LESSON 3: CELL MEMBRANE

TRANSPORT

MODULE 5
[#]
General Biology 1

Sci5 Menchu C. Luzano, D.M.D.

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 LEARNING MODULE IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

A. Course Code – Title : Sci5– General Biology 1
B. Module No – Title : Sci5_M5.2_Virology1 (Special Topic)
C. Time Frame : 2 weeks – 8 hours
D. Imperatives : 1,3,13,14,17,24,26,27,28
E. Materials : Module 2, Writing Materials, Android phone or laptop

1. Overview
This module is a part two of the special topic about viruses. It will help you understand
better the different kinds of viruses particularly the family of corona viruses that are affect the
human population, the evolution of different pandemics caused by these corona viruses. Also
this module tackles about zoonotic viral diseases and how they make people sick.

2. Desired Learning Outcomes

At the end of the module, students are expected to:
1. know the basic similarities and differences between the family of corona viruses, their origin and
how are they classified (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-11)
2. relate the structures and compositions of the virus to cell (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12)
3. explain their manner of transmission and how they make people sick
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-13

OPENING PRAYER

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3. Content/Discussion

Prior Skills & Assessment (Formative Assessment) / Motivation
1. Recall the different basic structures of different kinds of viruses
2. Recall the two mode of how virus replicate
3. Recall the different modifications of virus as to the type of viral genome and viral
envelop

1. Label the structures of the following virus (DLO#1):
Bacteriophage Viroid Animal virus

2. Steps in Mode of Viral Replication. Give brief explanation to each.

Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

6.

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Offline Learning:

Lesson 6: Virology 2

Coronavirus
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause illness ranging from the
common cold to more severe even fatal respiratory diseases such as Middle East Respiratory
Syndrome (MERS) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
(COVID-19). http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/corona-virus/questions-and-
answers.html#:~:text=Coronaviruses%20are%20a%20large%20family,Syndrome%20(SARS).
Coronavirus first emerged in the mid-1960s, got its name from Latin word corona meaning
crown in which the surface spiky projections of the virus resembles the points on a crown. They are
positive-sense RNA viruses and under their own classification belong to the Coronavirinae
subfamily, in the Coronaviridae family of the Nidovirales order (https://www.mdpi.com/2076-
0817/9/3/231/htm). They belong to large of viruses known to affect birds and mammals including
humans.
There are hundreds of coronaviruses, only seven are known to affect people. Four human
coronaviruses only cause mild cold- or flu-like symptoms, the other three coronaviruses cause more
serious risks. They have four main subgroups—alpha, beta, gamma, and delta—based on their
genomic structure. Alpha- and beta coronaviruses infect only mammals, usually causing respiratory
symptoms in humans and gastroenteritis in other animals. (1) SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
emerged in November 2002 and caused severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). That virus
disappeared by 2004. (2) Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is caused by the MERS
coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The third novel coronavirus to emerge in this century is called (3) SARS-
CoV-2. It causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which emerged from China in December
2019 and was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020.
(https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/coronaviruses)

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Etymology

The word "coronavirus" is derived from Latin word corona meaning "crown" or "wreath",
The name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell. It refers to the characteristic appearance
of virions (the infective form of the virus), which have a large, bulbous surface projections creating an
image of the crown . This morphology is created by the viral spikes which are proteins on the surface
of the virus ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus#cite_note-:10-12)

History

Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s when an acute respiratory infection of
domesticated chickens was shown to be caused by infectious bronchitis virus(IBV). Arthur Schalk
and M.C. Hawn described in 1931 a new respiratory infection of chickens in North Dakota (Fabricant,
1998).
The infection of new-born chicks was characterized by gasping and listlessness (lack of energy). In
the 1940s, two more animal coronaviruses, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) and transmissible
gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), were isolated. It was not realized at the time that these three different
viruses were related.
Human coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1960s (Mahase, 2020). The others corona
viruses discovered:
• E.C. Kendall, Malcom Byone, and David Tyrrell in 1960 isolated from a boy a novel common
cold virus B814 cultured in human embryonic trachea
• Dorothy Hamre and John Procknow isolated a novel cold virus 229E from medical students
which they cultivated in kidney tissues
• A research group at the National Institute of Health the same year was able to isolate another
member of this new group of viruses using organ culture and named the virus strain OC43 (OC
for organ culture).
• Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV
NL63 in 2004, HCoV HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019

