MEG 373

( Kinematics and Dynamics of Machinery)

CHAPTER – 8

Gears Train

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Most electric motors , internal combustion engines and turbines operate
efficiently at high speeds. For this reason gear train and other speed
reduction are used.
the velocity ratio for two meshing gears (2 and 3) is:

where r and N are the pitch radii and number of teeth on gear i (i = 2,3), the
plus sign goes with an external gear meshing with an internal gear, and the
minus sign goes with two external gears meshing.
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SIMPLE GEAR TRAINS
Simple gear trains have only one gear on each shaft. The gears may be of
any type, for example, spur, bevel, and worm.

Simple gear train with simple gear train

all external gears and simple gear train with
with internal gear
one idler (gear 3). external bevel gears
and one idler (gear
and one idler (gear 3).
2).

The idler gears in simple gear trains can serve two purposes in design. One is to
change the direction of motion of the output gear, and the second is to provide
a spacer when two gears cannot be directly meshed because of the shaft
locations.
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 And

Multiplying gives

For internal gears, the velocity ratio remains the same sign.
Therefore, if m is the number of meshes between external
gears, the sign of the velocity ratio is given by (-1)m. Note that
each idler gear will have at least two mesh points.

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Simple Reversing Mechanism

A commonly used procedure is to add an extra idler to the simple gear

train

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 COMPOUND GEAR TRAINS

And

Because gears 3 and 4 are rigidly attached

to the same shaft, we know that ω3 = ω4 .
The overall gear train velocity ratio is
given by ω 2 / ω 5.

And for parallel-shaft gears

where m is the number of meshes involving external gears.

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Concentric Gear Trains

In a concentric gear train, the input and output shafts are collinear. These
gear trains are analyzed in much the same way as any compound gear train.
A concentric gear train with a two-stage reduction is shown . A principal
requirement for a concentric gear reducer is that

And

To mesh properly, gears 2 and 3 must have the same normal pitch, and
gears 4 and 5 must have the same normal pitch

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PLANETARY GEAR TRAINS
In planetary or epicyclic trains, one or
more gears are carried on a rotating planet
carrier.
The simple planetary gear train shown
consists of a sun gear (S) in the centre, a
planet gear (P), a planet carrier or arm (C),
and an internal, or ring, gear (R). The sun
gear, ring gear, and planet carrier all
rotate about the same axis.
The planet gear is mounted on a shaft
that turns in a bearing in the planet
carrier; the planet gear meshes with both
the sun gear and the ring gear. Real gear
trains are designed with three or four
planets held in a carrier that encircles the
sun.

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Planetary gear trains are readily adapted to automatic control, some planetary
gear trains are designed to change ratios simply by using electrically or
hydraulically operated band brakes to keep one or more of the gears stationary.

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Other planetary trains operating with fixed gear ratios are selected for
their compact design and high efficiency.

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In this figure carrier, sun gear, and
ring gear shafts serve as potential
input and output shafts.
If, for example, the ring gear is be
fixed by a band brake , sun gear shaft
is used as the input and the carrier
shaft as output, there will be a
reduction in speed.
If the ring gear is released and
allowed to rotate freely, and if a
clutch engages the sun gear to the
carrier, a one-to-one speed ratio
results.
If, instead, the sun gear is fixed, the
ring gear shaft can be used as the
input and the planet carrier shaft as
output.

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Tabular Analysis (Superposition):
As we have observed, the rotation of the planet
carrier complicates the problem of determining
gear speeds in a planetary train. If the planet
carrier is kept stationary so that the centres of
all gears are fixed, the gear speed ratios equal
the inverse of the ratios of the tooth numbers.
However, by the simple device of calculating
rotation relative to the carrier and combining it
with the rotation of the entire train turning as a
unit, we can find velocities in two steps.

C R P S
No. of teeth NR NP NS
Step 1: rotations with train locked +a rev. +a +a +a +a
Step 2: rotations with planet carrier fixed +b 0 +b (NR/NP).b (- NR/NS).b
rev.
Total rotations a a+b a+(NR/NP).b a+(- NR/NS).b
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Example
Consider the planetary train shown, the sun,
planet, and ring gears have, respectively, 40, 20,
and 80 teeth, with the sun gear fixed. The ring
gear is the driver and rotates at 300 rev/min
clockwise. Fine the velocity of the output shaft
connected to planet carrier.

Solution:
C R P S
No. of teeth 80 20 40
Step 1: rotations with train locked +a +a +a +a +a
rev.
Step 2: rotations with planet carrier 0 -(40/80).b -(40/20).b +b
fixed +b rev.
Total rotations a a- 0.5 b a- 2b a+b

nR = a - 0.5 b = - 300 rev/min a = - b = - 200 rev/min

nS = a + b = 0 nc = a = -200 rev / min
a = - b and – b – 0.5 b =-300 np = a – 2b = -200 – 2( 200) = - 600 rev/min
So b = 300/1.5 = 200 rev/min N = a + b = - 200 + 200 = 0 rev/min (Given)
Example
Gear 2 is driven at a speed of 60 rpm in the CCW
direction viewed from the right end. Gear 4
meshes with a fixed ring gear and with gear 5 as
shown. Find the magnitude and direction of
angular velocities of gear 5 and planet carrier C.

Solution:

C 2 3 4 5 7
No. of teeth 18 30 28 20 76
Step 1: rotations with train +a +a +a +a +a +a
locked +a rev./min
Step 2: rotations with 0 +b -(18/30).b -(18/30).b (18/30). -(18/30).
planet carrier fixed +b (28/20).b (28/76).b
rev./min
Total rotations a a +b a - 0.6 b a - 0.6 b a + 0.84b a-0.221b

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n7 = a - 0.221b = 0
a = 0.221 b
n2 = a + b = 60 rev/min
0.221b + b = 60 rev/min
1.221b = 60 rev/min
b = 60/1.221 = 49.14 rev/min
And a = 0.221 b = 0.221( 49.14) =10.86 rev/min
n5 = a + 0.84b = 10.86 + 0.84 (49.14) = 52.138 rev/min CCW
nC = a = 10.86 rev/min CCW

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