EVOLUSI & KEANEKARAGAMAN TUMBUHAN

TAK BERPEMBULUH DAN TUMBUHAN

BERPEMBULUH
 cell wall

chloroplasts

Elodea (Hydrocharitaceae - Alismatales)

 amyloplasts (starch grains):
alpha-1,4-glucopyranoside

chloroplast:
chlorophyll a & b
grana
starch
How did chloroplasts
evolve?

By endosymbiosis:
 Charales - oogamy
oogonium
Coleochaete

Nitella Chara
cell wall:
cellulosic
plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)
-allow cell-to-cell communication
 The Land Plants
=Embryophyta (embryophytes)

• The first colonization of plants on land

during the Silurian period, ca. 400 million
years ago.
• Land Plants now dominate the earth.
sporophyte:
- allowed for many more propagules (spores) produced
- sporophyte (diploid) shields against deleterious recessives
 cuticle
cell wall
epidermal cell

cuticle:
protects against desiccation
parenchyma:
solid mass of tissue; cells:
1) are elongate to isodiametric;
2) have a primary (1˚) cell wall only (rarely a 2˚ wall);
3) living at maturity, capable of continued cell divisions.
 antheridium
antheridium

sperm cells
Marchantia (liverwort) Mnium (moss)
 egg cell

neck

archegonium

Marchantia (liverwort)
“Bryophytes” paraphyletic
 Hornworts

Liverworts Mosses

“Bryophytes”
 Liverworts -
Hepaticae
Two basic forms:
-thalloid
-leafy
Thalloid (Conocephalum sp.)
 Leafy (Bazannia)
-3 rows of leaves,
lower usu. reduced
 archegoniophore
-specialized structure that bears
archegonia

antheridiophore
-specialized structure that bears
antheridia
 pore

pore

gemmae

gemma cup

Marchantia
 elaters
sporophyte spores

Marchantia
stomate
Mosses (Musci)
 Perine layer

spore protonema gametophyte (n)

(n)
meiosis

fertilization

sporophyte (2n) archegonium antheridium

Economically important mosses:

Sphagnum Peat Moss

 Sphagnum - Peat moss:
Leaves have tiny pores that retain water
chlorophyllous cells

hyaline cell

pore
 Sphagnum - Peat moss:
Plants make ground water acidic, form extensive bogs

Sphagnum Peat Moss

 Peat = partially decomposed
Sphagnum

- Used in
potting media

- Used as a
fuel
 Peat = partially decomposed
Sphagnum

- “Tolland” man:
- preserved
remains in bog,
405-100 B.C.
Hornworts (Anthocerotae)
Hornworts
EVOLUSI DAN KEANEKARAGAMAN
TUMBUHAN BERPEMBULUH
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases

“Bryophytes”: Gametophyte
dominant, long-lived
Bryophytes (Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses):
Gametophytes are dominant, long-lived
Alternation of Generations: Haploid (n) & Diploid (2n) adult phases
Vascular Plants:
Sporophyte dominant, long-lived
Vascular Plants: Sporophytes are dominant
Sporophytic axes
branched with
multiple sporangia

Rhynia
Two early branching patterns in
vascular plants:
 lignin - hard substance secreted
within secondary cell wall

Major adaptive:
added structural support enabled
vascular plants to grow much larger.
 secondary cell wall

- forms between 1˚ cell wall and plasma

membrane in some plant cells

- adds structural support

- found in tracheids, vessels, fibers

(all dead cells)
cell wall:
cellulosic
plasmodesmata (in some Green Plants)
-allow cell-to-cell communication
lignified secondary cell wall
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)

Fibers
Elongate, sharply tapering
Sclerenchyma
1) Secondary cell wall (+ primary)
2) Dead at maturity (usually)

Sclereids
Isodiametric to irregular
 Tracheary elements
1) cells that function in water/mineral conduction
2) cells dead at maturity, with lignified, 2˚ cell walls
3) cells arranged end-to-end, forming long tubes

Xylem = tissue composed of:

1) tracheary elements
2) parenchyma
3) fibers
(These have common origin/location/function.)
 Tracheary Elements
Tracheids – imperforate (only pits at end walls). Found in Vessels – perforation plates = holes in end walls.
most monilophytes (except Equisetum and some Evolved independently from preexisting
lepto. ferns) and most gymnosperms (except
Gnetales) tracheids in Equisetum, a few leptosporangiate
ferns, all Gnetales, and almost all angiosperms
 Sieve Elements
-cells with sieve areas/plates, having pores lined by callose
callose (polysaccharide composed of β-1,3-glucose units) -lines pores of sieve areas!