Ø All these discovered corona viruses are related morphologically because or their spiky
structure on their surface

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Genome structure
Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that contain a positive-sense, single-stranded
RNA genome that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, these viruses cause
respiratory tract infection that can range from mild to lethal or fatal. Mild illnesses include some
cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while
more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Symptoms in other species vary: in
chickens, they cause an upper respiratory tract disease, while in cows and pigs they cause diarrhea.

Common replication Mode:
1. Cell attachment and entry
ü Infection begins when the virion spike protein attaches to its complementary host cell
receptor. After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves or create invagination and
activates the receptor-attached spike protein. Depending on the host cell protease available,
cleavage and activation allows the virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis of the viral
envelop with the host membrane.
2. Uncoating and Translation
ü On entry into the host cell, the virus particle is uncoated, and its genome enters the cell
cytoplasm. The coronavirus RNA genome which act like a messenger RNA and be directly
translated by the host cell's ribosomes.

3. Replication-Transcription
Replication (to copy):
ü The main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)
complex. One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome RdRp
directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense
genomic RNA.
ü This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense
genomic RNA.
Transcription (transcribe):
ü The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome. RdRp
directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense sub genomic RNA molecules from the
positive-sense genomic RNA.

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ü Followed by the transcription of these negative-sense sub genomic RNA molecules to their
corresponding positive-sense mRNAs.
Recombination:
ü The replicase-transcriptase complex is also capable of genetic recombination when at
least two viral genomes are present in the same infected cell (during lysogenic infection
the genome are combine and do not directly produce new virions).
ü RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genetic variability
within a coronavirus species (this is a form mutation for virus), the capability of a
coronavirus species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, in determining
the emergence of novel coronaviruses.
Ø Note: Exiting and entering into a new host and replicate with the host’s cell initiates
the mutation and changing the genetic makeup and characteristics of that particular
virus resulting to a novel virus

4. Assembly and release

ü The replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses.
ü The M (membrane) proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for
assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid.
ü Progeny viruses (virions or phages) are then released from the host cell
by exocytosis through secretory vesicles.
ü Once released the viruses can infect other host cells.

Transmission:
There are hundreds of coronaviruses, most of which circulate among such animals as pigs,
camels, bats and cats. Sometimes those viruses jump to human called a spillover event and can cause
disease. Disease that came from animals acquired by human or transmitted to human either through
direct or indirect contact is called Zoonotic disease/infection.
Infected carriers are able to shed (release) viruses into the environment. The interaction of
the coronavirus spike protein with its complementary cell receptor is the main involve in determining
the tissue tropism (tissue or cell that supports the growth of the bacteria or virus), infectivity
and species range ( different animals even humans) of the released virus (Masters PS, 2006).

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Coronaviruses mainly target epithelial cells (cells of the different protective lining of our body
like skin, nasal mucosa and respiratory linings). They are transmitted from one host to another host,
depending on the coronavirus species, by either an aerosol (particles released into the air and being
carried by the wind turbulence), fomites (inanimate contaminated material; glass, handkerchief spoon
and other materials used or touched by an infected individual) or fecal-oral route (Decaro, 2011).
Human coronaviruses infect the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, while animal
coronaviruses generally infect the epithelial cells of the digestive tract (de Groot, Ziebuhr, 2011).
SARS coronavirus, for example, infects via an aerosol route, the human epithelial cells of the lungs
by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor (Harrison, 2005).Transmissible
gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) infects, via a fecal-oral route, the pig epithelial cells of the
digestive tract by binding to the alanine aminopeptidase receptor ( Perlman, 2015).

