and position
controlling. During operation, velocity transducer 1,
5determine the rotate speed of driving and driven pulley
respectively, and send the gathering rotate speed signal
which under amplify, amend and filter to the computer, then
get the present speed ratio. After compared with the required
speed ratio, the present speed ratio feedbacks to the
computer, establish speed feedback control system. The
computer sends the control command to electro-hydraulic
proportional directional valve to control ascending and
descending of speed ratio. When the electro-magnet coil of
electro-hydraulic proportional directional valve is electrified,
ifthe valve plug of electro-hydraulic proportional directional
valve moves to right, left valve hatch of electro-hydraulic
proportional directional valve is enlarged, circuit pressure of
driving cylinder rises, movable cone pulley cylinder for
driving pulley moves to right, pitch diameter of driving
pulley auxiliary transmission steel belt is increased;
Meanwhile, movable cone pulley cylinder for driven pulley
also moves to right with the effect of steel belt, the pitch
diameter of driving pulley auxiliary transmission steel belt.
Then position transducer 4, 9 detects the displacement 2Cp
and 2C s of movable cone pulley cylinder for driving pulley
and driven pulley respectively, the displacements are
inputted to the truck-mounted computer after amplify,
amend and filter, and compare the size of the two
displacements, then tum the deviation signals 2(Cp +Cs) into
electric signals, make the electric signals as the feedback
signal after amplify, form the position feedback control
system to control electro-hydraulic proportional directional
valve, make the driving cylinder move -2(Cp +C s), in order
to eliminate the axial misalignment of steel belt.
IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTATION
ANALYSIS
Take the Chang An Suzuki SC7101 antelope car that is
assembled Model P821 CVT as model, carrying on
experimentation analyze[6].
Table I is he main technical parameter of Model P821
CVT. Fig.5 is the simulation curves of axial misalignment of
steel belt under different speed ratio. Fig.6 is the
experimentation curves of axial misalignment of steel belt
under different speed ratio. From the fig.5 and fig.6, we find
that the designed electro-hydraulic control system can
eliminate the axial misalignment of the transmission steel
belt remarkably.

TABLE I
Main Technical Parameters ofP821 CVT
Driving System
Pulley Driving Driven pulley groove Driving pulley
pulley Transmission working
Center pulley Radius angle cylinder area
cylinder area ratio pressure
a/mm radius rlmm rslmm alrad Alm2
Blm 2 PIMpa
27.4304 -- 32.4170 --
140 0.0148 0.007735 0.498 -- 2.502 2.2
65.0944 68.6308

0,6 v . CONCLUSION
~ 0.4 (1) Although the curved generatrix pulley has good effect
of reducing axial misalignment, it is difficult to be processed,
~ and the cost is high. In addition, pulley groove angle of
0.2
l
~
00
0
different speed ratio when the curved generatrix pulley is in
the transmission process, which make the contact area
between metal belt and pulley reduce constantly, and
.~
influence the reliability and safety of power transmission
::E -0.2 directly.
(2) Regulating speed ratio have only guaranteed the axial
-0.4 misalignment of transmission steel belt is zero on a certain
specific operating point. In fact, the operating mode of the
-0,6 automobile is changefully, so the axial misalignment of
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 transmission steel belt cannot be reduced or eliminated
Speed Ratio i under majority working condition.
Fig.5 The Simulation Curve ofAxial Misalignment for the (3) The clamp, speed ratio and position control of
Transmission Steel Belt designed electro-hydraulic control system can meet the
0.3 actual requirement. The position control of the system not
only eliminates the axial misalignment of the transmission
~ 0.2 steel belt, but also enhances reliability and running safety of
0
metal V-belt type CVT, and improves dynamic performance
1:i of metal V-belt type CVT, reduces abrasion ofthe
§ O,l transmission steel belt, extends the service life of steel belt.
If
~ 0
[I]
REFERENCES
EMERY HENDRIKS. Aspects of a Metal Pushing V-Belt for
-0,1 Automotive Car Application. SAE Paper, I988,88 1734: 4.1311 ~
4.1321.
[2] Nitescu G Geomerische Verhaltuisse in Stufenlos Verstellbaren
-0,2 Keilscheibenum Schlin-gungs- getrieben. Antriebstechnik, 1984, 23
(7) ,pp.46~49..
[3] HIROKI ASAYAMA. Mechanism of Metal Pushing Belt, JSAE
Review 9532209,1995, pp.171-174.
0.5 1 145 2 2.5 3 [4] SUN D C..Performance Analysis of a Variable Speed-Ratio Metal
Sp3ed Ratio i V-Belt Drive. Transaction of the ASME, 1996,II 0: 472 ~481.
Fig.65 The experimentation Curve ofAxial Misalignment for the [5] Zhang Boyin, Zhou Yunshan, Zhang Youkun. A Study on an
Transmission Steel Belt Electro-hydraulic Control System of Metal V-belt Type CVT,
Automotive Engineering, 2001, 23 (5) ,pp.315~318.

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[6] Wang Ligon, Wang Hongyan, Qin Datong. An Experimental Study on
Speed Ratio Control of Metal V-belt Type CVT, Automotive
Engineering, 2003, 25 (6) , pp.569'"'-'573.

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