PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL

Junior High School Department

Science Learning Area

Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Background

Background

Most of the people in our generation is interested in writing. They use different types of ink

in taking down notes, they even use it for calligraphy and designing. That is why we are

introducing and testing out Santan extract as an alternative ink that might and will be helpful

for them.

Introduction

Ballpens play an important roles especially in writing and in making different

artworks in many other ways through it. It inks are created in many different pigments and

colors. The ink or the ballpens that we used to buy frequently in the stores or in markets are

made with such a chemical composition like petroleum and chemical solvents, that are

harmful when ingested by the users. Many users of ballpen did not know that they can create

the ink of their ballpens naturally with the used of plants, fruits and flowers such as Santan

(Ixora Coccinea). The researchers think they can use this flowering plant as an alternative

ink instead of using chemical substances on it or the materials could be naturally made.

Santan contains cyanidin and flavonoids, these things are widely distributed in Santan, that

plays an important role in making the flowers in deep colors and flower coloration of its

petals such pink, orange, red, yellow and white.

Santan Extract as Alternative Ink

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 PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
Junior High School Department
Science Learning Area

Santan is an erect, smooth ornamental shrub and a flowering plant that is pantropic

on earth. It can be seen in cultivating of ornamental properties because of its floral displays

and used in medical purposes because of its health benefits. Santan’s root decotion is used in

healing asthma, anorexia, nausea and many more. It can also be a substitute or alternative

ingredient for you to do things like home remedies and do-it-yourself materials.

This research aims to know how effective Santan (Ixora Coccinea) as an alternative ink

for ballpens. The researchers want to know the quality and coloration when they use Santan

as an ingredient. The researchers also want to compare the difference between an alternative

ink and a synthetic ink for ballpens that we used in to buy daily in stores and markets.

Today, most of the products has been profit-oriented and people sought of products that

are natural, safe and cheaper.

The ballpen’s ink that we used to buy are made from synthetic materials like

petroleum and chemical solvents. These ingredients are considered hazardous especially to

the health of the users and the environment as well .The creation of ink with alternative

ingredient is a demand for students, teachers, artists and calligraphers as well as the people

that uses ballpens in their daily lives.

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 PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
Junior High School Department
Science Learning Area

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to determine if Santan (Ixora Coccinea) is effective as an

ingredient for ink. Specifically, this research aims to answer to the following questions:

-About Independent Variable (Santan flower extract):

How did Santan flower extract helped in reducing earthly pollution?

-About Dependent Variable (Quality of the ink):

How does Santan Extract affect the quality of the ink?

-Relationship of IV and DV:

Did the quality of ink improved when Santan extract was used or not? Explain.

Does the making of a natural alternative ink have an effect to the saving of money and

reducing environmental issues? Explain.

Theoretical Framework

Thousands of years ago, natural pigments were discovered, and they have been used

ever since. Indeed, prehistoric people already used them to paint the walls of the caves in

which they were living. These studies shows the effectiveness of using Santan extract as an

alternative to ink. A plant that could be utilized as an elective ink is the Gumamela. As

referenced by Salib (2014), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a blossoming plant in the mallow family

Malvaceae. Part species are perceptible in light which results totheir gaudy blooms. The

leaves of gumamela are substitute, oval blueprint to lanceolate, regularly with a toothed or

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 PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
Junior High School Department
Science Learning Area

lobed edge. May change from white to pink, red, orange, peach, yellow or purple, and the

size might be 4-18 cm wide. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in red blossom incorporates profoundly

thought of anthocyanins which have likelihood as a natural color for sun-based cells (Wong,

Lim, and Chan, 2009). Berries can also be used as an alternative to ink. Berries should be

ripe (never under-ripe) or slightly over-ripe. Berries that have a nice dark stain when you cut

it open are effective. Berry inks are going to be a little more watery and lighter than a

traditional synthetic or processed ink.