Figure 1

Kinds of Zoonotic Coronaviruses

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 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/9/3/231/xml
Figure 2

POSSIBLE WAY OF SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) TRANSMISSION

https://ewn.co.za/2020/01/23/how-the-deadly-coronavirus-is-transmitted-from-animals-to-humans

Figure 3

Figure 4

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Viral Taxonomic Classification

Realm (-viria)
Just like any other living Subrealm (-vira) Species
organisms that are identified Kingdom (-virae) • A species name shall consist of host name
and classified using Taxonomic Subkingdom (-virites) and the word virus. A species name must
classification, virus have their Phylum (-viricota) provide an appropriately identification of
Subphylum (-viricotina) the species.
own taxonomic classification. Class (-viricetes) • Numbers, letters, or combinations
The International Subclass (-viricetidae) thereof may be used
Committee on Taxonomy of Order(-virales)
•
Viruses (ICTV) authorizes and Suborder (-virineae)
Family (-viridae)
Genera
organizes the taxonomic Subfamily (-virinae) A virus genus is a group of related species
classification of and the Genus (-virus) that share some significant properties
nomenclatures for viruses. Subgenus (-virus) and often only differ in host range and
The ICTV's universal virus Species virulence. A genus name must be a single
word ending in the suffix -virus.
classification system uses a Realm is the highest
slightly modified version of the taxonomic rank Subfamilies
standard biological established by A subfamily is a group of genera sharing
classification system. the International certain common characters. A subfamily
It only recognizes the Committee on Taxonomy name must be a single word ending in the
taxa, order, family, subfamily, of Viruses (ICTV). suffix -virinae.
A realm is divided into
genus, and species.
subrealms. The names of Families
virus realms are A family is a group of genera, whether or
terminated with the not these are organized into subfamilies,
suffix –viria. sharing certain common characters. A
For viroids the suffix is family name must be a single word
designated as - ending in the suffix -viridae.
viroidia and for satellite
nucleic acids as -satellitia, Orders
but as of 2019 neither An order is a group of families sharing
viroid nor satellite realms certain common characters. An order
have been designated. name must be a single word ending in the
suffix -virales.

Table 1

• The scientific name for coronavirus is Orthocoronavirinae or Coronavirinae. (Zhao, Shi,
March 2019). Coronaviruses belong to the family of Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and
realm Riboviria
• They are divided into: (1) alphacoronaviruses and (2) betacoronaviruses which infect
mammals – and (3) gammacoronaviruses and (4) deltacoronaviruses, which primarily
infect birds. (Wertheim, Peiris, 2013)

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Alphacoronavirus Alphacoronaviruses (Alpha-CoV)
Virus classification
(unranked): Virus • are the first of the four genera (Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-,
Realm: Riboviria and Delta-) of coronaviruses.
Kingdom: Orthornavirae • It is in the subfamily Coronavirinae of the
Phylum: Pisuviricota family Coronaviridae.
Class: Pisoniviricetes • Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-sense, single-
Order: Nidovirales stranded RNA viruses that include both human and
Family: Coronaviridae zoonotic species.
Subfamily: Orthocoronavirinae • Within this subfamily, viruses have spherical virions
Genus: Alphacoronavirus with club-shaped surface projections and a core
Species: Alphacoronavirus 1 shell(ICTV,2020).

• Both the Alpha- and Betacoronavirus lineages descend
from the bat gene pool
Genus: Alphacoronavirus Genus: Alphacoronavirus