Sieve cells – only sieve areas Sieve tube members - Sieve plates
All vasc. pls. except angiosperms Apomorphy of Angiosperms
 Phloem
= tissue composed of:
1) sieve elements
2) parenchyma
3) fibers

These have common origin/function.

 Endodermis – single layer of cells surrounding
vasculature of roots and some underground stems.

Casparian Strip: forces fluids from outside through

plasma membrane = selective absorption
 Rhynia
- one of earliest
vascular plants
(ca. 400 million years
ago)
- lacked roots
 Roots
Function in anchoring and absorption.
 Root

apical meristem
- region of actively
dividing cells
 Roots
Five diagnostic features:
1) Root cap – functions to protect apical meristem and
lubricate root during growth.
2) Root hairs – function to greatly increase water/mineral
absorption (exception Psilotopsida).
3) Central vascular cylinder – site of conduction of
water/minerals and sugars.
4) Endodermis – Casparian strip functions in selective
absorption.
5) Endogenous lateral roots – develop from pericycle or
endodermis, penetrate to outside.
 Mycorrhizae
Symbiotic association with various species of fungi.
Found in many, if not most, vascular plants

Fungus aids plant by

1) increasing surface area for water and mineral
absorption
2) increasing efficiency of mineral absorption.

Fungus benefits in obtaining photosynthates (sugars and

other nutrients) from the plant.
Tracheophyta – Classification
 Lycopodiophyta – lycophytes

Apomorphies:
1) Roots dichopodial
-apical meristem
may branch into two.

2) Root protoxylem endarch (to inside)

Protoxylem – first xylem formed
Metaxylem – later xylem
3) Stem protoxylem exarch (to outside)
 4) Sporangia dorsiventral
(flattened upper and lower surfaces)
with transverse dehiscence.
Shoot = stem + leaves
 Monopodial growth

Apical meristem does not divide into two

meristems

Branches develop from axillary buds

Leaf – sporophytic
Lycophyll – simple leaf with 1 vein, no leaf gaps.
Tracheophyta – Classification
LYCOPODIOPSIDA
Lycopodiaceae
homosporous = 1 type of
spore
5 genera: Huperzia,
Lycopodiella, Lycopodium,
Pseudolycopodiella,
Phylloglossum)

Lycopodium digitatum
 Lycopodium spores:
Used in original camera flash powders,
even some fireworks
 ISOETOPSIDA
Selaginellaceae + Isoetaceae
1) Leaves ligulate
2) Heterosporous – 2 types of spores

Ligule – tiny appendages on upper side of leaf (near base)

Heterospory – two types of spores:
megaspores (from megasporangia)
microspores (from microsporangia)
 Isoetaceae
Quillwort family

1 genus:
Isoetes (ca. 200 spp.)

Isoetes – quillwort/Merlin’s grass

Lycopods native to San Diego area:
Isoetes Merlin’s Grass
Isoetes orcuttii

Isoetes howellii
Selaginellaceae
Spike-moss
family

1 genus:
Selaginella
(700 spp.)

Selaginella
spike-moss
Selaginella bigelovii
Selaginella cinerascens
 Some
Selaginella
have
dimorphic
leaves 2 rows large
leaves

Selaginella apoda
 Some
Selaginella
have
dimorphic
leaves
2 rows small
leaves

Selaginella apoda
 Extinct Lycopods were tall
trees:
make up some of coal
deposits

Lepidodendron
Euphyllophyta

Apomorphies:
1) roots monopodial
2) root protoxylem exarch
3) sporangia terminal on lateral
branches, longitudinally
dehiscent

Archeopteris
Euphyllophyta

Apomorphies:
1) roots monopodial
2) root protoxylem exarch
3) sporangia terminal on lateral
branches, longitudinally
dehiscent
4) shoot with euphylls

shoot = stem + leaves

Euphyllophyta

Apomorphies:
1) roots monopodial
2) root protoxylem exarch
3) sporangia terminal on
lateral branches,
longitudinally dehiscent
4) shoot with euphylls Leaves of euphyllophytes:
a) evolved by planation & webbing of
stems
b) have multiple veins
c) have a leaf gap – parenchyma
replaces vascular tissue upper junction
of leaf trace with stem vasculature
Euphyllophyta