Anthocyanin is the predominant shade in eggplants, appearing as nasurin. Eggplants

contain around 750 mg for every 100 g, making it one of the vegetables with the most

elevated Anthocyanin. This pigment's major capacity is to give shading to most blossoms

and natural products to pull in pollinators. Contingent upon their pH, they may seem red,

purple, or blue. It is additionally utilized as a nourishment added substance. They are water-

solvent, which would make it workable for it to be utilized in paint, pen ink, and other

comparable dyes. Anthocyanin and Chlorophyll are the two instances of natural colors. These

shades contain substances that produce shading from particular shading ingestion through

the way toward engrossing unmistakable light.

Significance of the Study

This research is significant to:

Environment and Community, this product is composed of ingredients that are non-

toxic, and can also help in lessening the pollution through recycling plants, the researchers

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 PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
Junior High School Department
Science Learning Area

aims to be eco-friendly and make something that is good for the environment by lessening

the yard waste like leaves and flowers. The researchers think of instead throwing away this

waste, why not make something beneficial out of it.

Students and Artists, The researchers think that this product will help these people to

make their project/s with the use of more affordable things that the one being bought

commercially. Also, with making this product you can make more ink than buying from

stores with a not expensive ingredients, this flowering plant can be found anywhere near you.

Agriculture, this research will help the farmers and planters to have an additional

income, this will also help the Philippines to have more species of Santan.

Other Researchers, to give them knowledge about the additional information and give

them factual concepts that they may use on their future researches.

Hypothesis

Our personal concern in this research is:

Ho: Santan has no effect in the quality of the alternative ink.

Ha: Santan has an effect in the quality of the alternative ink.

Scope and Delimitation

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 PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
Junior High School Department
Science Learning Area

This research aims to study the effectiveness of Santan (Ixora Coccinea) extract to

produce an alternative ink. This study limits the coverage on discussion of alternative ink

production and impact of alternative ink to the environment, community and nature.

This research is designed to help save the environment because this alternative ink is

composed of non-toxic substances in terms of population everyone will benefit from it

because if many people will use it then there is a possibility that we could lessen the amount

of factory waste that is being thrown on rivers and seas.

Definition of Terms

Ixora Coccinea- There are about 500 species in the genus Ixora. A few are in cultivation.

There are numerous cultivars differing in flower color (yellow, pink, orange) and plant size.

several cultivars are dwarfs, under 3 feet. Other noteworthy ornamental Santans: Santan Puti

(Ixora finlaysoniana Wall), a shrub 2-4 m high, with white fragrant flowers; and Philippine

santan (Ixora philippinensis Merr), a shrub or small tree, with white to pink flowers.

Pantropic- occurring or distributed throughout the tropical regions of the earth.

Ornamental Plants- are plants that are grown for decorative purposes in gardens and

landscape design projects, as houseplants, cut flowers and specimen display.

Root Decotion- is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material to dissolve the

chemicals of the material, which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes.

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 PATEROS CATHOLIC SCHOOL
Junior High School Department
Science Learning Area

Yard Waste- Green waste, also known as "biological waste," is any organic waste that can

be composted. It is most usually composed of refuse from gardens such as grass clippings or

leaves, and domestic or industrial kitchen wastes. Green waste does not include things such

dried leaves, pine straw, or hay.

Synthetic- made by chemical synthesis, especially to imitate a natural product.

Cyanidin- is the major anthocyanin found in most of the plants, that gives its coloration.

Flavonoids- are widely distributed in plants, fulfilling many functions, the most important

plant pigments for flower coloration, producing yellow or red/blue pigmentation in petals

designed to attract pollinator animals.

References/Bibliography

http://www.stuartxchange.org/Santan.html

https://www.academia.edu/4118489/Alternative_Ink

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Ink

http://www.historyofpencils.com/writing-instruments-history/history-of-ink-and-pen/

https://www.academia.edu/4118489/Alternative_Ink

https://www.academia.edu/22466483/Plants_Extract_as_an_Alternative_Ink_for_Markers

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