Species: Alphacoronavirus 1:
6.Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512
1.Human coronavirus 229E- (Bat-CoV 512)
ü (HCoV-229E) is a species • isolated from a lesser Asiatic yellow house bat
of coronavirus which infects humans and bats. discovered in southern China.
2. Human coronavirus NL63((HCoV-NL63)
ü Associated diseases include mild to 7. Alphacoronavirus 1 (TGEV)
moderate upper respiratory tract infections, • Transmissible gastroenteritis
severe lower respiratory tract virus or Transmissible gastroenteritis
infection, croup and bronchiolitis. Affecting coronavirus(TGEV) is a coronavirus which infects
mostly children pigs.
3.Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1(Bat-CoV HKU8) • It is an enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA
ü Are circulating among bats and descended virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN
form common ancestors over along period of receptor.
time • The virus is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus,
4.Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) subgenus Tegacovirus, species Alphacoronavirus 1.
• PEDv Type I only affects growing pigs whereas • It has two different forms: feline enteric coronavirus
PED Type II affects all ages including sucking (FECV) that infects the intestines and feline infectious
pigs and mature sows. peritonitis virus (FIPV) that causes the disease feline
5.Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2: (Chinese infectious peritonitis[FIP](Woo,2010)
horseshoe bat virus; Bat-CoV HKU2)

Table 2

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Betacoronavirus Betacoronaviruses (β-CoVs or Beta-CoVs)/ (Group 2 CoV)
Virus classification
• Belongs to subfamily Orthocoronavirinae in the
(unranked): Virus family Coronaviridae, of the order Nidovirales.
Realm: Riboviria • They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
Kingdom: Orthornavirae viruses of zoonotic origin
Phylum: Pisuviricota • The coronavirus genera are each composed of varying viral
Class: Pisoniviricetes lineages with the betacoronavirus genus containing four such
Order: Nidovirales lineages: A, B, C, D. In older literature, this genus is also known
Family: Coronaviridae as group 2 coronaviruses
Subfamily: Orthocoronavirinae • The Beta-CoVs of the greatest clinical importance concerning
Genus: Betacoronavirus humans are OC43 (which can cause the common cold)
and HKU1 of the A lineage, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2(which
causes the disease COVID-19) of the B lineage,and MERS-CoV of
the C lineage. MERS-CoV is the first betacoronavirus belonging
to lineage C that is known to infect humans.
Subgenera : 1. Lineage A (subgenus Embecovirus) includes HCoV-OC43 and
• Within the genus HCoV-HKU1 (various species)
Betacoronavirus (Group 2 CoV) 2. Lineage B (subgenus Sarbecovirus) includes SARSr-
• Four lineages A, B, C, and D which CoV (which includes all its strains such as SARS-CoV, SARS-
are commonly recognized CoV-2, and Bat SL-CoV-WIV1)
3. Lineage C (subgenus Merbecovirus) includes Tylonycteris bat
coronavirus HKU4 (BtCoV-HKU4), Pipistrellus bat coronavirus
HKU5 (BtCoV-HKU5), and MERS-CoV (various species)
4. Lineage D (subgenus Nobecovirus) includes Rousettus bat
coronavirus HKU9 [BtCoV-HKU9](Woo,2010)
Table 3
Gammacoronavirus •It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the
Virus classification family Coronaviridae.
(unranked): Virus •They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
Realm: Riboviria viruses of zoonotic origin.
Kingdom: Orthornavirae •Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans.
Phylum: Pisuviricota •While the alpha and beta genera are derived from the bat gene pool,
Class: Pisoniviricetes the gamma and delta genera are derived from the avian and pig
Order: Nidovirales gene pools
Family: Coronaviridae •Gamma-CoV also known as coronavirus group 3 are the avian
Subfamily: Orthocoronavirinae coronaviruses (Woo,2012).

Genus: Gammacoronavirus
Subgenera and species
Cegacovirus • first described in 2008, a marine
Beluga whale coronavirus mammalian Gammacoronavirus, discovered in the liver of
SW1 (Whale-CoV SW1) deceased whale


Igacovirus • Avian coronavirus (IBV) is a coronavirus that infects birds,
Avian Coronavirus causing the associated disease avian infectious bronchitis (IB).
It is a highly infectious avian pathogen that affects
the respiratory tract, gut, kidney and reproductive
systems of chickens

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 • IBV affects the performance of both meat-producing and egg-
producing chickens
Table 4