Apomorphies:
1) roots monopodial
2) root protoxylem exarch
3) sporangia terminal on
lateral branches,
longitudinally dehiscent
4) shoot with euphylls
5) 30 kb chloroplast
DNA inversion
Tracheophyta – Classification
Monilophyta
-monilophytes

Apomorphies:
1) stem protoxylem
mesarch
2) siphonostele
 Equisetopsida
(Equisetophytes)

Equisetaceae
Equisetum Horsetails
/ Scouring Rushes
Equisetopsida

Apomorphies:
1) stem ribbed
with canals
2) leaves reduced,
whorled
Equisetopsida

Apomorphies:
1) stem ribbed
with canals
2) leaves reduced,
whorled
3) sporangiophore
4) spores with elaters,
chlorophyllous
 cone
(strobilus)

whorled
microphylls

Equisetum hyemale common scouring-rush Equisetum laevigatum smooth scouring-rush

Subgenus Hippochaete – souring-rushes

Equisetum arvense Common Horsetail

Subgenus Equisetum – horsetails

 Calamites

-fossil (extinct)
equisetophyte,
was tree-sized, makes
up coal deposits today
Psilotopsida
Apomorphies:
1) Roots unbranched,
root hairs absent.
2) Gametophyte
subterranean,
mycorrhizal.
Psilotopsida
Two members:

1) Ophioglossales
ophioglossoid ferns

2) Psilotales
whisk ferns
Ophioglossales:
One family: Ophioglossaceae
4 genera, incl. Botrychium, Ophioglossum
Ophioglossaceae
Ophioglossum californicum Calif. Adder’s Tongue
Psilotales
Apomorphies:
1) Roots lost.
2) Leaves reduced (microphylls
or enations).
3) Synangium with bifid
appendage.
Psilotales

One family:
Psilotaceae
2 genera:
Psilotum
Tmesipteris
dichotomous
branching

Psilotum nudum
 enations /
microphylls

Psilotum nudum
 synangium

bifid
(2-forked)
appendage

Psilotum nudum
Marattiopsida
Marattioid Ferns
Apomorphy:
1) Polycyclic
siphonostele
Marattiaceae

eusporangia
Polypodiopsida
Leptosporangiate Ferns

Apomorphy:
Leptosporangium
Polypodiopsida
Leptosporangium:
- one cell thick
- spores ejected
Stem:
rhizome
trunk
vine
fern leaves can have specialized terminology:
leaf = frond
petiole = stipe
major divisions = pinna (1˚, 2˚, etc.)
ultimate divisions = pinnules
 fern leaf venation:
open (simple or forked), reticulate

fern scales:
e.g., clathrate or non-clathrate
sorus (pl. sori) – aggregation of sporangia
indusium - flap

shape /
morphology
 leptosporangium / annulus
-varies with different groups/families
sperm

egg
 Fern leaf development: circinate

fiddle head - crozier

 Salviniales
Apomorphies:
1) aquatic adaptation
2) heterospory (independently evolved)
3) sporocarps (dormant, seed-like body, house
specialized sporangia)

Two famlies:
Marsileaceae – clover fern family
Salviniaceae – floating fern family
Marsilea Salvinia Azolla
Marsileaceae

Marsilea

Pilularia
Salviniaceae

Azolla

Salvinia
Azolla Mosquito Fern
- symbiotic relationship with blue green bacteria; “seeded” in rice
paddies for nitrogen fixation
- inhibits mosquito population by covering surface
- fodder for animals
 Cyatheales:

Cyatheaceae

largest family of
tree ferns
(trunk arborescent)
 Polypodiales:
A few families:

Aspleniaceae

-linear sori / indusia

Cyathium
a tree fern
 Polypodiaceae

- sori exindusiate
(“naked)
Polypodiaceae:
sorus

exindusiate
Polypodium californicum California Polypody
Polypodiaceae sporangia
“acrostichoid”
Platycerium Staghorn Fern (not aggregated
into sori)
Pteridaceae
-exindusiate
-false indusium or
intramarginal (in
lines along veins)

Cyathium
a tree fern
 Adiantum reniformis
Pteridaceae California Maidenhair Fern
false indusium
Refferensi
• Simpson, M. G. (2010). Plant Systematics. Canada: Elsevier
Academic Press.
TERIMA KASIH