Deltacoronavirus • the gamma and delta genera are derived from the avian and pig
Virus classification gene pools.
• They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
viruses of zoonotic origin.
(unranked): Virus
• Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans.
Realm: Riboviria
• Recombination (genetic reshuffling) appears to be common
Kingdom: Orthornavirae among deltacoronaviruses. (Lau, 2018)
Phylum: Pisuviricota • Recombination occurs frequently in the viral genome region that
Class: Pisoniviricetes encodes the host receptor binding protein. Recombination
Order: Nidovirales between different viral lineages may contribute to the
Family: Coronaviridae emergence of new viruses capable of interspecies transmission
Subfamily: Orthocoronavirinae and adaptation to new animal hosts
Genus: Deltacoronavirus Ø genetic reshuffling is the exchange of genetic material
between different organisms which leads to production of

offspring with combinations of traits that differ from

those found in either parent (Stacey, 1994)

Subgenera and Species

Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (Bulbul-CoV 1. Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (Bulbul-CoV HKU11)
HKU11) ü is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA Deltacoronavirus of
avian origin found in Chinese bulbuls a species of bird found in
China, Taiwan and Vietnam (Woo, 2008)


Coronavirus HKU15 (Porcine 2.PorCoV HKU15)
coronavirus HKU15 ) • first discovered in a surveillance study in Hong Kong and China
• referred to as Porcine coronavirus HKU15, Swine
deltacoronavirus and Porcine deltacoronavirus.
• first reported to be associated with pig diarrhea in February
2014(Woo, 2008)




Table 5

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Here is a timeline of human pandemic influenza

Figure 5


Human coronaviruses continue to pose a great threat to the health of human race. The
emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019
which causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), an acute respiratory disease marked the third
introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century.
This recent emergence of a previously unknown coronavirus in China leads to huge impacts on
humans globally. Covid-19 is a challenge to global public health. Here, we discuss the COVID-19
outbreak in a one health context, highlighting the need for the implementation of one health measures
and practices to improve human health and reduce the emergence of pandemic viruses.
(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352771420300136).

Infection in Humans
Corona viruses affect human significantly in varying level of risk, some are mild some
are serious or even fatal. These corona viral infections are declared either an outbreak or pandemic

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are really devastating that it ruin the lives of many people world wide. Coronaviruses can cause colds
with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen lymph nodes. Coronaviruses can
cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia) and bronchitis
(either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis).The human coronavirus discovered in
2003, SARS-CoV, which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), has a unique pathogenesis
because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Six species of human
coronaviruses are known, with one species subdivided into two different strains, making seven
strains of human coronaviruses altogether (Liu, 2018).

Figure 6

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Figure 7

Four human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are generally mild:
1 Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), β-CoV
2 Human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), β-CoV
3 Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), α-CoV
4 Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), α-CoV

Common Colds (mild symptoms)
• The human coronaviruses HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-
NL63 continually circulate and prevail in the human population and produce the
generally mild symptoms of the common cold in adults and children worldwide
• The four mild coronaviruses have a seasonal incidence occurring in the cold or
winter months in temperate climates.

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Three human coronaviruses produce symptoms that are potentially severe:
1 Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV), β-CoV
2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), β-CoV
3 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), β-CoV

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

• outbreak in 2003 it was also then called novel virus that eventually identified by
different laboratories to be a causative agent for SARS and named the virus SARS-CoV
• more than 8,00 people were infected about 10% of them died (Li, 2005)
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)

• A new type of coronavirus was identified in September 2012, initially called Novel
Coronavirus 2012, Human Coronavirus—Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC)
• Now officially named Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
• At first WHO says that it is not easily transmissible person to person, however in May 2013,
a case of human to human transmission was confirmed in France. The last caught the
disease from their father who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia
• By 30 October 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia.
• An outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the Republic of Korea in May 2015, when a man who
had traveled to the Middle East, visited four hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness.
This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside the Middle East (Sang, 2015)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

• A pneumonia outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China. On 31 December 2019, the
outbreak was traced to a novel strain of coronavirus, which was given the interim name
2019-nCoV by the World Health Organization (WHO), later renamed SARS-CoV-2 by
the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (CDC, 2020)

• As of 15 June 2020, there have been at least 433,066 confirmed deaths and more than
7,900,924 confirmed cases in the COVID-19 pandemic (CDC, 2020)

• The Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B
with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV (CDC, 2020)

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 • The virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate
from bats as well. The pandemic has resulted in travel restrictions and nationwide
lockdowns in many countries (Hui, 2020)

• Coronaviruses lineage Alpha and Beta have been recognizing to cause pathologic
conditions and death among wide range of animals from farm, domestic and even
laboratory animals that are mostly in contact with their farm caretakers and pet owners.
• Even animals in the wild are not exempted, mostly they spread these diseases when
hunters and animal traders catch and sell these animals illegally without clearance from a
regulatory or inspection agency for such trades in their country.
• There are restriction laws or regulations in terms of hunting, selling or buying endemic,
endangered and wild animal species, violations of such laws are penalize and punishable
by law.

Prevention and Treatment

• There are no vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections.
Treatment is only supportive.
• A number of antiviral targets have been identified such as viral proteases, polymerases, and
entry proteins.
• Drugs are under development which target these proteins and the different steps of viral
replication.
• A number of vaccines using different methods are also under development for different human
coronaviruses.

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Pathogenesis of Covid-19/SARS-CoV-2

Figure 8

Figure 9

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 4. Progress check :INDIVIDUAL
DLO #1

Activity 1. Fill out the concept map about the four major groups of coronaviruses and
their subgenera and species under each group

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Activity 2. Venn Diagram. INDIVIDUAL

Among the different genera of corona viruses which among them causes mild flu symptoms and
which causes severe symptoms. What makes them different and their similarities


Mild Flu Symptoms Severe Flu Symptoms

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Activity 3. DLO #3 (GROUP of 5)
Illustrate through a flow chart how coronavirus infection is acquired and how does it cause
disease to human. (from its source up to the development of the disease in man)
Submission is next meeting.

Rubric:

Points Criteria
15 Correct sequence of the flow chart from its origin up to the development
of the disease to individuals
15 Sequence details are clear and complete
10 The flow chart design is appealing and properly labelled

40 Total

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 Generalization

There are wide variety of viruses that affect and infect humans in many ways. They can
be useful and at the same time can be harmful to living things. Virus are far different form
bacteria from morphology, structure and manner of replication or reproduction. They are
infectious particles that make animals and humans sick, some mild and some are severe. Viral
infections or disease are highly transmissible to from animals (serves as reservoir, vector or
host of the virus) to humans, and humans to humans. If no strict and enough precautionary
measure are practiced the infections can spread faster and will affect many people. even
though virus come from the same taxonomic family their virulent factors vary depending on
their genera or genus. Their manner of classification is far different form the taxonomic
classification of animals.

5. DLO #3
Assignment: Information dissemination:

Create a pamphlet with the following content
1. description of coronaviruses
2. classification (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)
3. classification base on severity of the disease (mild and severe)
4. history of corona viruses that causes outbreaks and pandemics (timeline in
bullet form)
5. origin
6. transmission of the virus from animal to humans
7. development of the infection or disease that causes mild flu or death
8. prevention of acquiring the infection
• illustrations and pictures are required
• Use font 12, either Tahoma, New Times or Cambria
• Three fold cross wise
• Colored is preferred but grayscale will do for those

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6. Evaluation:

Closing Prayer

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 References:
de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya AE, Holmes KV, Perlman S, Poon L, Rottier PJ, Talbot PJ,
Woo PC, Ziebuhr J (2011). "Family Coronaviridae". In King AM, Lefkowitz E, Adams MJ, Carstens EB,
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, International Union of Microbiological Societies. Virology
Division (eds.). Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Oxford: Elsevier.
pp. 806–28. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384684-6.00068-9. ISBN 978-0-12-384684-6.
Estola T (1970). "Coronaviruses, a New Group of Animal RNA Viruses". Avian Diseases. 14 (2): 330–
336. doi:10.2307/1588476
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